一种平面埋入式进气道的地面工作特性及流态特征

对一种平面埋入式进气道的地面工作特性进行了实验研究, 结合数值仿真技术, 分析了地面工作状态下该类进气道的流态特征, 并探讨了其出口总压图谱的形成成因.结果表明:(1)虽然进气道出口截面的二次流较弱, 但通道内却存在强的以对涡为特征的旋流, 该对涡因埋入式进气道进口侧棱的存在而产生, 与后唇口前缘的气流分离共同导致了进气道出口截面的大面积低总压区;(2)地面工作状态下, 埋入式进气道的总压恢复系数随出口马赫数的上升而下降, 周向畸变指数、紊流度和综合畸变指数则随着出口马赫数的增加而增加.在相同的出口马赫数下, 地面工作状态的总压恢复系数高于飞行状态, 各种畸变指数也明显偏高.但当发动机的进口工作马赫数为0.35左右时, 进气道出口截面的综合畸变指数W小于10.0%, 满足常规发动机的稳定工作要求;(3)计算和实验结果对比表明, 所得到的进气道出口总压恢复系数相对误差在1.2%以内, 但畸变指数整体偏大.      

马赫数4一级下颔式混压进气道试验

对一种Ma=4一级下颔式混压进气道进行了试验,得到了该类进气道的气动特性,结果表明:①在Ma=3.5,攻角和偏航角为零时,随着出口反压的增加,进气道总压恢复系数先升高后降低,临界状态下进气道总压恢复系数最高;②攻角和偏航角为零时临界状态时,随着来流马赫数的增加,进气道的总压恢复系数呈线性下降趋势;③有攻角或偏航角的状态下进气道的总压恢复系数有所下降;④进气道在由反压引起的不起动过程中具有再起动特性,再起动过程中无迟滞廻路现象.      

平面埋入式进气道的口面参数选择与试验验证

为了提高飞行器的隐身性能和降低其迎风阻力,采用具有平面腹部的低雷达截面外形机身与埋入式进气道的组合是一种良好的解决方案。但迄今尚未有成熟的平面埋入式进气道设计方法可供借鉴,为此对平面埋入式进气道口面参数进行了组合对比研究,旨在通过口面参数的选择来改善进气道的气动性能。在此基础上,选择一组口面参数设计了一梯形进口的平面埋入式进气道方案,并进行了高速风洞试验验证。研究结果表明:(1)进口侧棱决定了所产生的卷吸涡的强度,而前唇口导流角决定了进口段的横向压力梯度,两者均是驱动主流进入进气道内部的关键因素,为此对进气道总压恢复系数和周向畸变指数均有着重要影响;后唇口型线特征参数对进气道出口总压高低压区的分布起着调节作用,为此可以作为控制周向畸变指数的一种辅助措施。(2)合适的口面参数能明显改善平面埋入式进气道的性能。选取23°导流角、4°侧棱角以及30°后唇口型线特征参数组合进行了方案设计和风洞试验验证,在Ma₀=0.7,α＝-2°~8°,β＝0°~2°的范围内,进气道的总压恢复系数在0.920~0.952之间,周向畸变指数在1.142%~2.237%之间,达到了实用水平。(3)研究范围内,攻角的增加有利于改善平面埋入式进气道的总压恢复系数和周向畸变指数,而小角度侧滑时对出口流场畸变的影响不大,不仅未下降,反而稍有增加。     

低速来流大攻角侧滑角状态下尖脊进气道气动特性试验研究

在低速来流状态下试验研究了大攻角(α=0°～45°)和侧滑角(β=-15°～15°)对Caret进气道气动性能的影响。给出了在各攻角下进气道性能参数随侧滑角变化的特点及典型状态下进气道出口总压恢复系数分布图谱,分析了出口总压分布图谱与进气口流动之间的关系。试验表明:在低速来流状态(Ma≈0.1)下,随着攻角的增加(α从0°增加到45°),进气道总压恢复系数下降较小,总压畸变指数几乎不变,这有利于飞机的大攻角机动飞行。      

一种平面埋入式进气道气动特性的试验

 针对一种平面埋入式进气道开展了高速吹风试验研究,获得了沿程静压分布、出口总压恢复图谱、基本气动性能和压力脉动特性。结果表明：沿程静压分布曲线显示,气流绕前唇口流动是先膨胀加速后减速扩压,进入内通道后上壁面静压均高于下壁面;巡航状态Ma₀=0.7,α=2°,β=0°时,进气道总压恢复系数σ=0.951,综合畸变指数W=3.55%,具有较高的性能;当Ma₀=0.6~0.8,α₀=-4°~6°,β=0°~4°范围内,σ在0.912~0.964之间,综合畸变指数在2.68%~7.43%之间,表明该平面埋入式进气道能够在较宽广的飞行包线内以较高的性能安全工作;脉动压力分析表明,出口总压脉动频谱均呈现出白噪声特征,无明显窄带信号出现,这对进气道/发动机匹配工作是有利的。     

带前输出轴直升机进气道侧滑特性

本文针对带有前输出轴直升机进气道结构特点,以实验的方法,在直升机飞行包线范围内,着重研究在侧滑角从0°到135°状态下的直升机进气道流场特性,测量分析了沿程静压分布、进气道出口截面流场畸变指数、总压恢复系数等进气道性能参数。研究结果表明,这类进气道在各种侧滑状态下总压恢复系数较高,且与侧滑角的关系不大。但是进气道内气流分离的区域和出口截面流场畸变指数却与侧滑角的大小密切相关。其中在侧滑角为90°时,进气道出口截面流场品质最佳。      

尖脊(Caret)进气道地面气动特性试验研究

在地面静止状态下试验研究了尖脊进气道气动特性以及唇口厚度对进气道性能影响 ,给出了进气道各侧壁沿程静压分布及其出口总压分布图谱 ,研究了进气口流动特点及其对出口总压畸变流场的影响。试验表明 ,Caret进气道进口存在一大一小的反向旋转涡 ,该旋涡的作用使得进气道高、低压区均旋转了 90°以上。进口下唇口和外唇口厚度对地面静止状态下的进气道总压恢复系数和总压畸变指数有较大的影响 ,为进气唇口厚度的选择提供了依据。     

前机身/进气道攻角特性的数值与试验研究

为研究前机身/进气道内外流场的攻角特性,对其一体化模型进行综合求解。将数值计算结果与试验数据进行对比以验证数值方法。分析了不同攻角下前机身对进气道入口气流的影响以及进气道内部流动情况,同时分析了攻角对进气道总压恢复系数和出口总压畸变指数的影响。结果表明:进气道位于机身下侧的布局能在大攻角下降低进气道入口的迎角和马赫数,有效提高飞行极限;在超声来流下,进气道在很宽泛的攻角范围内总压恢复系数都能达到0.94左右,在9°到18°攻角范围内具有较低水平的总压畸变,在此攻角范围之外,总压畸变对攻角的变化很敏感。     

双下侧布局二元超声速进气道掺混气动特性

针对一种冲压发动机用设计飞行马赫数范围为2.5～3.5的双下侧布局二元超声速进气道掺混气动特性开展了高速风洞实验和一体化数值仿真研究.研究结果表明:(1)在混和段内气流是通过两股气流的撞击以及横截面上二次流形成的旋涡不断掺混的,这也是混和段气流损失的主要原因.采用二元进气道的双下侧布局在整个混和段内气流除了在射流区内不均匀外,在1.5D截面至掺混段出口截面4.5D处慢慢趋向均匀.(2)掺混段出口截面与进气道出口截面总压恢复系数变化规律一致.随着来流马赫数和侧滑角的增大,掺混段出口截面总压恢复系数均是逐渐下降,而随着迎角的增大其总压恢复系数是提高的.(3)导流段损失和混和段损失均随着来流马赫数和侧滑角的增大而增大,整个掺混段损失增大.而随着迎角的增大,由于导流段损失逐渐下降,混和段损失变化不大,所以整个掺混段损失是降低的.(4)随着导流角的增加,进气道的总压恢复系数几乎未受影响,而掺混段的总压损失呈线性提高.研究范围内随着导流角的增大,气流导流段的总压损失几乎不变的,而由于径向速度分量增大,混和段损失增加,同时掺混出口截面承受反压能力降低.     

一种腹下S弯进气道低速大攻角下气动特性实验

对一种腹下S弯进气道进行了实验研究,得到了低速大攻角下的气动特性,结果表明:随出口马赫数的增加,腹下S弯进气道出口截面的总压恢复系数不断下降,稳态周向畸变指数、紊流度和综合畸变指数均上升;出口马赫数为0.45时,进气道出口总压信号的功率谱在220Hz处存在峰值,内通道发生了局部流动分离;与地面抽吸状态相比,该进气道在低速大攻角状态下具有较高的总压恢复系数,虽综合畸变指数也偏大,但能够满足发动机正常工作的要求.      

The effect of inlet conditions on the flow and heat transfer in multiple rotating cavity with axial throughflow

This paper discusses experimental results from two different build configurations of a heated multiple rotating cavity test rig.Measurements of heat transfer from the discs and tangential velocities are presented.The test rig is a 70% full scale version of a high pressure compressor stack of an axial gas turbine engine.Of particular interest are the internal cylindrical cavities formed by adjacent discs and the interaction of these with a central axial throughflow of cooling air.Tests were carried out for a range of non-dimensional parameters representative of high pressure compressor internal air system flows(Re up to 5×106 and Rez up to 2×105).Two different builds have been tested.The most significant difference between these two build configurations is the size of the annular gap between the(non-rotating) drive shaft and the bores of the discs.The heat transfer data were obtained from thermocouple measurements of surface temperature and a conduction solution method.The velocity measurements were made using a two component,LDA system.The heat transfer results from the discs show differences between the two builds.This is attributed to the wider annular gap allowing more of the throughflow to penetrate into the cavity.There are also significant differences between the radial distributions of tangential velocity in the two builds of the test rig.For the narrow annular gap,there is an increase of non-dimensional tangential velocity V/Ωr with radial location to solid body rotation V/Ωr=1.For the wider annular gap,the non-dimensional velocities show a decrease with radial location to solid body rotation.      

Research on Auto-detection for Remainder Particles of Aerospace Relay Based on Wavelet Analysis

Aerospace relay is one kind of electronic components which is used widely in national defense system and aerospace system. The existence of remainder particles induces the reliability declining, which has become a severe problem in the development of aerospace relay. Traditional particle impact noise detection (PIND) method for remainder detection is ineffective for small particles, due to its low precision and involvement of subjective factors. An auto-detection method for PIND output signals is proposed in this paper, which is based on direct wavelet de-noising (DWD), cross-correlation analysis (CCA) and homo-filtering (HF), the method enhances the affectiv-ity of PIND test about the small particles. In the end, some practical PIND output signals are analysed, and the validity of this new method is proved.     

Preparation of Highly Dispersed Antimony-doped Tin Oxide Nano-powder via Ion-exchange Hydrolysis of SnCl4 and SbCl3 and Azeotropic Drying

Antimony-doped tin hydroxide colloid precipitates have been synthesized by hydrolysis of SnCl4 and SbCl3 using: (1) an ion-exchange hydrolysis to remove chlorine ions, and (2) isoamyl acetate as an azeotropic solvent to obviate water. The obtained dried powder is of high dispersivity without any need for further grinding. The size and dispersivity of the final particles are investigated with the aid of TG-DTA, BET, XRD and TEM. After having calcined, the antimony-doped tin oxide nanopowder possesses a tetragonal rutile structure with high dispersivity, uniform particles and low hard agglomeration.     

Effects of Mo on the Microstructure and Hydrogen Sorption Properties of Ti-Mo Getters

The effects of Mo on the microstructure evolution, porosity and hydrogen sorption properties of Ti-Mo getters are investigated in this work. The results show that the addition of Mo prolongs the densification process of Ti-Mo getters and results in a significant amount of sintered pores. With the Mo content increasing, the porosity of getters firstly increases reaching the maximum value as it at- tains about 7.5wt.%, and then drops. At the room temperature, the hydrogen sorption property of getters increases progressively with the Mo content increasing, but the tendency is not very clear before its content lies below 2.5wt.%. When the Mo content achieves about 7.5wt.%, the hydrogen sorption property proves to be the best. The discussion is made about the above mentioned phenomena inclusive of hydrogen sorption properties of getters under different activation conditions (from 500-750 ℃).     

超声速燃烧数值模拟中的湍流与化学反应相互作用模型

高精度数值模拟有助于理解超声速湍流燃烧中湍流与化学反应的相互作用,可为发动机燃烧室等工程应用设计提供可靠的预测模型。除直接数值模拟外,目前在湍流燃烧应用中使用的大涡模拟和雷诺平均Navier-Stokes模拟均需要借助模型模化发生在湍流小尺度上的流动与化学反应过程对湍流大尺度运动的影响。现有的湍流与化学反应相互作用模型大致可分为:火焰面类模型和概率密度函数类模型,2类模型在不同的应用中各自具有优势和局限性。此外,现有模型大都基于低马赫数燃烧,而超声速燃烧中通常会伴随快速混合、局部熄火和再着火以及激波等复杂过程,这为发展其中的湍流与化学反应相互作用模型提出了更多的挑战。     

适于低轨卫星IP网络的单核共享树组播算法(英文)

为了解决低轨卫星IP网络中现有典型源组播算法的信道资源浪费问题,本文提出了一套单核共享树组播算法,即核心群合并共享树(CCST)和加权核心群合并共享树(w-CCST)算法。CCST 算法包括动态近似中心(DAC)选核方法和核心群合并组播路径构建方法。DAC方法专为周期、规律运动的低轨卫星网络提出,不需要复杂的星上计算。在核心群合并方法中,以核节点作为初始核心群,通过核心群和剩余组成员的最短路径方法逐步扩展直至整棵组播树构建完成,从而使得组播树的树代价最小,大大提高了网络的带宽利用率和组播传输效率。w-CCST 算法中所提出的加权因子可以调整树代价和端到端传播时延之间的折衷程度,因此,可以通过调整加权因子来适度增大树代价、降低端到端传播时延以支持某些端到端时延要求苛刻的实时组播业务。最后,与低轨卫星 IP 网络中典型算法进行了性能比较,仿真结果说明,CCST 算法的平均树代价比其它算法显著降低,w-CCST 算法的平均端到端传播时延小于 CCST 算法。     

Jet Vectoring Control Using a Novel Synthetic Jet Actuator

A primary air jet vectoring control system with a novel synthetic jet actuator (SJA) is presented and simulated numerically. The results show that, in comparison with an existing traditional synthetic jet actuator, which is able to perform the duty of either “push” or “pull”, one novel synthetic jet actuator can fulfill both “push” and “pull” functions to vector the primary jet by shifting a slide block inside it. Therefore, because the new actuator possesses greater efficiency, it has potentiality to replace the existing one in various appli- cations, such as thrust vectoring and the reduction of thermal signature. Moreover, as the novel actuator can fulfill those functions that the existing one can not, it may well be expected to popularize it into more flow control systems.     

Nonlinear Adaptive Slewing Motion Control of Spacecraft Truss Driven by Synchronous V-gimbaled CMG Precession

The slewing motion control of a truss arm driven by a V-gimbaled control-moment-gyro (CMG) is a nonlinear control problem. The V-gimbaled CMG consists of a pair of gyros that must precess synchronously. The moment of inertia of the system, the angular momentum of the gyros and the external disturbances are not exactly known. With the help of feedback linearization and recursive Lyapunov design method, an adaptive nonlinear controller is designed to deal with the unknown items. Performance of the proposed controller is verified by simulation.     

An SOR Implicit Time-accurate Scheme in Calculating Unsteady Flows

A new time-accurate marching scheme for unsteady flow calculations is proposed in the present work. This method is the combination of classical Successive Over-Relaxation (SOR) iteration method and Jacobian matrix diagonally dominant splitting method of LUSGS. One advantage of this algorithm is the second-order accuracy because of no factorization error. Another advantage is the low computational cost because the Jacobian matrices and fluxes are only calculated once in each physical time step. And, the SOR algorithm has better convergence property than Gauss-Seidel. To investigate its accuracy and convergency, several unsteady flow computa- tional tests are carried out by using the proposed SOR algorithm. Roe’s FDS scheme is used to discritize the inviscid flux terms. Un- steady computational results of SOR are compared with the experiment results and those of Gauss-Seidel. Results reveal that the numerical results agree well with the experimental data and the second-order accuracy can be obtained as the Gauss-Seidel for unsteady flow computations. The impact of SOR factor is investigated for unsteady computations by using different SOR factors in this algorithm to simulate each computational test. Different numbers of inner iterations are needed to converge to the same criterion for different SOR factors and optimal choice of SOR factor can improve the computational efficiency greatly.