十年征程路 实现新跨越——兰州管制区管制方式发展历程

兰州管制区位于我国西北部地区,区域范围横跨甘肃、青海、宁夏三省区及内蒙古、新疆、西藏、四川和陕西部分地区,东西长约1400km,南北宽约1200km,总面积150余万平方公里,按照地理面积是我国第二大高空、中低空管制区。其高空管制区与北京、内蒙、西安、成都、拉萨、乌鲁木齐管制区相邻,中低空管制区与呼和浩特、西安、成都、阿克苏、乌鲁木     

GNF论坛之“航天医学与大众健康”争鸣

2013年9月25日,以“航天医学与大众健康”为主题的全球网络论坛（GNF）在北京国家会议中心隆重举行,来自美国、俄罗斯、德国、法国、加拿大、罗马尼亚、巴西、日本和中国的7名航天员、5名航天生物医学研究机构负责人、     

北京卫星环境工程研究所参加第七届全国空间碎片学术会议

第七届全国空间碎片学术会议于2013年10月29日至11月1日召开,会议由国家国防科技工业局（下简称国防科工局）系统工程一司主办,中国电波传播研究所承办。来自国家国防科工局、总参谋部、总装备部、外交部、航天科技集团、航天科X--集团、中国科学院、中电科技集团、中国工程物理研究院、哈尔滨工业大学、北京航空航天大学、北京理工大学、国防科技大学等60多家单位的领导和专家学者共计230人参加了本次会议。北京卫星环境工程研究所龚自正研究员（注：本刊主编）等参会交流。     

青少年首次与卫星亲密接触

2009年7月28日,30名来自北京、天津、湖北、浙江、哈尔滨、昆明、石家庄等地的青少年代表来到中国航天科技集团公司空间技术研究院。     

第三届航天技术创新国际会议隆重召开

中国宇航学会和国际宇航科学院共同主办的“第三届航天技术创新国际会议”于2008年10月29日～31日在上海隆重召开。本届会议以“卫星应用与应用卫星”为主题,并就通信卫星的应用、遥感卫星的应用、导航定位卫星的应用、卫星技术、国际合作与政策、卫星应用的商业化等议题进行了广泛研讨。参加大会的代表共160余名,分别来自美国、俄罗斯、英国、法国、德国、日本、加拿大、荷兰、韩国、新加坡、     

国际空间站的运行和管理

国际空间站由美国、加拿大、日本、俄罗斯、比利时、丹麦、法国、德国、意大利、荷兰、挪威、西班牙、瑞典、瑞士和英国等15个国家联合建造和运营,全球有10万人为其服务。（开始有16个国家参与,后来巴西退出）     

2009年中国西安卫星测控中心纪念封欣赏

中国西安卫星测控中心是中国航天测控网的核心组成部分,主要承担各类航天器的测控、回收、在轨管理和航天员的搜索救援任务,目前下辖测控技术部、活动测控回收部、渭南站、南宁站、喀什站、厦门站、青岛站、佳木斯站、三亚站等测控部站,可对不同轨道、频段、种类的国内外航天器提供测控支持。     

中国民航技术装备有限责任公司

中国民航技术装备有限责任公司隶属于中国航空器材集团公司,是集团的四大主营业务板块之一。经营范围包括民航机场、空管、航空公司专用设备的国际国内招标、进出口、租赁、维修等业务,并从事与此相关的产品展览、服务,技术开发、转让、咨询、培训等,开展合资经营、合作生产、加工装配以及多种形式的对外贸易。     

第一届中国卫星导航学术年会在北京召开

由中国第二代卫星导航系统专项管理办公室、中国科技部高新技术发展及产业化司、国防科技工业局系统工程一司、交通运输部综合规划司、教育部科学技术司、中国科学院高技术研究与发展局、中国卫星导航定位应用管理中心主办,中国科学院国家授时中心、北京大学、西安测绘研究所承办,清华大学、中国航天科技集团公司第五一二研究所、中国航天科技集团公司第七零四研究所、中国电子科技集团公司第五十四研究所、中国北斗星通导航技术股份有限公司协办的第一届中国卫星导航学术年会于2010年5月19—21日在北京国家会议中心隆重召开。     

《质量与可靠性》征稿启事

《质量与可靠性》杂志是中国航天工业质量协会和中国航天科技集团公司第七○八研究所联合主办的质量与可靠性技术综合性期刊,面向整个国防工业,并为广大民用工业服务。本刊设有:政策战略、质量论坛、理论方法、实践经验、软件工程、标准规范、国外管理、专题讲座、信息动态等栏目。欢迎各级领导、工程技术和管理人员、广大质量与可靠性工作     

调温热沉设备的状态空间法仿真设计

调温热沉设备日益成为部组件热真空试验的首选,它具有经济性好、使用方便、对试件无遮挡等优点。文章通过状态空间描述的分布参数模型,对调温热沉设备进行仿真设计,得出氮气、热沉、试件三者温度的动态关系,对于进口氮气温度、流量的选择和控制方案的制定都进行了深入的分析。所获取的数据可为采用热沉调温方式的热真空试验提供参考。     

Mineral and nitrogen balance study: results of metabolic observations on Skylab II 28-day orbital mission

Prediction that the various stresses of flight, particularly weightlessness, would bring about significant derangements in the metabolism of the musculoskeletal system has been based on various observations of long-term immobilized or inactive bed rest. The only attempt at controlled measurement of metabolic changes in space prior to Skylab, a study during the 14-day Gemini VII flight, revealed rather modest losses of important elements. The three astronauts of Skylab II consumed a planned day-by-day, quite constant, dietary intake of major metabolic elements in mixed foods and beverages and provided virtually complete collections of excreta for 31 days preflight, during the 28 days inflight, and for 17 days postflight. Analyses showed that, in varying degree among the crewmen, urinary calcium increased gradually during flight in a pattern similar to that observed in bed-rest studies: the mean plateau peak of urinary calcium excretion in the latter part of flight was double preflight levels. Fecal calcium excretion did not change significantly, but calcium balance, owing to the urinary calcium rise, became either negative or less positive than in preflight measurement. Increased excretion and negative balance of nitrogen and phosphorus indicated appreciable loss of muscle tissue in all three crewmen. Significant losses also occurred inflight in potassium, sodium, and magnesium. Based on the similarity in pattern and degree between these observations and those in bed rest of the losses in calcium, phosphorus, and nitrogen, musculoskeletal integrity would not be threatened in space flights of up to at least 3 months. However, if similar changes occur, indicative of continuing losses of these elements, in the planned Skylab flights for considerably more than 28 days, concern for capable musculoskeletal function should be serious for flights of very many months' duration, and greater research attention will need to be given to development of protective counter-measures.     

The contest for leadership in East Asia: Japanese and Chinese approaches to outer space

Japan and China, as two advanced spacefaring nations in Asia-Pacific region, are often referred to as rivals in space. China's successful manned space launch program in 2003 and ASAT test in 2007 were considered as turning points which potentially introduces a “space race in Asia”. This article argues that there are three defining arenas in a space race: competition for prestige or soft power, competition over military capability or hard power, and competition of international services or public goods. It analyzes the objectives, norms and logics of space policy in Japan and China, and argues that these two countries have quite different thinking over what to do in space, explaining that they are playing different games in the first two arenas. However, Japan and China are competing for leadership and influence over the region. APRSAF and APSCO, two similar regional space organizations, are the vehicles for this competition. It concludes that there is a space race only in the third arena as a competition for leadership in Asia.     

军用飞机机载设备振动试验要求和有关问题的讨论(二):GJB 150.16/16A中军用直升机和各种军用飞机发动机设备的振动试验要求及对比分析

文章分为3部分:第1部分简单介绍振动类型、振动引起的失效模式和应用,特别是列表详细介绍了GJB 150.16和GJB 150.16A中规定或推荐的军用喷气式飞机和螺旋桨飞机设备及其外挂和外挂上的设备的振动试验要求、特点和两标准中相关内容的对比分析;第2部分则详细介绍了两标准中规定或推荐的军用直升机和各类飞机发动机设备的振动试验要求、特点以及相关内容的对比分析;第3部分介绍和分析了航空装备研制生产中这2个标准的应用情况和遇到的问题,对一些重大问题进行了分析概括并提出了一些看法和建议。此为第2部分。     

Interpersonal relationships in isolation and confinement: long-term bed rest in head-down tilt position

The long-term bed-rest was organized by ESA and CNES, in order to simulate the physiological effects of weightlessness: eight volunteers had to stay 42 days in bed, in a head down tilt position (-6 degrees). There were two subjects in a room, they could not be alone and it was difficult for them to have their own personal space and intimacy. In these circumstances, as in outer space, interpersonal relationships were of prime importance. This situation enabled us, through systematic observation, to analyze the evolution of the relational behavior in dyads, and to quote some social indicators of adaptation. Results show significant withdrawal, and the time spent alone was marked by the emergence, during the experiment, of specific preferential activities. Behavioral contagion was observed in each dyad (people engaged in the same activities at the same time), except in the one case of abandon. Moreover, the highest rates of inactivity and withdrawal were noted in this case. Verbal indicators were useful to comment these results and showed that, for all the dyads, one of the two subjects always played a regulating role by expressing a very positive perception of the situation. These results emphasize the importance of psycho-sociological factors in isolation and confinement. Thus, it appears that different modalities of interpersonal relationships, and not only verbal interactions, play a significant role in adaptation to stress situations.     

An endogenous growth pattern of roots is revealed in seedlings grown in microgravity

In plants, sensitive and selective mechanisms have evolved to perceive and respond to light and gravity. We investigated the effects of microgravity on the growth and development of Arabidopsis thaliana (ecotype Landsberg) in a spaceflight experiment. These studies were performed with the Biological Research in Canisters (BRIC) hardware system in the middeck region of the space shuttle during mission STS-131 in April 2010. Seedlings were grown on nutrient agar in Petri dishes in BRIC hardware under dark conditions and then fixed in flight with paraformaldehyde, glutaraldehyde, or RNAlater. Although the long-term objective was to study the role of the actin cytoskeleton in gravity perception, in this article we focus on the analysis of morphology of seedlings that developed in microgravity. While previous spaceflight studies noted deleterious morphological effects due to the accumulation of ethylene gas, no such effects were observed in seedlings grown with the BRIC system. Seed germination was 89% in the spaceflight experiment and 91% in the ground control, and seedlings grew equally well in both conditions. However, roots of space-grown seedlings exhibited a significant difference (compared to the ground controls) in overall growth patterns in that they skewed to one direction. In addition, a greater number of adventitious roots formed from the axis of the hypocotyls in the flight-grown plants. Our hypothesis is that an endogenous response in plants causes the roots to skew and that this default growth response is largely masked by the normal 1?g conditions on Earth.     

Metabolic changes in the animals subjected to space flight

The activity of the enzymes involved in aminoacid metabolism (tyrosine aminotransferase, TAT, tryptophan pyrrolase TP, serine dehydratase, SD) with rapid response to glucocorticoids and enzymes requiring for activity increase repeated administration of corticosterone (alanine aminotransferase, ALT, aspartate aminotransferase, AST) in liver, the changes of lipolysis in adipose tissue and the plasma corticosterone levels were studied in rats subjected to space flight (F), in animals from synchron model experiments (SM, simulated conditions of space flight in laboratory) and in intact controls (C). The increase of plasma corticosterone concentration and of the activity of rapidly (TAT, TP, SD) and slowly activating enzymes (ALT, AST) was found in F group 6-10 hr after space flight (18.5 days on biosatellite COSMOS 1129). This suggested the presence of acute-stress (associated primarily with the landing) and chronic stress induced hypercorticosteronemia during the flight. After the short 6-day period of recovery the plasma corticosterone concentrations and the activities of liver enzymes returned to control levels. The exposition of animals to repeated immobilization stress showed higher response of corticosterone levels in flight rats as compared to intact controls. No changes in basal lipolysis were observed in flight rats in comparison to intact controls, however the stimulation of lipolysis by norepinephrine was lower in animals from F and SM groups. This lower response of lipolytic processes to norepinephrine was found in flight animals also after six days period of recovery. These results showed that there are important changes in the regulation of lipolytic processes in adipose tissue of rats after space flight and in the conditions of model experiments.     

军用飞机机载设备振动试验要求和有关问题的讨论(一):GJB 150.16/16A军用喷气式飞机和螺旋桨式飞机机载设备和外挂的振动试验要求及对比分析

文章分为3部分:第1部分简单介绍振动类型、振动引起的失效模式和应用,特别是列表详细介绍了GJB 150.16和GJB 150.16A中规定或推荐的军用喷气式飞机和螺旋桨飞机设备及其外挂与外挂上的设备的振动试验要求、特点和两标准相关内容的对比分析;第2部分则详细介绍了两标准中规定或推荐的军用直升机和各类飞机发动机设备的振动试验要求、特点以及相关内容的对比分析;第3部分介绍和分析了航空装备研制生产中这2个标准的应用情况和遇到的问题,并就一些重大问题进行了分析概括并提出了一些看法和建议。此为第1部分。     

微重力科学与应用研究（上）

空间微重力环境的独特物理现象对航天器各系统均产生无法回避的影响，在型号研制中正确计入微重力效应是航天事业发展中的一个重要研究领域。在现阶段，航天器发动机再启动相关的微重力研究以及载人航天防火安全相关的微重力研究应当引起人们的高度重视。随航天事业的发展，微重力效应问题日益会严重起来（结构动力学、耦合动力学、多相流温控、低重星球场着陆撞击……），进行深入广泛的微重力效应研究对保证航天器飞行任务完成有着不应忽视的作用     

Gesture in Spatial Cognition: Expressing,Communicating, and Thinking About Spatial Information

Do hand gestures play a role in spatial cognition? This paper reviews literature addressing the roles of gestures in (1) expressing spatial information, (2) communicating about spatial information, and (3) thinking about spatial information. Speakers tend to produce gestures when they produce linguistic units that contain spatial information, and they gesture more when talking about spatial topics than when talking about abstract or verbal ones. Thus, gestures are commonly used to express spatial information. Speakers use gestures more in situations when those gestures could contribute to communication, suggesting that they intend those gestures to communicate. Further, gestures influence addressees' comprehension of the speech they accompany, and addressees also detect information that is conveyed uniquely in gestures. Thus, gestures contribute to effective communication of spatial information. Gestures also play multiple roles in thinking about spatial information. There is evidence that gestures activate lexical and spatial representations, promote a focus on spatial information, and facilitate the packaging of spatial information in speech. Finally, some of the observed variation across tasks in gesture production is associated with task differences in demands on spatial cognitive processes, and individual differences in gesture production are associated with individual differences in spatial and verbal abilities. In sum, gestures appear to play multiple roles in spatial cognition. Central challenges for future research include: (1) better specification of the mental representations that give rise to gestures, (2) deeper understanding of the mechanisms by which gestures play a role in spatial thinking, and (3) greater knowledge of the sources of task and individual differences in gesture production.