风险投资的退出机制与决策分析

风险投资作为一种中长期投资区别于其它投资的关键在于它的进入是为了最终地退出，能否顺利地退出是风险投资成功最为重要的一环。从风险投资的退出机制着手，并利用退出决策模型分析了风险投资的退出过程，提出了完善我国风险投资退出机制的建议，首先应该适当放宽高新技术企业上市条件或者建立第二股票市场，其次政府应该完善知识产权保护的立法和执法，按有关规定明确科技发明成果的产权归属，最后应该加快产权交易市场的建设，使风险权益能够在产权市场上顺利流通。     

考虑任务合成的成像卫星调度问题

某些成像卫星的侧摆机动性能较差,限制了卫星的观测能力,需要考虑任务合成以提高观测效率。建立了考虑任务合成的成像卫星调度问题模型,并提出了求解该模型的快速模拟退火算法(VFSA)。算法针对元任务及合成任务分别构造邻域,采用合成邻域、分解邻域实现调度过程中任务动态合成操作。采用“冒险”的接受概率和快速退火计划,提高算法的求解速度。采用回火机制及3种分化策略,避免算法陷入局部最优。大规模测试算例验证了算法的效率。     

Space Activities-A Review and a Look Ahead

The paper reviews the progress made in manned and unmanned space programs during the last 25 years and names several major accomplishments. The ingredients of success are identified as good engineering, good technology, and good management of a very complex enterprise. An argument is made that the pace of progress will be governed not by technological advances, which can be very rapid, but rather by future institutional arrangements, which are much slower to evolve. It is predicted that the most likely space activities for the next 20 years will be those relating to space commercialization, and several examples are cited. A hope is expressed that policy makers and entrepreneurs will match the spirit of adventure and risk-taking exhibited by engineers in exploring uncharted territory.     

刍议企业诚信与诚信系统建设

在我国市场经济基本建立,信用经济已经到来,所有制改革不断深入的情况下,诚信对企业具有十分重大的作用和意义,指出了当前我国企业之间以及企业内部存在的严重诚信缺失问题,提出了建立我国企业诚信系统的建议。     

月球卫星精密定轨

随着空间应用需求的日益增大,深空探测已成为现实,而月球显然是人类走向深空的首选目标。发射月球探测器通常分3个阶段,其运动状态分别对应3种不同类型的轨道:近地停泊轨道、地月转移轨道和绕月轨道。月球是1个慢自转天体且无大气,就轨道解而言这些因素导致环月卫星的运动与地球卫星有所差别。本文针对月球探测任务的特点,从月球与地球的差别入手,在仔细分析月球卫星的受力状况前提下,着重阐述月球探测器在环月段精密定轨的方法原理和具体实现过程。     

An adventure in technology and marketing: a personal account. Tripto the Orient via the Moon

Early in the sixties when President Kennedy announced the goal to land a man on the Moon and return him safely to Earth, there was no way to gauge, accurately and reliably, the millions of pounds of fuel and oxidizer in the proposed rocket. Late in the sixties, when Phillips Petroleum and Marathon Oil contracted to provide large-scale, long term, ocean transport of Liquefied Natural Gas, no system existed to satisfactorily gauge this stream of high value cargoes for commercial transactions. The adventure in solving these related problems led to a worldwide market for LNG Custody Transfer Systems, a successful transfer of technology from a NASA program to commercial use     

Ghost Ships: Hamilton and Scourge, Historical Treasures from the War of 1812

HAMILTON and SCOURGE are two armed merchant schooners from the War of 1812 on Lake Ontario. Capsized in a squall on August 8, 1813, they lie 300 feet deep, 1,500 feet apart, 6 miles off present-day Port Dalhousie, Ontario. They are world-class archaeological treasures: intact, with all their artifacts in and around them, and perfectly preserved. They belong to the City of Hamilton, Ontario, where an international-level museum will be constructed. A major archaeological dive is planned for April/May, 1987. The HAMILTON-SCOURGE team is now involved in a research project related to merchant activity on Lake Ontario, 1800-1812. It is hoped that this will result in finding the vessels' plans or offsets, if these still exist. Many fascinating historical details have been uncovered, some of which are recounted here.     

Lunar and Planetary Robotic Exploration Missions in the 20th Century

The prospect of traveling to the planets was science fiction at the beginning of the 20th Century and science fact at its end. The space age was born of the Cold War in the 1950s and throughout most of the remainder of the century it provided not just an adventure in the exploration of space but a suspenseful drama as the US and USSR competed to be first and best. It is a tale of patience to overcome obstacles, courage to try the previously impossible and persistence to overcome failure, a tale of both fantastic accomplishment and debilitating loss. We briefly describe the history of robotic lunar and planetary exploration in the 20th Century, the missions attempted, their goals and their fate. We describe how this enterprise developed and evolved step by step from a politically driven competition to intense scientific investigations and international cooperation. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

LIPS III-a solar cell test bed in space

The LIPS III satellite, which was launched into a 1100-km circular orbit of 60° inclination in the spring of 1987, is discussed. LIPS III is a member of the living-plume-shield class of spacecraft, all of which were built around a simple sheet metal plume deflector. The purpose of LIPS III was to provide a testbed for space power sources. An overview of the LIPS III system is given, and the experiments submitted for it, all but one of which were photovoltaic in nature, are described     

Microwave landing system: a pilots point of view

The author describes the MLS installation on runway 19L at Mid-Continent Airport, Wichita, Kansas, which has been operational since mid-1987. He describes the MLS equipment installation in his aircraft, which is one of a number of aircraft in the Wichita area that have been equipped with MLS equipment and routinely utilize the system. He summarizes his operational experience with the system. He reports complete satisfaction and increased versatility as a result of the guidance information provided     

A tracking approach for targets with measurements containingjamming or clutter signals

The concept of maneuvering target tracking which is presented by K. Demirbas, (see ibid., vol.AES-23, p.757-66, 1987) is used to track maneuvering targets whose observations contain interference representing jamming or clutter signals. The resulting tracking approach produces state estimates that closely follow the actual state values, as in target tracking in a clear environment     

SN 1987A and SN 1993J: Testing stellar evolution theory?

Nearby supernovae like SN 1987A and SN 1993J provide valuable constraints on the late evolution of massive stars. For this purpose, we review evolutionary models for the progenitor of SN 1987A and confront them with five observational/theoretical tests we devised. We show that single-star models (with the possible exception of rapid-rotation models) fail at least two of these tests, while two binary models (accretion and merger models) are consistent with all available constraints. We conclude that it is most likely that the progenitor of SN 1987A had a binary companion, either at the time of the explosion or at least in the not-too-distant past, and that SN 1987A should therefore not be used to calibrate single stellar evolution theory. For SN 1993J, we infer from the presupernova photometry and the early light curve that its progenitor was a 15M star that lost almost all of its hydrogen-rich envelope prior to the supernova. This seems to require that the progenitor underwent stable case C mass transfer. We discuss future observational tests of binary models for both supernovae.     

Solar cycle dependence of global distribution of solar wind speed

A review is given of observational results concerning the solar cycle dependence of the global structure of solar wind speed distribution during the years from 1973 to 1987. Since observations of solar wind speed in 3-dimensional space can only be made by the interplanetary scintillation method which has been carried out over one sunspot activity cycle since the early 1970's, the review is based on IPS observations. The low-speed regions tend to be distributed along neutral lines which are derived on the source surface, so comparisons between speed distribution and the neutral line are discussed.     

语用信息的类型与词典中的语用信息

语用信息在语言学习中的作用已经受到越来越多的关注。文章考察了语用信息在英语中的表现类型 ,主要有两大类 :即语义———语用信息和文化———语用信息。并以《朗文当代英语词典》(1987)为例介绍常用英语学习词典在提供语用信息方面的一些做法。     

Is the Vela pulsar associated with the Vela SNR?

Optical data taken in January 1987 from La Silla, when compared with the discovery plate of 1975.2 show no proper motion for PSR 0833-45, while a very significant one was expected if the pulsar originated in the center of the Vela SNR, which has so far been associated with it. If such an association is to be retained, either an extreme asymmetry of the SNR is required, or both objects are much older than has so far been thought. Both alternatives have their difficulties, thus possibly casting doubts on the reality of this classic SNR/pulsar association.Based on observations collected at the European Southern Observatory, La Silla, Chile.     

我国飞机飞行力学研究事业的发展

本文简要地总结了7210办公室飞行力学专业组近五年(1987～1991年)来的工作情况和飞机飞行力学研究工作所取得的主要进展和技术成果。     

A catalogue of low-resolution IUE spectra of dwarf novae and nova-like stars

A catalogue is presented of all the low-resolution IUE spectra of dwarf novae and nova-like stars that were recorded until the end of 1987. All spectra have been reduced, and are displayed, in a homogeneous way. In addition to details about these data, to the extent available, their position in the outburst light curves is given, physical information about each system, and a comprehensive list of references for published observations in all wavelength ranges.     

The first nine months of SN 1987A: What have we learnt?

In the nine months since the explosion of SN 1987A, observations have been made throughout virtually the whole of the electromagnetic spectrum. This review attempts to summarize the observational results in the context of theoretical models, and presents what has been learnt about the physics of Type II supernova events from this extraordinary event.     

Feedback median filter for robust preprocessing of glint noise

Glint noise may arise in a target tracking system. The non-Gaussian behavior of glint noise can severely degrade the tracking performance. Measurement preprocessing at the front-end of the tracker is an effective method to reduce glint noise. The preprocessor proposed by Hewer, Martin, and Zeh (1987), which used the computationally intensive M-estimator, may not be suitable for practical implementation. An alternative method employing the median filter is studied here. The median filter is well known for its simplicity and robustness. However, the efficiency of the median filter can be seriously degraded if input samples are not identically distributed. This is what we may encounter in the tracking problem. A feedback median filter is then proposed to overcome this impediment without substantially increasing complexity. Simulations show that the new preprocessor can greatly improve tracking performance in the glint noise environment.     

Inside and outside of supernovae

A newly formed neutron star in a supernova finds itself in a dense environment, in which the gravitational energy of accreting matter can be lost to neutrinos. For the conditions in SN 1987A, 0.1M may have fallen back onto the central neutron star on a timescale of hours after the explosion, after which the accretion rate is expected to drop sharply. Radiation is trapped in the flow until the mass accretion rate drops to 2×10^–4 M yr^–1 at which point radiation can begin to escape from the shocked envelope at an Eddington limit luminosity. Between this neutrino limit and the Eddington limit, 3×10^–8 M yr^–1, there are no steady, spherical solutions for neutron star accretion. SN 1987A should have reached the neutrino limit within a year of the explosion; the current lack of an Eddington luminosity can be attributed to black hole formation or to a clearing of the neutron star envelope. There is no evidence for newly formed neutron stars in supernovae. Radio supernovae, which were initially interpreted as pulsar activity, probably involve circumstellar interaction; SN 1993J shows especially good evidence for outer shock phenomena.