Modern turboprop engines

The turboprop engine has played a major role in short haul commuter aircraft and military transport and patrol aircraft where speed is not critical. In recent years NASA have proposed the application of turboprops, coupled to advanced propellers usually referred to as ‘propfans’, at conventional turbofan speeds. The achievement of this goal would provide significant savings in fuel without sacrifice of flight speed. The paper reviews the past history and current state of development of modern turboprops, noting that there has been very little recent development of high power units. Current trends suggest a shift from the NASA goal away from turboprops to a new breed of engine using the generic name Ultra High Bypass systems. Although the future of the turboprop for high speed transportation may appear dubious, there is no doubt that the turboprop is going to continue to play an increasingly important role in the short haul commuter aircraft market.     

螺旋桨-自由涡轮涡桨发动机稳态/过渡态数值模拟

为实现对涡桨推进系统整体推进性能的数学模型模拟,以螺旋桨/桨扇作为受飞行外流条件影响的推进系统内流部件之一,引入其特性图,用跟随流量方法解决螺旋桨-自由涡轮转子与涡桨发动机燃气发生器的流量平衡、功率平衡,发展了螺旋桨-自由涡轮涡桨发动机内流特性部件法数学模型,实现了对该类涡桨系统稳态/过渡态的数值模拟。对某8MW三轴桨扇发动机的台架转速特性和飞行任务剖面特性的数值模拟结果表明:该数学模型可以较为准确模拟出包含桨叶变动桨距角、攻角等在内的外流螺旋桨/桨扇部件工作点详细参数,和高度、速度、涡轮前温度同时变化的多条件、多变量涡桨发动机的稳态/过渡态推力、推力耗油率等特性.      

An Assessment of the 1990 Digital/Electric Airplane

The application of advanced systems technology has shown increasing promise for significant potential gains in airplane performance and efficiency. In late 1983, NASA initiated the integrated Digital/Electric Aicrat (IDEA) study programs to determine the impact of extensive use of advanced electrical and digital systems on future aircraft. The first objective of the IDEA program was the broad evaluation of improvements in airplane performance and economics resulting from the integrated introduction of digital controls and advanced electrical systems. The second program objective was the definition of research and development areas required to achieve the projected improvements. A baseline configuration was compared to the new IDEA configurations in terms of economic performance, fuel efficiency, and significant system and airplane configuration characteristics. Important factors (weight, reliability, maintainability, cost, performance, survivability, and environmental constraints) were determined and compared to form the basis for recommending the research and development necessary to implement IDEA concepts. Based on these developmental needs, research programs were recommended for high-risk, high-payoff areas appropriate for implementation under NASA leadership. The 1990 Baseline configuration represents a 6% to 8% fuel burn improvement over current technology. When compared to the 1990 Baseline airplane, the IDEA airplane systems showed a 1.8% improvement in direct operating cost (DOC) and a 3% improvement in fuel burn performance. In addition, significant economic improvement was apparent when the total operating cost was included.     

飞机系统设计若干研究新进展

飞机系统设计是飞机研制的重要组成部分,它关系到飞机整体性能的提高。新一代飞机性能指标的不断提高,对各系统提出了更高的设计要求。为此,阐述了液压系统、燃油系统和环境控制系统的新发展、新要求、新方法。希望为相关的飞机系统设计研究方向提供一定的参考。     

Flying the Desk

The terminology ``flying the desk' has had a bad connotation for aviators over the years, inferring that a pilot has been relegated from the aircraft cockpit to an earthbound office. A unique advanced transport flight station design, described in this paper, could change that implication. The Lockheed-Georgia Company, in a joint project with NASA, has designed, developed, and fabricated a high fidelity flight station simulator for researching issues pertaining to transport aircraft of the mid-1990s and beyond. Early in the program the need and operational requirements for an advanced transport were identified, operating environments were forecast, and technologies available for application to future aircraft were projected. The flight station and all crew systems were designed and initially tested in a full scale mockup by operational line pilots. The refined design was then incorporated into three identical full-mission flight station simulators located at NASA's Ames and Langley Research Centers and at Lockheed's plant in Marietta, Georgia. These simulators contain the unique Pilot's Desk Flight Station design, a radical departure from traditional transport cockpits. The desk design resembles an office or laboratory workstation.     

喷气客机重量、性能和经济性综合评估方法研究

利用现役喷气客机的技术和价格数据,建立了飞机客座数和设计航程要求与飞机最大起飞重量、使用空重、任务用油、飞机售价和直接运行成本之间的函数关系。通过对典型窄体机A320的分析,表明该计算模型具有较高的计算精度,适用于喷气客机初步设计阶段的技术经济方案的快速评估和竞争分析。     

螺旋颤振分析

 对于装有螺旋桨发动机、涡轮螺桨发动机的飞机,存在着螺桨与发动机组合的螺旋颤振稳定性问题。本文介绍~种实用的分析方法,取沉浮、侧向平动、俯仰、偏航4个自由度,以准定常方法计算出螺旋桨气动力,并计入陀螺力矩,形成系统状态方程,然后提取特征值,以确定系统的稳定性。算例中还对影响稳定性的若干参数进行了分析。     

High energy density regenerative fuel cell systems for terrestrialapplications

Regenerative Fuel Cell System (RFCS) technology for energy storage has been a NASA power system concept for many years. Compared to battery-based energy storage systems, RFCS has received relatively little attention or resources for development because the energy density and electrical efficiency were not sufficiently attractive relative to advanced battery systems. Even today, RFCS remains at a very low technology readiness level (TRL of about 2 indicating feasibility has been demonstrated). Commercial development of the Proton Exchange Membrane (PEM) fuel cells for automobiles and other terrestrial applications and improvements in lightweight pressure vessel design to reduce weight and improve performance make possible a high energy density RFCS energy storage system. The results from this study of a lightweight RFCS energy storage system for a remotely piloted, solar-powered, high altitude aircraft indicate an energy density up to 790 wh/kg with electrical efficiency of 53.4% is attainable. Such an energy storage system would allow a solar-powered aircraft to carry hundreds of kilograms of payload and remain in flight indefinitely for use in atmospheric research, Earth observation, resource mapping, and telecommunications. Future developments in the areas of hydrogen and oxygen storage, pressure vessel design, higher temperature and higher pressure fuel cell operation, unitized regenerative fuel cells, and commercial development of fuel cell technology will improve both the energy density and electrical efficiency of the RFCS     

大型民用飞机电传飞控系统验证技术研究

随着国内民用飞机项目研制和型号不断发展,飞控系统采用了先进的高安全、高可靠的全时全权限电传技术,以提高系统综合性能,但同时也增加了电传飞控系统研发与验证的复杂度和风险。以世界上最成功的商业飞机之一——波音777飞机的飞控系统为研究对象,结合国内民机发展情况,进行深入分析和总结,提出了民用飞机飞控系统研发和验证过程模型,为国内民用飞机电传飞控系统的研发和验证提供有益的经验参考。     

飞机战伤抢修评估与设计方法综述

飞机战伤抢修（ABDR）是提高飞机生存力与作战能力的重要手段之一，开展战伤抢修技术研究覆盖飞机全寿命阶段。回顾了战伤抢修研究的历史和现状，分别从战伤评估、战伤抢修设计、战场维修与保障等3方面总结了战伤抢修体系要点，重点综述了战伤抢修预评估技术、战伤现场评估技术、战伤抢修设计准则与原则、战伤抢修设计与评价方法、战场快速维修技术、战场保障方法等方面的理论与研究进展。在此基础上，针对未来体系对抗与智能化作战环境，结合目前战伤抢修需求，提出了包括先进材料结构飞机战伤抢修技术、直升机战伤抢修技术、飞机战伤评估智能技术等战伤抢修技术研究需要关注和解决的问题。     

高经济性静音中航程民机设计方法讨论

 人们已愈来愈重视工业产品对环境的影响。人们直接感受民机对环境的影响首先是机场周边的噪声。静音飞机预案的研究目标是设计一种飞机,在机场周边听不见其响声,且油耗和排污指标优于现有的和正在设计的其他飞机。通过介绍SAX（Silent Aircraft eXperiment）三代概念机的研究进程,讨论了静音飞机设计的方法和使用的关键技术,包括具有一定准确度的快速翼身融合体准三维设计方法;具有最佳中央体外形的融合体气动外形设计;可平滑下弯的外翼前缘和后缘刷;分布、埋入式多风扇可吞吸边界层的发动机组;喷口截面可变的推力矢量喷管;先进的隔音衬管;整流的起落架等。最终的概念机SAX-40实现了在机场周边的最大噪声计算值为61 dBA,接近于稠密居民区的背景噪声,且使机场周边的人们不易感觉到飞机的起飞/进场。其油耗经济性亦达到了124座 哩/加仑的优异指标。     

分布式电推进飞机电力系统研究综述

继飞机二次能源逐步统一为电能形成多电/全电飞机之后,电推进技术成为飞机动力系统电气化的重要发展方向,有望进一步提高飞机动力系统能量转换效率、降低燃油消耗和排放,代表了航空电气化的高级阶段。飞机电力系统及相关技术是支撑电推进技术发展的重要基础。系统总结了电推进飞机的类型与发展现状,论述了飞机混合动力系统及分布式电推进系统的基本概念、特点与意义。阐述了航空电推进系统的基本结构,比较了适用于分布式电推进系统的电力系统架构,系统分析了实现电推进技术所需的高效高功率密度电机、高效大容量功率变换器和综合热管理等关键技术。小型纯电动飞机正在逐步迈向实用化,而分布式混合电推进技术是中大型飞机电气化的重要方向,仍然需要航空机电和动力系统等交叉融合与创新发展。     

基于GasTurb/MATLAB的航空发动机部件级模型研究

基于航空发动机总体性能分析软件GasTurb及其源代码,利用动态链接库技术实现在控制系统开发平台MATLAB下直接调用GasTurb部件级动态模型,并在Simulink下建立了包含涡喷、涡扇、涡轴、涡桨在内的22种发动机类型的部件级模型库,实现了两者之间的无缝衔接.应用实例与仿真结果验证了所建模型的有效性与高度可定制性.消除了从总体性能分析阶段过渡到控制系统开发阶段存在的交互障碍,为发动机控制和故障诊断研究提供了一种灵活的仿真平台.      

运输类飞机辅助燃油系统转输参数权衡分析

在保持原有的设计架构尽可能不变的情况下,运输类飞机可通过增加辅助燃油箱来实现短期内快速增程的目的,以达到大航程、长航时的设计目标,同时后续可作为多类特种飞机的改装平台。由于辅助燃油系统并不直接向发动机供油,而是在巡航阶段将燃油转输至基本型燃油箱内,因此在早期运输类飞机辅助燃油箱系统架构设计阶段,需尽早确定辅助燃油箱到基本型燃油箱的转输参数与转输策略,以便作为输入开展系统架构的权衡与多轮迭代。参考已有运输类飞机设计工程经验,通过对不同权衡方案进行对比分析,给出了在当前某型飞机辅助燃油箱最大设计载油量条件下的燃油转输速率和转输策略,同时考虑了最大载油量变化对分析结果的影响。研究形成的分析思路和方法对其余运输类飞机辅助燃油系统的设计具有一定的参考。     

基于ASBU的遥控驾驶航空器系统解读

为更好地理解和发展遥控驾驶航空器系统,以国际民航组织推出的"航行系统组块升级"为框架,从"运行概念"、"实施规划"、"技术支持"3个方面对RPAS进行阐述,进而指出"指挥和控制链路功能"和"感知和避让功能"的可靠性和效率对于实现RPAS的重要性,最后提出确保以上功能实现的关键技术,为实现遥控驾驶航空器与载人大飞机融合运行提供参考借鉴.     

Influence of propulsion efficiency on contrail formation

Aircraft cause contrails when flying in an atmosphere colder than a threshold temperature which depends on the overall efficiency η of propulsion of the aircraft/engine combination. Higher η causes contrails at higher ambient temperatures and over a larger range of flight altitudes. The ratio of temperature increase relative to moisture increase in engine plumes is lower for engines with higher η . Thermodynamic arguments are given for this fact and measurements and observations are reported which support the validity of the given criterion. The measurements include contrail observations for identified aircraft flying at ambient temperature and humidity conditions measured with high precision in-situ instruments, measurements of the temperature and humidity increases in an aircraft exhaust plume, and an observation of contrail formation behind two different four-engine jet aircraft with different engines flying wing by wing. The observations show that an altitude range exists in which the aircraft with high efficiency causes contrails while the other aircraft with lower efficiency causes none. Aircraft with more efficient propulsion cause contrails more frequently. The climatic impact depends on the relative importance of increased contrail frequency and reduced carbon dioxide emissions for increased efficiency, and on other parameters, and has not yet been quantified.     

新概念机翼尾流特性实验

大型飞机常采用开启襟翼以增大机翼升力系数,实现较大迎角的起飞和降落,而机翼在大迎角状态下,翼尖会产生能量集中且自由消散时间长的飞机尾涡,严重影响后续起降飞机的安全。基于Rayleigh-Ludwieg不稳定性,提出一种新概念飞机襟翼布局,通过水槽实验发现:新概念布局的襟翼对翼尖涡的消散具有明显的促进作用,不同参数组合下襟翼涡对翼尖涡的运动特性和能量变化的影响均有不同。实验结果也为飞机尾流控制的研究提供了参考,在满足飞行力学设计的基础上,合理运用增升装置构建四涡系统可以有效促进飞机尾流的消散,提高机场飞机起降效率。     

航空用燃料电池及混合电推进系统发展综述

随着世界范围内碳减排需求的日益增长及长航时飞机的发展需要,高效率的燃料电池航空电推进系统逐渐受到重视,氢能航空的理念被人们所熟知。可使用碳氢燃料的高温燃料电池还可与燃气涡轮组成混合动力系统,发电效率进一步提高至70%。本文首先回顾了燃料电池及燃料电池涡轮混合系统在航空能源、动力系统方向应用概况;接着,概述了几种突破现有涡轮发动机技术瓶颈的新概念混合电推进系统,如发电与推进一体化燃料电池涡轮混合动力系统和无涡轮燃料电池混合推进系统;基于此,本文分析了限制燃料电池混合系统实际应用的关键技术难题,主要体现在混合动力系统功重比较低、大分子碳氢燃料重整技术未突破两方面。     

低性能代偿损失的环境控制系统方案研究

从集成能源子系统的概念出发,提出了一种以环控系统为核心的热能管理组合方案。建立了该组合方案在巡航模式下工作时的数学模型,对其参数匹配的方法进行了探讨。并对主要附件性能的影响进行了分析。