声重波在垂直切变风场中的传播与演变

本文根据时空变化风场中声重波演变的基本方程,详细讨论了声重波的基本参量在垂直切变风场中的变化方式。结果表明,沿群路径上波长、相速和传播方向的变化取决于风场的垂直结构以及波风之间的相对方位。声重波扰动动能的变化与波空间尺度的变化存在一定的关系。对于上行重力波分支,波包动能的增加伴随着波长变长,波包动能减小伴随着波长变短;对于上行的声波分支,情况则相反。文中还讨论了常定的声重波波列在垂直切变风场中的传播问题,分析表明,声重波能量密度增加伴随着本征频率减小,能量密度减小伴随着本征频率增加。      

中高层大气对低层大气脉冲扰动的响应

从基本的大气运动方程出发,采用二维全隐欧拉格式(FICE)建立极坐标下二维声重波传播的数值模式.对小振幅高斯形态声重波传播过程的模拟结果表明,该数值模式能够再现声重波波包向上的稳定传播过程.应用此数值模式模拟了在没有背景风场和存在背景风场条件下中高层大气对10km高空处近似脉冲点源扰动的响应过程,获得了中高层大气对低层大气脉冲扰动响应的图像.结果表明,电离层高度对重力波扰动的响应不但出现在激发源激发之后,还与激发源具有较大距离,扰动的幅度随高度的增大而增大;有背景风时,顺风情况下重力波波动传播路径较逆风情况下平缓,且传播的水平距离比逆风情况下远,波动的振幅较逆风情况下弱,逆向背景风场能够加速重力波向上传播.同时,模拟还表明脉冲扰动正上方可以激发产生一种以6 min为主要周期,具有声学分支特性的快速波动.本文模拟的扰动结果与2004年12月26日苏门答腊-安达曼地震引起的电离层TEC扰动具有类似的图像.      

DE-1卫星对千米波辐射和极光嘶声的部分观测结果及分析

对DE-1卫星等离子体波的部分观测数据进行了处理,本文主要给出关于千米波辐射及极光嘶声的观测结果及分析.仅就带宽而言,千米波辐射可以从50kHz到大于400kHz,但峰值强度处于200kHz左右.电场谱密度可达10-11V2ni-2Hz-1或更大.其频率范围和强度随着卫星的观测地点而变化,但具有一个共同特征,就是在其频率范围内强度通常存在多个峰值.峰值的相对强度在迅速变化,峰值所对应的频率也在移动.极光嘶声则有明显的上截止频率和下截止频率.上截止频率或者是等离子体频率,或者是电子迴旋频率,看哪一个更小而定.而下截止频率主要是由于传播效应造成的.      

低纬地区TEC观测的初步分析

1985年6、7月间在低纬地区进行了TEC观测。发现赤道异常的北峰在广州江门一带,峰的位置有波动,低纬地区本地产生的声重波周期低于20—48分钟且随纬度而异;极地产生的大尺度声重波可以传播到广州、香港一带,难于传到海南岛;低纬地区的不均匀结构的出现,集中在2000—0400之间,其尺度不大,漂移没有明显的东向优势。本文还给出了由视速求真实速度的方法,在接近太阳活动低年的1985年夏季仅在三亚看到电离层汽泡。      

强震前异常电场激发声重波对电离层的影响

震前地震孕育期地表异常增强的电场,通过大气电导率传输到电离层高度.该异常电场通过非稳态局部加热,可以在电离层高度激发声重波.基于该理论,利用一维时变中纬电离层物理模型,模拟了该扰动源对电离层电子密度的影响.结果表明,重力波引起的中性风速度扰动对电离层电子密度分布影响甚微,该机理无法解释震前电离层异常扰动现象.      

SMARC变形控制及神经网络建模

在复合材料层板中偏离中性层的位置铺设镍钛形状记忆合金丝,然后通电加热镍钛丝,使其在形状回复过程中产生巨大的回复力,从而使层板结构发生弯曲变形.由于形状记忆合金的非线性以及合成的智能材料结构的应力、应变分布和形状变化规律都非常复杂,尝试引入人工神经网络来建立以可控参量(电流强度)为输入变量、易测参量(稳态挠度)为输出变量的模型,所建模型的预测数据与实验数据之间符合得较好,相对误差小于9%.      

双带耀斑磁重联过程的数值研究

本文用多步隐格式求解包含电阻的磁流体力学方程组, 对双带耀斑的主相作数值模拟, 清晰地展示了中性片区由撕裂模线性重联向准稳态重联的过渡以及后随耀斑环的产生和等离子体团的喷发过程.对于在能量方程中计及和忽略焦耳加热两种情况, 分别作了计算.结果表明, 计及焦耳加热时, 电流片中等离子体的温度显著增加(是初始温度的2—3倍), 但等离子体的运动速度却变化不大.两种情况的计算结果均表明:等离子体的运动速度低于声速, 因此不会形成快激波.计及焦耳加热的计算结果显示了两个新的特征:其一是中性片高密度等离子体的受热膨胀, 增大了电流片的有效厚度, 它使重联速率降低, 并逐渐趋于饱和, 其二是同时形成上升和沉降等离子体团, 后者与耀斑环碰撞, 并合并于后随耀斑环内.      

DEMETER卫星记录到的电离层加热现象

在法国DEMETER卫星运行期间, 地基电离层加热装置SURA和HAARP开展了一系列加热试验, 记录到各类电离层异常信息, 发现电离层加热过程中卫星观测的电离层扰动信号包括HF发射泵波及边带泵波、VLF人工源增强及频谱拓展、ULF/ELF/VLF调制波、ELF电磁扰动、ULF谐振波、等离子体特征参量扰动及高能粒子沉降等. 由于传播及耦合机制的差异, 发射泵波可以穿透电离层直达卫星高度, 其观测概率最高达到68%以上, 其他扰动受发射调制模式及当地电磁环境等影响,观测概率相对较低, 均在40%左右, 有些甚至是某次试验中出现的个别事例. 结合中国地震电磁监测试验卫星飞行轨道设计及载荷配置等,对未来开展加热试验进行了分析论证, 并参考DEMETER卫星试验结果给出了一些建议.      

声重波激发的赤道 Spread—F 不稳定性

本文导出了声重波扰动与赤道电离层扩展F层相互作用的基本方程,并对数值模拟结果进行了讨论。结果表明当声重波扰动与Kavleigh-Taylor不稳定性共同作用于赤道F层时,将导致大尺度波状结构的Spread-F.其特征为以一定速度漂移的准周期不规则性,发展到后期伴有羽柱形状的bubble(电子密度低区)产生。这种现状的bubble可上升至F层顶部并发生倾斜。声重波波矢量的方向决定着羽柱的倾斜方向。这些结果与实验观测特征相符,说明声重波扰动不仅是大尺度Saread-F的触发源,而且对其整个形态发展过程起着重要的作用。      

二维有限长度柔性壁面上T-S波演化的数值研究

受自然界鸟类羽毛的柔性特征启发,利用数值模拟的方式开展了柔性壁面对亚声速边界层中T-S波演化的影响研究。刚性壁面上的数值结果与线性理论吻合得很好,验证了数值方法的可靠性。在此基础上,将部分刚性壁面替换为柔性壁面,结果表明,柔性壁面可以抑制T-S波在空间上的增长,从而推迟边界层流动转捩。壁面的变形不只跟随T-S波的波形,还因为柔性段与刚性段相接的前缘和后缘引起与扰动源频率相同的更大尺度的壁面波动,壁面的实际变形由这几种波叠加而成。开展的参数研究结果表明,增大表面的质量密度对于柔性壁面衰减扰动的效果几乎没有影响;增大表面张力和增加底部支撑的弹性系数可以增加壁面的刚性,减小壁面变形的幅度;增加阻尼可以抑制柔性段前后缘产生的大尺度壁面波动的传播,而对跟随T-S波的变形影响不大。总体上,柔性壁面的变形程度越大,其扰动的抑制效果越强。      

Models of the geomagnetic effect in the earth's thermosphere

A study was made of the variations in exospheric temperature in the disturbed thermosphere as a function of geomagnetic latitude and local time and of the level of disturbance. Temperatures were derived from the N₂ densities measured by the gas analyzer aboard the polar-orbiting satellite ESRO 4. Results indicated two maxima in the temperature response in high geomagnetic latitudes that are probably associated with particle precipitation. These maxima occur near the poleward limit of the auroral belts, at about 9 and 0 hours of local magnetic time. There is also evidence of the effect of Joule heating due to the auroral electrojets in the morning and evening auroral belts. Enhancement of the temperature response in middle latitudes is observed throughout the night side and in a region centered in the late afternoon.     

Joule heating and particle precipitation

A short review of different techniques for deriving the amount of heat input into the auroral upper atmosphere due to Joule heating and particle precipitation is given. The relative importance and altitude of these two energy sources with respect to auroral substorm time is stressed.     

Particle and Joule heating of the neutral polar thermosphere in cusp region using Atmosphere Explorer-C satellite measurements

Simultaneous measurements taken by instruments on the Atmosphere Explorer - C satellite were used to compare electron and proton particle energy deposition, Joule heating, and neutral density perturbations in the region of the cusp.Altitude profiles of Joule heating, electron energy deposition, and electron density are derived using measurements taken by the satellite as input to a computer model. Electric fields are calculated using ion drift measurements. Figures are presented for a representative orbital pass.A peak Joule heating rate of 0.059 Wm^?2 occurred in the cusp region with a peak of 0.025 Wm^?2 in the evening auroral electrojet. Peak volume heating rates corresponding to these regions were 1.4 × 10^?6Wm^?3 and 7.10^?7 Wm^?3, both occurring at an altitude of 115 km. Particle energy deposition was about an order of magnitude less than Joule heating. Large neutral density perturbations are related to regions of heating.     

暴时极光区热层大气焦耳加热与F区电离耗空的EISCAT雷达观测

利用ＥＩＳＣＡＴ雷达探测数据，分析计算了太阳活动高年夏季发生的一次强磁暴期间，极光区电离层对流电场、电导率以及焦耳加热速率等着重考察了Ｅ区热怪大气焦耳加热和Ｆ区离子摩擦增温与Ｆ区电子密度耗空的关系发现在下午东向极光电集流期间，电子密度最大耗空出现在Ｆ区３００－３２５ｋｍ高度，时间恰在积分的Ｅ区大气焦耳加热量大值和Ｆ区最大离子增温之后５－１０ｍｉｎ，耗空率达７０％。     

Energy deposition in the polar ionosphere as determined by measurements aboard ‘INTERCOSMOS-BULGARIA-1300’ satellite

Data were obtained from the measurements of optical emissions, ion drift, DC magnetic field and energetic particles, on board INTERCOSMOS - BULGARIA - 1300 satellite. In two cases of night-time passes through auroral oval, an estimate has been made of the energy input by particle precipitation and Joule heating. In order to determine the Joule heating, the Pedersen currents flowing in the lower ionosphere were determined. In orbits 231 and 203 Pedersen currents of 0.94 Am^?1 and 0.71 am^?1 were observed. From these values estimates of Joule heating rates of2 × 10^?7Wm^?3 and8 × 10^?7Wm^?3 were obtained. The integral energy deposited by the precipitated particles was also estimated in the current systems regions. The possibility for identification of the auroral electrojet based only on satellite data is pointed out.     

Diagnosing the storm-time ring current and other magnetospheric plasma domains using relativistic electron data

Ring current ions and relativistic electrons simultaneously measured on board MOLNIYA-1 are analyzed in comparison with the ground-based magnetometer data for the period of a strong magnetic storm (|D_st|max≈230 nT). Injection of >500 keV electrons into the slot region (L≈3) near equatorial plane is occurred on time scale ≈1 hour, when, during the magnetic storm maximum, the extreme low-latitude position of auroral electrojets is reached and ring current becomes more symmetrical. Positions of both the ring current maximum and electron intensity maximum (L_max) are consistent to our previous result: |D_st|_max = 2.75 • 10⁴/L⁴_max. An extreme storm-time low-latitude position of the west electrojet center (for amplitudes of |D_st|_max up to 600 nT) is shown to be in a good consistence with this empirical dependence. It is supposed the trapped radiation boundary collapses down to L≈L_max in the course of the storm main phase.     

黄河站和Tromso站亚暴期间热层风场观测结果

中高层大气风场探测对研究大气物理过程具有极为重要的意义，尤其是在极地地区，风场对大气结构的影响更为剧烈.针对亚暴期间中国北极黄河站和日本Tromso站上空OI557.7nm气辉层（低热层）中性风场，利用全天空法布里-珀罗干涉仪（all-sky Fabry-Perot Interferometer，all-sky FPI）探测气辉谱线的多普勒频移，反演气辉层的大气风场信息.结果表明，低热层风场平均水平在100m·s-1左右，热层风场在极地地区更为剧烈，纬度相对较低的Tromso站探测到的风速整体小于同期黄河站上空的风速.结合离子风数据，分析离子拖拽和焦耳加热对中性风的影响过程，发现极光亚暴不仅对低热层风场有增强作用，也有明显的抑制效果，但整体风向都垂直于极光弧变化.      

0.3AU和1AU之间高速太阳风的加速和加热机制

本文应用Helios飞船在0.3AU和1AU之间的高速太阳风质子和磁流涨落观测, 同时考察了包括各种可能的加速和加热效应的高速太阳风动量方程和质子能量方程.分析表明在碰撞为主的等离子体条件下导出的经典粘性系数表式明显地不适用于太阳风等离子体;在0.3AU和1AU之间主要加速力是热压梯度力和Alfven波压力, 背景磁场的洛伦兹力可忽略;在减速方面, 除了太阳重力外, 还需存在其它减速机制, 才能使太阳风动量平衡.看来唯有粘性能同时满足减速和加热这两种要求.      

The ionospheric effect of atmospheric gravity waves excited prior to strong earthquake

We have computed perturbations in the nighttime mid-latitude F2 region ionosphere that could be produced by internal atmospheric gravity waves generated before strong earthquakes through ionospheric Joule heating due to the seismogenic electric field of short duration. There is a strong anisotropy of the atmospheric gravity wave effect with respect to the imminent earthquake epicentre, the electron density changes being maximum poleward and equatorward of the epicentre and being minimum eastward and westward of it. It should be noted that the duration of the electron density perturbation in the F2 region ionosphere is much longer than the duration of the primary precursor of an earthquake – the enhancement of the vertical electric field at the Earth’s surface, which initiates the atmospheric gravity wave generation. This fact is important from the practical point of view of predicting catastrophic earthquakes.     

电弧推力器约束通道内流动特性数值模拟

约束通道对电弧推力器的性能有着重要的影响,文章采用基于局域热力学模型（LTE）的数值模拟方法对中等功率电弧推力器内等离子体流动进行了数值模拟,考察了电流、入口压力、约束通道尺寸及不同推进剂对约束通道内等离子体流动的影响,分析了约束通道内非均匀流动现象,最后对推力器的性能、效率等进行了讨论。计算结果表明,随着电流的增加电弧高温区变粗变长,随着入口压强的增加电弧高温区半径减小而长度增加,随着约束通道半径的减小电弧高温区变得细长,随着约束通道长度的增加高温区的长度增长而半径无明显变化,氢气的高温区明显小于氮气和氩气;约束通道内只有小部分气体通过高温区被电离,大部分气体沿着壁面附近的低温区流动;约束通道内焦耳热约占总焦耳热的60%~80%,主要受约束通道长度影响。