航空齿轮磨削加工安装偏心误差补偿研究

磨齿加工时齿坯几何中心与回转工作台轴心存在安装偏心误差,降低了磨齿加工精度。以数控成型砂轮磨齿机工作原理为基础,建立偏心误差磨削加工几何模型;提出安装偏心误差补偿法,建立偏心误差补偿数学模型,通过数学模型求出磨削砂轮在X、Y两个方向的进给补偿增量;以YK73125数控成型砂轮磨齿机为例,进行安装偏心误差补偿实验,齿轮的左右齿面单个齿距极限偏差绝对值分别减小了0.9μm和1.6μm,齿距累积总偏差绝对值分别减小了49.6μm和43.3μm。结果表明:安装偏心误差与单个齿距偏差和齿距累积总偏差成正比;采用安装偏心误差补偿进行磨齿加工,有效地减小了单个齿距偏差和齿距累积总偏差,齿轮的精度有所提高。     

斜齿面齿轮几何传动误差的设计

主要对沿齿高方向修形的斜齿面齿轮副几何传动误差进行了设计.为了避免边缘接触,提高面齿轮传动的连续性和稳定性,采用了一种沿齿高方向曲线修形的面齿轮副齿面结构,对仅有小轮齿面修形的面齿轮副和大、小轮齿面均修形的面齿轮副的几何传动误差进行了设计比较.结果表明,仅小轮沿齿高方向曲线修形的斜齿面齿轮副传动误差为非对称的抛物线,装配误差影响传动误差幅值;沿齿高方向两轮均修形的面齿轮副,恰当的设计齿条刀具抛物线修形因数a₁,a_s和抛物线顶点的位置参数u₀,不论是否对准安装,几何传动误差均为连续的对称抛物线型.      

小轮齿面误差与调整参数误差敏感性研究

研究SFT(spiral format tilt)加工法加工的弧齿锥齿轮小轮齿面误差与调整参数误差之间的敏感性关系.给出含刀倾法加工的弧齿锥齿轮齿面模型建立方法,基于齿轮啮合原理建立调整参数误差敏感性分析模型,推导了弧齿锥齿轮小轮的理论齿面方程和误差齿面方程,继而推导了机床调整参数误差作用下的齿面任一点加工误差的解析表达式,并提出了机床调整参数误差对齿面误差的影响系数概念,依此判断各项机床调整参数误差对齿面误差的影响程度.通过理论齿面和误差齿面的比较,确定了各项机床调整参数误差作用下的全齿面法向误差的变化规律.由解析法和数值法求解共同确定了弧齿锥齿轮加工过程中对齿面误差影响较大的调整参数误差项.研究结果可为弧齿锥齿轮齿面误差补偿修正提供理论依据和实践指导.      

分段拓扑修形齿轮的成形磨削与试验

基于成形磨削的几何原理和机床运动学原理,提出了斜齿轮副的一种分段拓扑修形方法.通过改变齿顶和齿根处渐开线的发生线长度实现齿廓分段修形;给砂轮附加一个抛物线+直线的径向进给运动实现齿向分段修形.推导出基于成形磨削过程中拓扑修形齿面的计算公式,对修形齿面的边界进行了划分,建立成形磨齿机各伺服轴的运动方程.根据齿面的数值模拟结果,在五轴数控(CNC)成形磨齿机上进行磨削加工与在机拓扑测量,验证了成形法实现齿面拓扑修形的可行性. 对给定转速和负载工况下的齿轮箱进行加载试验,齿轮箱振动能量级幅值下降0.008dB,噪声减小约2dB.研究表明分段拓扑修形有利于降低齿轮传动振动和噪声.      

齿距啮合偏差对准双曲面齿轮传动误差的影响

由齿轮机构的总体传动误差概念引申出含有齿距啮合偏差的单齿传动误差,并根据齿面的几何关系,给出齿距啮合偏差对单齿传动误差曲线影响的偏移式;然后,在Y9550型滚动检验机的基础上搭建传动误差检测平台并进行测量试验,得到准双曲面齿轮副两种传动误差的测量结果;最后,利用JD45+型齿轮测量机所测的齿距偏差数据对理论传动误差曲线进行修正,进而分析了轮齿的啮合状态.通过对理论与实际传动误差曲线的对比,验证了齿距啮合偏差对传动误差的影响方式.试验结果表明:在轻载条件下,实际单齿传动误差可近似由理论设计曲线和齿距啮合偏差组成的综合仿真曲线来替代,从而为进一步研究实际工况下齿轮传动的运动精度和工作平稳性奠定了基础.      

承载传动误差最小的高重合度弧齿锥齿轮波动齿面设计

为改善航空弧齿锥齿轮的承载啮合性能,结合ease-off技术提出一种波动齿面设计方法以降低高重合度弧齿锥齿轮的承载传动误差。鉴于中凹型修形曲线（修形齿面的几何传动误差曲线）可极大地减小高重合度弧齿锥齿轮传动的承载传动误差波动幅值,创建一种与高重合度相适应的波动齿面修形模型;结合ease-off技术建立以降低承载传动误差波动幅值为目标的优化模型;通过优化得到具有良好啮合性能的高重合度弧齿锥齿轮。分析发现:优化后2阶传动误差设计弧齿锥齿轮传动的承载传动误差波动幅值降低了34.152%,而由波动齿面设计方法所得改进修形弧齿锥齿轮的承载传动误差进一步降低了61.492%,有效地改善了高重合度弧齿锥齿轮传动性能,为高性能弧齿锥齿轮齿面设计奠定理论基础。      

航空弧齿锥齿轮齿面坐标测量的数据处理

 针对复杂的航空弧齿锥齿轮齿面的误差测量，利用无转台、无专用软件系统的常规的三坐标测量仪，基于微分几何和空间啮合理论，准确地表达了理论齿面，高效处理了齿面测量数据，精确地反映了齿面的加工误差、加工变形、安装误差等因素综合产生的齿面误差，为制造高精度的航空弧齿锥齿轮提供了有效的手段。以两对航空弧齿锥齿轮为例，分别对专用格里森软件计算得到的齿面数据和常规的三坐标测量仪实测的齿面数据进行了数据处理，验证了本文方法的有效性和可行性。     

基于共轭齿面修正的航空弧齿锥齿轮高阶传动误差齿面拓扑结构设计

根据高阶传动误差和齿面印痕的设计需求,提出基于共轭齿面修正的齿面设计方法.采用与大轮齿面完全共轭的小轮齿面为基准面,根据预设的高阶传动误差对齿面进行一次修正;在此基础上根据接触印痕的需求对齿面进行两次修正,通过对全齿面几何形状的精确控制实现高阶传动误差和齿面印痕的精确控制.算例结果表明,传动误差为6阶曲线,幅值为3.1″,接触迹线与根锥的夹角接近25°.通过数字化滚检方法分析,结果显示:传动误差的形状、幅值、接触迹线与接触椭圆可以得到精确控制.这种基于共轭齿面修正的齿面设计方法可推广应用于其他齿轮副的设计.     

成形法加工的弧线齿面齿轮几何接触分析

研究了成形法加工的弧线齿面齿轮齿面接触分析及齿面修形.弧线产形齿条是由具有一定刀倾角的刀盘形成,用其推导展成加工的弧线齿圆柱齿轮和成形法加工的弧线齿面齿轮齿面方程,同时通过刀具抛物线齿廓对大轮齿面进行修形;在此基础上,建立了包括考虑安装误差在内的弧线齿面齿轮齿面接触分析(TCA)模型;最后通过算例的啮合性能分析,表明对大轮齿面修形可降低传动误差幅值和获得较好传动误差曲线,且该类传动装置对安装误差敏感性较低.      

安装误差对航空弧齿锥齿轮传动误差曲线的影响分析

传动误差曲线是评价弧齿锥齿轮副动态特性与啮合性能的重要指标,而安装误差又对动态特性与啮合性能产生直接影响。为此,分析了传动误差曲线对各类型安装误差变动的敏感性。依据局部综合法设计得到了齿轮副加工参数,形成弧齿锥齿轮副齿面。计入系统安装误差,通过对轮齿接触分析,得到了传动误差曲线与齿面接触印痕。定量分析了在不同安装误差条件下,传动误差曲线的变化情况,并对航空附件传动系统中的1对弧齿锥齿轮进行了传动误差曲线对安装误差的敏感性分析。结果表明:传动误差曲线对小轮安装距误差更为敏感。     

VLF Multirange Navigation Errors

The fix error, for long-distance XIF navigation systems in which the distances to two or three ground-based stations are determined, is a function of the "angles of cut" of the lines of position, the standard deviation of the errors in determination of the distances (ranges) to the stations, and the degree of correlation of these distance determinations. An analysis is made of the errors which occur in a range determination. n. Estimates, applicable when comparing constant-error contours (isograms), are given. The equations for the constant-error contours are derived (based on a spherical earth) as a function of baseline length (and orientation where three stations are used) and the angles of cut of the lines of position. n. Various error isograms were computed and plotted through the use of a digital computer. A number of examples are presented. A method for determining the area covered acceptably by two stations is given and three-station coverage characteristics are discussed.     

航空维修差错的研究

从航空维修差错带来的重大危害出发,提出航空维修差错的定义及基本特征,深入分析航空维修差错的几种模式,重点研究了最活跃、最突出的人为差错模式,并指出预防各种差错模式的方法和措施。     

Leading Edge Estimation Errors

The leading edge estimator (LEE) of a pulse signal is defined as the instant at which a filtered version of the received noisy signal passes a preset threshold. A rigorous analysis for a rectangular pulse model of the signal results in an exact probability density function for the LEE, valid within the time interval of the leading edge of the filtered pulse. Possible occurrence of the threshold crossing outside of this interval is considered to be an anomalous estimate, since it leads to a gross error in comparison with the regular cases. It is found that the density function of the LEE error is asymmetrical and therefore biased, that the probability PA of anomalous estimation increases with the filter bandwidth, thus setting a well definable limit to the latter and that, for prespecified PA, the minimum bias and variance are proportional, respectively, to R-1 and R-2, minima being obtained by allowing for the largest bandwidth compatible with PA. On the other hand, for given bandwidth the variance decreases only as R-1. Here R is the signal-to-noise energy ratio. Results are presented in form of parameterized graphs.     

Refractive Errors in Angle-of-Elevation Measurements

It is shown that the errors associated with radio elevation measurements may be investigated systematically using a variational technique. The error occurring when spaced antennas are used is compared with that for a single directional antenna. Integral expressions are obtained for the refractive errors.     

陀螺加速度计的结构误差

陀螺加速度计的结构误差指由仪表生产、装配,仪表向平台上安装及仪表结构在工作中受力变形等因素所造成的仪表测量误差。文中介绍了结构误差的产生机理及测定方法。     

Resolution Limits with Propagation Phase Errors

Resolution limits and corresponding optimum linear apertures are determined in the presence of phase errors. Let ?(t) be the phase aberration at position t across the aperture; it is assumed that the random process ? has a power law structure function, E{[(?(t)-?(?)]2}= c|t-?|n. Beam tilting caused by the phase error is "removed" (for each sample of ?), then resolution formulas are developed. An approximate analysis is obtained in closed form and yields an optimum resolution proportional to c1/n for O < n < 2. The exact analysis is given for Gaussian ?, and again the optimum resolution is proportional to c1/n. In applications n= 5/3 is of interest, and in the Gaussian case the best obtainable equivalent rectangle resolution is ? ?)/2? (0.975)c3/5 radians with a corresponding optimum linear aperture of 14c-3/5. When long exposures are considered, imaging without removing beam tilting is of interest, and resolution is degraded by a factor of about 2.5 for a linear aperture. Alternatively, in some applications optimum focus as well as beam tilt should be considered, in this case resolution is improved by a factor of about 1.4 (again for n= 5/3). Finally, joint (tilt corrected) optimization over aperture length and taper is treated; however, as one might expect, the use of taper offers negligible resolution improvement.     

Effect of Errors in Adaptive Weights

Optimum weighting is used to adaptively increase the signal-to-interference ratio (SIR) of signal processors. The precision required in computing the weights is evaluated. Analytic results have been obtained and verified by computer simulation. lt is shown that for antenna adaptivity the required weight precision increases with increasing values of the attainable SIR improvement and with the number of auxiliary elements. A typical result is that when using 8 auxiliary elements with a theoretical SIR improvement of 40 dB, quantizing the optimum weights to 10 bits degrades the improvement by at most 3 dB.     

交流对机组失误的影响

分析了团队失误产生的一般过程，发现加强交流管理可以有效改善团队工作的整个过程，从而降低人为失误的发生．指出造成机组交流缺陷的多种原因．给出实际可行的交流方法以减少机组失误的产生。