FRS技术对瞬态高速喷流的可视化研究

为了诊断瞬态高速喷流的结构特征,开展了基于分子滤波瑞利散射(FRS)技术的可视化研究.介绍了FRS技术的基本原理,分析了散射光的多普勒频移对诊断的影响.针对瞬态高速喷流特点,建立了FRS诊断系统,设计了两种不同的激光入射方式.采用与流场方向垂直的激光入射方式,获得了喷流与空气作用的湍流结构.而采用与流场轴向平行的激光入射方式,则获得了喷流自身的结构.FRS技术对瞬态高速喷流的可视化研究,对研究超声速湍流混合层流场具有重要指导意义.      

先进激光测量技术在航空发动机燃烧室研发中的应用

在航空发动机燃烧室的研发过程中,传统的测量手段往往有时无法实施或不能满足精确捕捉流场信息的要求,发展新型、高精度测量以及先进诊断技术势在必行。重点介绍了适用于航空发动机燃烧室测量的先进激光测试技术,并与传统测量方法进行了比较。发动机燃烧室内的流场测量包括速度测量、温度和组分质量分数测量。氢氧根离子标记测速(HTV)方法适用于有化学反应流场的速度测量;而拉曼散射测量技术可以同时测量多种组分的质量分数和温度。利用这些激光测量技术的特点,可以使其在燃烧室的点火、贫油熄火及排放等性能的研究中发挥重要作用。     

多序列激光阴影成像技术研究及应用

为获取超高速碰撞过程中弹丸的飞行姿态及碰撞所产生的碎片云特性,开展了多序列激光阴影成像技术研究。利用多光源空间分离、偏振分光、光束角放大和补偿滤光等技术解决了单色光带来的衍射和干涉噪声以及碰撞瞬间强烈的自发光干扰问题,并先后在碰撞靶上建立了2序列、4序列和8序列激光阴影成像系统。该系统可以获得最小间隔1μs、曝光时间10ns、像素1000万的多个不同时刻的超高速瞬态变化过程图像,并在超高速碰撞靶试验中得到应用,获得了2～7km/s 撞击速度时碎片云的多序列阴影图像,该序列图像清晰地描述了碎片云的轮廓发展变化过程。该技术以低成本的方式实现了超高速摄影机的功能,满足目前碰撞试验粒子的飞行姿态及碎片云显示需要,并可以应用于其它超高速瞬态过程测量及流场结构显示。     

Michelson Interferometer for Global High-Resolution Thermospheric Imaging (MIGHTI): Instrument Design and Calibration

The Michelson Interferometer for Global High-resolution Thermospheric Imaging (MIGHTI) instrument was built for launch and operation on the NASA Ionospheric Connection Explorer (ICON) mission. The instrument was designed to measure thermospheric horizontal wind velocity profiles and thermospheric temperature in altitude regions between 90 km and 300 km, during day and night. For the wind measurements it uses two perpendicular fields of view pointed at the Earth’s limb, observing the Doppler shift of the atomic oxygen red and green lines at 630.0 nm and 557.7 nm wavelength. The wavelength shift is measured using field-widened, temperature compensated Doppler Asymmetric Spatial Heterodyne (DASH) spectrometers, employing low order échelle gratings operating at two different orders for the different atmospheric lines. The temperature measurement is accomplished by a multichannel photometric measurement of the spectral shape of the molecular oxygen A-band around 762 nm wavelength. For each field of view, the signals of the two oxygen lines and the A-band are detected on different regions of a single, cooled, frame transfer charge coupled device (CCD) detector. On-board calibration sources are used to periodically quantify thermal drifts, simultaneously with observing the atmosphere. The MIGHTI requirements, the resulting instrument design and the calibration are described.     

Laser Velocimeter for Wind Tunnel Measurements

Laser velocimetry is an optical technique used to make local measurements of mean velocity and turbulence in fluid flows without disturbing them. Laser velocimetry principles are briefly recalled; the optical and mechanical elements making up a velocimeter are described. Their purpose is to create two laser beams of equal intensity which are focused and crossed in a probe volume ? where a fringe pattern is formed; the light scattered by submicron particles passing through ? is collected by an optics rigidly connected to the emitting optics and focused on a photomultiplier. Among the various signal processing techniques, counters are now widely used, in connection with minicomputers. The different means used to determine the velocity sign and to measure simultaneously two components of the velocity are described; the simultaneous measurement of the three velocity components is more a matter of technology and cost than a theoretical problem. The modular operational velocimeter developed at ONERA is described; as examples of application, some typical results obtained in different aerodynamic flows are reported.     

Studies of target detection algorithms that use polarimetric radardata

Algorithms are described which make use of polarimetric radar information in the detection and discrimination of targets in a ground clutter background. The optimal polarimetric detector (OPD) is derived. This algorithm processes the complete polarization scattering matrix (PSM) and provides the best possible detection performance from polarimetric radar data. Also derived is the best linear polarimetric detector, the polarimetric matched filter (PMF), and the structure of this detector is related to simple polarimetric target types. New polarimetric target and clutter models are described and used to predict the performance of the OPD and the PME. The performance of these algorithms is compared with that of simpler detectors that use only amplitude information to detect targets. The ability to discriminate between target types by exploring differences in polarimetric properties is discussed     

电弧加热发动机温度和速度的测量

本文着重介绍光谱辐射法、激光诱导荧光法、静电探针法等接触式和非接触式测量技术在电弧加热发动机 (Arcjet)参数测量中的应用。讨论了电子温度、重粒子温度、羽流速度等参数的测量 ,并对一些结果进行了分析与论证 ,指出非热力学平衡态下不同的测量技术测量的是不同的温度指标。从测量技术的发展来看 ,激光测量技术将成为参数测量的主导技术。     

高温射流中粒子测速的脉冲激光显微照像技术

为了获得高温射流中微粒的速度,建立了一套显微照像系统。该系统由双脉冲YAG激光光源、粒子放大成像系统、图像接收系统组成。在采用显微成像技术、补偿式滤光技术、序列成像技术后,克服了喷射粒子直径小、流场发光强、温度高等困难,实现了对同一粒子的两序列照像,根据两幅序列照片,获得了粒子的喷射速度。对该系统的组成、原理及试验结果进行了介绍。     

基于改进容积卡尔曼滤波的惯性/光流组合自主测速方法

针对容积卡尔曼滤波算法在惯性/光流组合测速数据融合时出现由于各系统输出数据频率不一致导致融合精度有限的问题,提出了一种基于多速率残差校正的改进容积卡尔曼滤波算法.通过当前时刻误差估算组合导航系统残差,再使用估算后的残差对速度估计值进行补偿,最终实现惯性/光流组合系统速度测量值的数据融合.实验结果表明,通过提出的改进容积...     

固体火箭发动机无损检测图像质量研究

详细介绍了利用工业CT进行固体火箭发动机无损检测中，提高图像质量方面的几点尝试－光轴对准、提高系统的信噪比、提高探测器效率、采用合适的硬滤手段和选用适当的图像滤波函数。给出了测试数据和处理前后的图像比较。上述几点尝度收到了较好的处理效果。     

Density and Temperature in Wind Tunnels Using Electron Beams

In a paper presented at the last meeting of the International Congress on Instrumentation in Aerospace Simulation Facilities, a method of measuring gas density by radiation scattering was presented. Since that time, the method has been further developed using scattering of 50-keV electrons and has been applied in a wind tunnel using air as a test gas. Test section temperature and density were in the neighborhood of 150°K and 6×10-8 g/cm3. In this application, accuracies better than 1.0 percent appear to be attainable, together with excellent spatial and temporal resolution. The application is described, and comprehensive design data are presented. In addition, the density measurements have been supplemented by measurements of the local rotational temperature, utilizing nitrogen molecular band radiation excited by a second electron beam. Comparisons between the density and temperature measurements and flow properties obtained by standard gas-dynamic calculations are made.     

受限空间预混钝体稳定与抬升火焰激光诊断

在受限空间预混钝体燃烧器中,利用OH-PLIF （平面激光诱导荧光）、PIV （粒子图像测速）和瑞利散射测温技术实验研究了火焰结构、流场和温度场之间的相互影响关系。对比分析了贫燃稳定与富燃抬升状态下甲烷/空气预混火焰的燃烧场特性。实验结果表明：火焰结构、流场和温度场分布之间均存在直接联系。贫燃（当量比为0.8）火焰钝体上方为膨胀的高温低速回流区,利于火焰维持稳定;富燃（当量比为1.2）火焰倾向在受限空间出口与外界空气卷吸后着火,其钝体上方为类似冷态的低速低温回流区,无法点燃混合气,因而形成抬升火焰。分析各场局部分布信息获得火焰场间相互依赖规律：钝体火焰中,高温和低速对应已燃区,低温和高速对应未燃区。     

热力学中最小熵增原理在流体力学中的应用

本文运用非平衡态热力学中最小熵增原理,分析了层流和湍流流动在接近热力学平衡定态时的特性。特别是在湍流流动中,舍弃了以往一些经验性的假设,指出流动处于局部机械平衡时可由最小熵增原理导出速度和温度分布。反之亦揭示了充分发展的湍流遵循最小熵增原理的这一机理。     

角振动校准装置研究

为提升对惯性器件的动态性能评价能力,通过对被校传感器施加标准正弦角振动激励,精确测量角振动过程,实现了对角振动传感器的校准。基于不同频段的特点,将校准频段划分为低频和高频2部分,并提出空气轴承与无刷直流力矩电机相结合的低频角振动台方案,以及轻质空心杯精密空气轴承与框式电磁驱动结构相结合的高频角振动台方案;分别采用精密角度编码器和衍射光栅激光干涉仪实现对低频和高频角振动的测量,成功研制出频率范围为0.25~550Hz、角加速度范围为0.1~1 760rad/s2以及角速度波形失真小于2%的角振动绝对法校准装置。与德国国家物理技术研究院的角振动校准装置相比,该装置能够显著提升承载能力,可广泛用于惯性器件动态性能的测试与评价。     

A long-range laser velocimeter

A long-range laser velocimeter (LV) developed for remote operation from within the flow fields of large wind tunnels is described. Emphasis is placed on improvements in optical hardware as well as additions to data acquisition and processing techniques. The method used for data reduction of photon resolved signals is outlined in detail, and measurement accuracy is discussed. To study the performance of the LV and verify the measurement accuracy, laboratory measurements were made in the flow field of a 10-cm-diameter, 30-m/s axisymmetric jet. The measured velocity and turbulence intensity surveys are compared with measurements made with a hot-wire anemometer. Additionally, the LV was used during the flow calibration of the 80-ft×120-ft wind tunnel to measure the test-section boundary layer thickness at the maximum wind tunnel speed of 51.5 m/s. The requirements and techniques used to seed the flow are discussed, and boundary-layer surveys of mean velocity and turbulence intensity of the streamwise component and the component normal to the surface are presented. The streamwise component of mean velocity is compared with data obtained with a total pressure rake     

TiO2基紫外探测器的制备及退火工艺对光电性能的影响

采用磁控溅射方法,通过不同工艺的退火处理,制备了光电性能优良的TiO2基紫外探测器.通过紫外光电性能测试、扫描电子显微镜( SEM)观察及X射线衍射(XRD)分析,研究了退火工艺对探测器光电性能的影响规律.结果表明:随着退火温度的增加,TiO2晶粒尺寸显著增大,晶界和缺陷数量的变化是导致TiO2基紫外探测器的光电性能随退火工艺变化的根本原因.经500℃/2h退火后,紫外探测器的光电流高出暗电流近2.5个数量级,紫外波段的光响应高出可见光波段近2个数量级,所制备紫外探测器达到了高辐射灵敏度和可见盲特性的要求.     

High-Resolution Imaging of Tropospheric Radio Scatterers

A two-dimensional matched filter technique is described for processing ing the signal from a pulsed coherent troposcatter link to obtain high crosspath resolution "maps" showing the relative positions of individual scatterers. For a typical tropolink (station displacement 200 km; midpath beam halfwidth 2 km; wavelength 0.3 meters) crosspath resolution is about 4.5 meters under perfect conditions. Vertical resolution is inversely proportional to scatterer height, but even for wide bandwidth signals is never better than hundreds of meters. Slight velocity mismatches between the signal and filter degrade crosspath resolution considerably so that the scatterers' velocity must be known accurately a priori. Crosspath resolution is relatively insensitive to mismatch in signal and filter record lengths. Random fluctuations of the velocity of a scatterer seriously degrade crosspath resolution. For the typical tropolink parameters and with a 10 m/s scatterer crosspath velocity and a 0.2 m/s standard deviation ion fluctuation the crosspath resolution degrades by an order of magnitude. It is concluded that the matched filter imaging scheme will produce images of individual scatterers if specific atmospheric conditions ions exist. The best results are obtained if the received signal comes from a single scattering layer at a known height, with scatterers moving at a known constant horizontal velocity, with no along-path or vertical components. Such a layer would be observed during night time or early morning when convective and mixing processes are at a minimum.     

十一组元高温平衡、非平衡空气光谱吸收系数计算

飞行器以很高的马赫数再入大气层时 ,头部激波层、尾迹的气体辐射产生的紫外、可见、红外特征信号 ,是地面监测和反导制导系统探测、识别的主要依据 ;同时 ,头部气体层热辐射也是再入体壁面加热热流的重要源项。激波层内高温气体吸收系数是目标紫外、可见光、红外辐射特性计算、热防护计算和气动流场辐射场耦合计算的基本参数。本文分析了再入过程中高超声速稀薄气体流的非平衡现象 ,采用三温度模型 (电子能温度 Te、振动能温度 TV、转动和平动能温度 TR)来表征激波层内非平衡态的气体组份各个能级占有数分布 ,并由原子分子辐射理论直接计算 N2 ,N+ 2 ,N,N+ ,O2 ,O+ 2 ,O,O+ ,NO,NO+和 e-等 1 1种主要空气组元各种能级跃迁对辐射的贡献 ,最终得到平稀和非平衡高温空气吸收系数计算模型。计算结果可见光区与试验结果符合较好 ,紫外、红外区结果稍差     

Optimal Resolution of Rectangular Pulses in Noise

Optimal detection of rectangular pulses in noise is considered, subject to a sidelobe constraint which ensures adequate resolution capabilities, and a new sidelobe reduction filter is derived. Tests in the laboratory and on a Westinghouse AN/TPS-27 search radar system em indicate that use of the new filter substantially improves both resolution and clutter performance over such standard techniques as fast time constant (FTC), delay line differentiator (DLD), and pulse length discriminator (PLD).     

基于比例阀控制的液压附件部件综合试验台的设计

针对某飞机液压系统对液压附件、部件的测试要求,设计了多支路液压系统综合试验台,实现了对飞机液压系统中作动器的动作时间、次数和速度等参数测试,对液压缸、阀、集成块等附件在不同压力、流量和温度等条件下的性能测试。该设计主要采用比例阀控制压力和流量,多级过滤器进行油源净化,PLC和继电器实现测控、电位计进行压力和流量调节,数显表直接显示压力、流量和温度、时间等参数。通过实际测试验证,试验台工作稳定、安全可靠、调整方便、显示直观、振动噪音小、不泄露,满足了某型号飞机液压附件部件测试的要求。