径流式涡轮在膨胀循环发动机氢涡轮泵中的应用

为满足膨胀循环液体火箭发动机高性能和高可靠的研制要求,在氢涡轮泵方案的选择上采用了径流式氢涡轮方案。通过一维热力和三维结构设计,初步验证了径流式氢涡轮应用可行性。借助于CFD分析软件,完成了该涡轮设计工况全三维粘性数值模拟,证明性能满足指标要求。通过强度优化设计和轴向力平衡两方面研究,突破了涡轮泵应用的两大技术难点。结合该涡轮介质试验及发动机热试车考核情况,得出径流式涡轮能够应用于膨胀循环发动机氢涡轮泵的结论。     

提高花键加工精度的工艺研究

发动机中力及扭矩的传递全部通过渐开线花键副来实现,由于发动机工作转速高,因而要求渐开线花键副传动非常平稳。通过本工艺方法的探索,采用新的工艺加工方法,提高了涡轮泵叶轮、轴的花键加工精度,保证了涡轮泵装配性能的要求。     

Risk management in international manned space program operations

New, innovative joint safety policies and requirements were developed in support of the Shuttle/Mir program, which is the first phase of the International Space Station program. This work has resulted in a joint multinational analysis culminating in joint certification for mission readiness. For these planning and development efforts, each nation's risk programs and individual safety practices had to be integrated into a comprehensive and compatible system that reflects the joint nature of the endeavor. This paper highlights the major incremental steps involved in planning and program integration during development of the Shuttle/Mir program. It traces the transition from early development to operational status and highlights the valuable lessons learned that apply to the International Space Station program (Phase 2). Also examined are external and extraneous factors that affected mission operations and the corresponding solutions to ensure safe and effective Shuttle/Mir missions.     

The Columbus Attached Pressurized Module System and management aspects of international cooperation

The technical and management interfaces between the Space Station and the European Attached Pressurized Module are described. An overview is given on the mechanical, thermal, environmental control and life support, electrical power, data management, communication and operational interfaces as well as on the management interfaces on system and subsystem level and in the operation and utilisation domains. The paper describes the status of the APM interface design as reflected by the Phase B-2 activities, which are subject to further definition during the progress of the technical work.     

燃机的燃料系统设计

某型燃机是由航空发动机改进而成的,其设计及应用拓宽了航空发动机的使用范围,开辟了新的市场空间。燃机的主要设计思想是保持航空发动机总体布局不变,只对局部做了较大改进,这样不仅降低燃机的研制成本,缩短燃机的研制周期,而且能及时满足市场需求。燃机使用的燃料为天然气,因此设计了燃机的燃气系统,并对主燃烧室进行了改制,以适应燃气系统的装配。     

燃机的燃料系统设计

某型燃机是由航空发动机改进而成的,其设计及应用拓宽了航空发动机的使用范围,开辟了新的市场空间。燃机的主要设计思想是保持航空发动机总体布局不变,只对局部做了较大改进,这样不仅降低燃机的研制成本,缩短燃机的研制周期,而且能及时满足市场需求。燃机使用的燃料为天然气,因此设计了燃机的燃气系统,并对主燃烧室进行了改制,以适应燃气...     

泵压式氢/氧液体火箭发动机质量分析

在文献资料研究的基础上,根据泵压式氢/氧液体火箭发动机的实际特点,考虑发动机性能参数及结构尺寸等影响因素,利用理论推导、统计学及面密度等方法建立发动机质量模型。通过对SSME、RD-0120等8台氢/氧发动机质量的计算,验证了质量模型的合理性。为发动机在系统方案论证时,其质量、性能等参数的估算和优化奠定了基础。     

补燃循环发动机起动过程涡轮功率控制

分析了采用富氧燃气发生器的补燃循环发动机起动过程中涡轮功率的控制方法,指出起动过程中涡轮功率的主要控制参数为发生器温度和涡轮压比。起动过程中发生器温度的控制依靠选择合适的流量调节器起动流量、转级时间和转级速率来实现。起动过程中涡轮压比的控制需要控制推力室的建压时间和建压幅度,这需要选择合适的推力室燃料主阀打开时间、燃料节流阀转大流量的时间。通过数值仿真,分析了上述控制方法对发动机起动过程的影响机理。     

大流量、高压航天反力式涡轮最佳通道气动设计

基于闭式补燃循环液体火箭发动机流量大的特点，欲设计效率水平高的航天反力式涡轮。因涡轮进出口压力均很高，而膨胀比小、载荷系数大，为保证较高的涡轮效率水平，对涡轮气动设计方法进行了优化。在涡轮进口总温、总压、转速和功率一定条件下，以AMDC／KQ涡轮叶栅损失模型为基础，依据涡轮中径的一维气动计算，对涡轮子午通道、叶栅通道及叶栅造型几组参数组合分别进行了气动设计的优化，研究了涡轮中径、叶高、叶栅稠度、导动叶喉宽匹配及动叶进口构造角对涡轮效率的影响，实现了涡轮效率水平最高。     

Lessons learned from Mir--a payload perspective

Among the principal objectives of the Phase 1 NASA/Mir program were for the United States to gain experience working with an international partner, to gain working experience in long-duration space flight, and to gain working experience in planning for and executing research on a long-duration space platform. The Phase 1 program was to provide the US early experience prior to the construction and operation of the International Space Station (Phase 2 and 3). While it can be argued that Mir and ISS are different platforms and that programmatically Phase 1 and ISS are organized differently, it is also clear that many aspects of operating a long-duration research program are platform independent. This can be demonstrated by a review of lessons learned from Skylab, a US space station program of the mid-1970s, many of which were again “learned” on Mir and are being “learned” on ISS. Among these are optimum crew training strategies, on-orbit crew operations, ground support, medical operations and crew psychological support, and safety certification processes.     

用于发动机涡轮盘叶片加工的夹具设计

介绍了用于加工发动机涡轮盘叶片夹具的设计准则,并给出了采用矢量三角函数和VC软件计算夹具极限偏差的公式及其判别依据,采用该准则设计的夹具用于涡轮盘叶片加工,产品满足设计要求,并通过了发动机热试车考核。     

可重复使用液体火箭发动机寿命问题探讨

可重复使用火箭发动机与一次性发动机的核心区别在于其对发动机的使用寿命提出了更高的要求,面向未来航班化航天运输系统的发展目标,寿命问题愈加重要,亟待突破发动机关键部组件的寿命评估难题。综述了寿命问题的研究进展,分析了推力室、涡轮、管路、密封结构等部组件的失效机理与寿命评估方法,总结并展望了相关研究的重点与方向,为可重复使用液体火箭发动机的研制奠定基础。     

氙离子火箭发动机配电调节分系统的时序控制

本文从理论和实验两个方面对氙离子火箭发动机配电及控制系统进行了研究，并设计出以８０３１单片机为核心组成的微机实时监控系统。设计中，为了减少加热电源和阴极本身的热冲击，阴极电源分五档控制；考虑到束流电源的瞬变特性，为避免对发动机和电源产生不利的影响，采用了慢起动特性；对于在发动机工作过程中有时出现的过载、灭弧、高压打火或短路等现象，可以及时地发现并作出实时的处理和控制。     

Nonlinear Rolling Control Technology of Liquid Launch Vehicle Based on Single Engine

New program was proposed in LM-6 rolling control technology that using high-pressure staged combustion gas.Launch vehicle rolling control by just one engine was realized.Under the limit of the rolling control moment of the launch vehicle,a new attitude dynamic model is established.Interference source and how to reduce the effect was analyzed,and method of designing a pre-compensated robust controller was proposed.Simulation and flight results showed that the attitude dynamic model established and the pre-compensation robust controller proposed in this paper could solve the key problems with a strong coupling attitude controller,and realize high quality and high reliability control in wind areas,and improve the capability of the launch vehicle.     

火箭发动机涡轮叶片疲劳寿命可靠性分析

由于生产加工和使用过程中材料属性、结构尺寸以及工作载荷等的随机性,疲劳寿命通常存在较大的分散性。考虑结构几何参数、材料属性、工作载荷等变量的随机性,采用Monte Carlo模拟法与响应面法相结合,对液体火箭发动机涡轮叶片进行概率疲劳寿命分析,确定了涡轮叶片疲劳寿命可靠度模型,并分析了疲劳寿命对各随机变量的敏感度,以及变量分散度对疲劳寿命的影响。结果表明:疲劳寿命呈偏态分布;涡轮入口温度对叶片疲劳寿命影响最大,材料的低周疲劳性能参数对寿命影响较大,转速及热膨胀系数对寿命有一定影响,而其他参数对寿命的影响小;控制变量分散度是提高叶片安全寿命的有效途径,对单变量而言,控制涡轮入口温度分散度效果最显著。     

涡轮性能实验研究

对液体火箭发动机主涡轮的性能试验进行了介绍。主要包括涡轮性能吹风试验系统的配置、模拟试验参数的选择、性能换算方法的确定和试验数据的处理方法。同时对热试车后涡轮性能的计算也作了介绍,并将热试结果与模拟试验结果进行了对比,肯定了模拟试验的正确性。最后就实际应用中的一些问题进行了分析。     

A new generation of space engines

A primary method of launching future spacecraft will be the Space Transportation System (STS). Studies have identified minimum length stages capable of lifting heavy and deployed payloads from the STS low-Earth orbit to geosynchronous Earth orbit using storage or cryogenic propulsion systems.

Aerojet TechSystems is presently developing two engines suitable for these stages, a storable engine in the few thousand pound thrust range, and a cryogenic engine with a thrust of only a few hundred pounds. The stringent life and performance requirements of these engines offer new technical challenges which can only be met through the consequent employment of novel materials and processes for the storable engine and through innovative design concepts for the cryogenic engine. The storable engine breadboard testing has been accomplished, and the flightweight development program will be complete by the end of this decade. A qualified engine is anticipated for service in the early 1990 time frame. The low thrust cryogenic engine lags this storable engine by approximately three years in development and availability.

This paper discusses the technical issues, their solutions, and the development status of these two engines.     

轴承位置对涡轮泵转子系统稳定性的影响研究

针对低温液体火箭发动机涡轮泵转子非线性系统开展了轴承位置对稳定性的影响研究。建立了涡轮泵转子非线性系统的动力学模型,分别研究了理想安装时和非理想安装条件下泵端和涡轮端轴承位置变化对转子系统稳定性的影响,给出了失稳转速随轴向位置的变化规律,为液体火箭发动机涡轮泵转子系统结构设计、故障诊断与安装维护提供理论依据。     

液氧/煤油发动机地面试验故障紧急关机系统研制

论述了液氧／煤油发动机研制地面试车中，出现故障时所采用的紧急关机系统的原理和系统结构、设计程序、设计指标、关机判断准则、验证及应用等。     

60t级液氧/甲烷发动机起动过程建模与仿真

为制定可靠的发动机起动程序,围绕60 t级液氧/甲烷发动机起动瞬态特性开展了一系列建模和仿真研究.介绍了60 t级液氧/甲烷发动机系统方案,列举了发动机系统仿真模型,搭建了全系统瞬态特性仿真平台.根据仿真结果选取了箱压下点火起动方案,提出了设置甲烷涡轮燃气旁通以降低亚临界两相气阻风险的解决方案.试验结果表明,发动机主要性能参数的计算结果与试验数据一致性较好.