Operator scheduling strategies in supervisory control of multiple UAVs

The application of network centric operations to time-constrained command and control environments will mean that human operators will be increasingly responsible for multiple simultaneous supervisory control tasks. One such futuristic application will be the control of multiple unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) by a single operator. To achieve such performance in complex, time critical, and high risk settings, automated systems will be required both to guarantee rapid system response, as well as manageable workload for operators. Through the development of a simulation test bed for human supervisory control of multiple independent UAVs by a single operator, this paper presents recent efforts to investigate workload mitigation strategies as a function of increasing automation. A human-in-the-loop experiment revealed that under low workload conditions, operators' cognitive strategies were relatively robust across increasing levels of automated decision support. However, when provided with explicit automated recommendations and with the ability to negotiate with external agencies for delays in arrival times for targets, operators inappropriately fixated on the need to globally optimize their schedules. In addition, without explicit visual representation of uncertainty, operators tended to treated all probabilities uniformly. This study also revealed that operators who reached cognitive saturation adapted two very distinct management strategies, which led to varying degrees of success. Lastly, operators with management-by-exception decision support exhibited evidence of automation bias.     

基于不确定性语言型多属性决策人机功能分配方法研究(英文)

功能分配是人机设计过程中一个必然阶段,因为合适的功能分配能够让整个系统更加有效更加可靠。因此,我们主要对人机系统的人机功能分配问题进行研究,根据人、机的内在特征,分析了人、机各自的能力优势并进行了比较。针对实际过程中决策属性值具有高度不确定性的特点,将ULMADM(不确定语言多属性决策)方法引入功能分配过程,采用不确定扩展加权算术平均(UEWAA)算子确定功能自动化等级范围,基于UEWAA算子和不确定语言混合集结(ULHA)算子相结合的多属性群决策算法最终确定驾驶舱人机功能分配的自动化等级。最后,以民机驾驶舱"故障诊断"功能分配为例进行了计算,验证了所提出的功能分配方法的可行性和有效性。     

有人机飞行员改无人机操控员的 利弊及其对无人机操控人才培养的启示

针对国内无人机操控人才培养过程中,在选拔对象、飞行经历、培养模式等方面存在的诸多疑问,文章通过分析有人机飞行员与无人机操控员在操控方式、操控感觉、态势感知、信息获取与处理以及交流沟通等方面的异同,探讨了两者间的区别与联系,对有人机飞行员改任无人机操控员的做法进行了深入探讨。研究成果可为我国无人机操控员的培养提供借鉴。     

Pareto基因算法多目标翼型优化设计

 基于 Pareto最优解的定义,通过构造新型的联赛式选择复制等算子而发展了一种适合于求解多目标优化设计的 Pareto基因算法。通过等级法来正确识别每一代中近 Pareto波阵面的解,从而消除选择误差达到快速收敛的目的。为提高解的分布性:采用小生境技术解决了基因材料多样性损失问题;采用常规实数编码方式配合平均交叉算子解决了编码端点效应问题。将所发展的方法应用于多目标翼型优化设计中,获得了理想的 Pareto波阵面,为决策者提供了一个可选的有效解数据库。     

以PC机作为测控核心系统的导弹舵机CAT软件包

 本文介绍采用IBM-PC/XT型计算机测控核心系统的导弹舵机计算机辅助试验（CAT）系统软件包。有开关没置、零点校验、传感器标定、静态测试、动态测试和数据处理等六个程序文件,采用FORTRAN 77和宏汇编（MASM）语言混合编制。采用批处理方式联接程序文件,而各程序文件间的数据传递则利用数据文件实现,因此程序编写、调试和扩展比较方便。系统具有计算机自动给出测试信号,自动没置测试系统开关的功能。软件广泛采用汉字菜单和汉字人机对话的方式,并具有简单判断故障能力,故不但提高了测试自动化程度,而且使用方便,符合我国国情。软件包经过多次联试证明是可行的。     

飞机选型的综合评价与优先权灵敏度分析

 采用多目标决策理论建立了一个多层次的飞机选型的综合评价模型,在此基础上,讨论了优先权灵敏度分析的方法以及在飞机选型问题上的应用。     

Autonomous flight and navigation of VTOL UAVs: from autonomy demonstrations to out-of-sight flights

Future applications of UAV systems will depend on the aircraft autonomous behavior and decision capabilities. Search and Rescue is one complex possible mission and is here taken as a case study. The ReSSAC project is a multidisciplinary project at ONERA. Its main challenges are related to the architectures and algorithms for autonomous decision and information processing onboard UAVs that perform their mission in cooperation with operators. The feasibility demonstrations and results of the project are intended to be reused and extended in further studies, projects and collaborations. A first step of the project was to develop an autonomous control architecture for our two rotorcraft. In this paper, we present the current status and preliminary achievements of the ReSSAC project, especially some records of past experimental flights with our autonomous aircraft. We further discuss ongoing studies and research perspectives.     

基于MAP估计和广义高斯分布的SAR图像边缘比率检测方法

 合成孔径雷达(SAR)图像的低信噪比和乘性相干斑噪声给SAR图像的边缘检测带来了极大的困难.通过引入广义高斯(GG)分布作为局部均值功率的先验分布模型,给出了局部均值功率在最大后验概率(MAP)意义下的最优估计,进而提出一种新的SAR图像边缘比率检测算子.利用以梅林变换为基础的对数累积量(MoLC)方法估计GG分布的参数,在此基础上给出一种局部均值功率MAP估计和GG分布参数估计的联合迭代求解方法.利用SAR实测数据对本文提出的边缘检测算子进行仿真验证,并将其与平均比率(RoA)算子和指数加权均值比(ROEWA)算子进行了对比,结果表明该算子可以有效克服相干斑噪声的影响,边缘定位准确且虚假边缘明显减少.     

多线程控制技术在面向对象实时仿真中的应用

随着实时仿真复杂性的提高,单个的处理器不足以完成所有的必需仿真计算任务。希望能在不同的处理器上完成实时仿真的不同任务,对称多处理器的机制需要软件支持,以使每个处理器通过共享内存进行信息交换。利用多线程控制技术,可以在非全进程开销或不使用共享内存的条件下,使用多处理器。其理由在于线程本身就蕴涵有共享地址的概念。一个多线程的实时程序,利用其中的主线程控制其它的辅助线程,每个处理器用于完成一个辅助的实时计算线程,主线程负责实时时钟的监控,当时钟到达时,启动相应的辅助线程,辅助线程利用图形用户界面(GUI)来监控仿真的进行。     

Designing security systems: changing the way we think

Today's world demands new ways of thinking about security solutions. The problem space is complex and ambiguous. Solutions must be multi-dimensional, incorporating not only technology, but the social, economic, political, and religious dynamics of a security intervention. A facilitator-led experiential training program was designed for our technical staff that leads them out of the box. The course design is based upon the theories of cognitive flexibility and situated cognition, and uses a socio-constructivist approach. Participants are led by a senior systems engineer/facilitator through a series of exercises in which they observe contextually relevant right way/wrong way videos, engage in critical thinking assessments about what they observed, and solve logic puzzles. Group interaction and problem-solving is emphasized. As in the real world, there is no one "right" solution. Outcomes can include a broader understanding of the threat space, creative solutions that enable survival in spite of an evolving enemy, and a deeper sense of the complex dynamics involved in any security decision. Training impact is being evaluated using a mixed qualitative/quantitative approach. Survey data combined with ethnographic interviewing techniques will determine whether participants have transferred their new understandings to the work environment.     

单晶硅超精密切削加工表面粗糙度预测模型的建立及试验研究

利用超精密机床进行切削加工时,对于操作者来说,首先面临的问题是最优切削用量组合的确定,这也是最让操作者感到棘手的问题.单晶硅成功的切削过程取决于优化工艺参数,比如进给量、背吃刀量、切削速度等.为了建立精确可靠的表面粗糙度预测模型,本文将遗传基因算法应用于回归分析,同时在超精密机床上对该预测模型进行了试验验证.     

燃烧多相流的介尺度动理学建模研究进展

基于求解Navier-Stokes方程组的传统计算流体力学已经在诸多领域取得了巨大的成功,但在航空、航天、微流控等领域也遇到了新的瓶颈与挑战。其原因分为2个方面：①物理建模层面的问题;②离散格式带来的数值精度和稳定性问题。微尺度燃烧等一系列燃烧新概念的研究表明,特征更加丰富但以前知之甚少的热力学非平衡行为蕴含着大量待开发的物理功能。物理模型合理和具备相应功能是数值仿真研究的前提;物理建模层面的问题无法通过数值精度的提高来解决。本文从物理建模与复杂物理场分析角度,介绍了非平衡燃烧系统离散玻尔兹曼建模方法（DBM）的研究进展。DBM是非平衡统计物理学粗粒化建模理论在流体力学领域的具体应用之一,是相空间描述方法在离散玻尔兹曼方程形式下的进一步发展。它选取一个视角,研究系统的一组动理学性质,因而要求描述这组性质的动理学矩在模型简化中保值;以该组动理学矩的独立分量为基,构建相空间,使用该相空间和其子空间来描述系统的非平衡行为特征;研究视角和建模精度随着研究推进而调整。借助DBM可以研究反应过程中不同自由度内能之间的不平衡和相互转换等Navier-Stokes模型无法模拟的动理学过程。在内爆和外爆过程中,几何汇聚与发散效应等效于一个"外场力",在球心处系统始终处于热力学平衡态;在冯·纽曼压强峰处,系统不是偏离平衡最远,而是在平衡态附近;在冯·纽曼峰后反应区以外,Chapmann-Jouguet理论值、Zeldovich-Neumann-Doering （ZND）理论值和DBM结果相互验证;在反应区内DBM结果与ZND结果一致;在冯·纽曼压强峰前的压缩阶段,DBM模拟结果在物理上更合理。在冲击压缩过程中,相对于其他自由度,压缩波所在自由度上的内能先增加,因而这一自由度上的内能总是朝着正向偏离其平衡态值,而横向自由度上的内能总是朝着逆向偏离其平衡态值。在二流体模型视角下,反应物和产物朝着相反的方向偏离热力学平衡态。     

基于结构张量特征的机体损伤区域动态划分

为提升飞机结构损伤维修分析的智能化水平,实现飞机结构损伤模型的高效重构,提出了基于结构张量特征的动态阈值损伤区域划分方法。首先,引入结构张量理论,特征表示图像局部颜色结构纹理,完备损伤图像特征表示;其次,通过构建共性分布的结构张量特征空间,从而使不同损伤图像具有一致性损伤区域划分流程;在此基础上,定义了动态阈值划分算子,并通过对动态阈值划分算子参数的计算,实现结构张量特征空间中的动态阈值划分;最后,选用不同飞机结构损伤实例图像对方法进行了对比验证。验证结果表明,相比于传统灰度方法、固定阈值划分和其他动态阈值划分算子,椭圆算子划分得到的损伤边界连贯完整,能够有效分割微小裂纹,噪点较少,质量较优。该方法运算高效、流程统一、特征表示完备,对不同类型结构损伤的适用性好。     

用复形方法建立统一的产品模型——关于下一代造型系统的研究

讨论了用复形方法建立统一的产品模型 ,给出非流形的一个严格的数学定义 ,将代数拓扑中的单纯复形的概念和方法引入到非流形中。给出一种新的非流形的 B- REP——粘合边结构 ,并且在其上建立了一些基本操作和高级操作 ,讨论的模型具有严格的数学基础、灵活、易扩充 ,能容纳悬边、悬点、悬面。此模型的这些优点 ,使工程中的各种约束 ,如参数化、优化方法、人工智能等能够加入到系统中 ,此模型可能成为下一代 CAD系统——智能 CAD系统 ( INTELLI-GENT CAD)的几何模型的核心     

涡喷发动机多媒体实时数字仿真

编制了涡喷发动机实时数字仿真软件,该软件可以作为涡喷发动机操作员的模拟训练器。用ＶＢ语言实现了模拟发动机声音、动画等多媒体功能。采用动态链接库技术,通过Ｉ／Ｏ接口,外接油门开头和启动按钮等真实设备,可以反应操作员的随机动作。该软件可以较真实地模拟涡喷发动机的开车过程以及对试车数据的处理。     

Space robotics in the '90s

This article describes the use of robots to perform work in space. In particular, telerobotics, which uses human operators to control the movement and operation of the robots, are explored. The relationship between the human operator and the robot is very complex but these systems are being used to explore planetary surfaces and will also be used in the construction of the space station. Research being conducted at NASA facilities is described, providing a picture of the future of space robotics.     

Numerical simulation of a cabin ventilation subsystem in a space station oriented real-time system

An environment control and life support system(ECLSS) is an important system in a space station. The ECLSS is a typical complex system, and the real-time simulation technology can help to accelerate its research process by using distributed hardware in a loop simulation system. An implicit fixed time step numerical integration method is recommended for a real-time simulation system with time-varying parameters. However, its computational efficiency is too low to satisfy the real-time data interaction, especially for the complex ECLSS system running on a PC cluster. The instability problem of an explicit method strongly limits its application in the ECLSS real-time simulation although it has a high computational efficiency. This paper proposes an improved numerical simulation method to overcome the instability problem based on the explicit Euler method. A temperature and humidity control subsystem(THCS) is firstly established, and its numerical stability is analyzed by using the eigenvalue estimation theory. Furthermore, an adaptive operator is proposed to avoid the potential instability problem. The stability and accuracy of the proposed method are investigated carefully. Simulation results show that this proposed method can provide a good way for some complex time-variant systems to run their real-time simulation on a PC cluster.     

失调对叶片-轮盘耦合系统振动影响的预测

叶片 -轮盘系统的周期对称性经常由于制造、材料,以及非均匀磨损和其它因素而被破坏,引起系统出现失调现象,表现为结构特性的微小变化可能导致叶片振幅和响应的急剧增大。而失调也导致此类周期对称性结构振动特性计算的复杂化。利用有限元通用程序和模态综合技术,建立失调叶片 -轮盘耦合系统三维有限元模型,对一个有1 6个叶片的叶片 -轮盘耦合系统进行了振动特性计算分析,给出了叶片分散度和耦合度对振动特性的影响。     

特征选择的多准则融合差分遗传算法及其应用

为了全面评价特征子集的好坏,提高特征子集作为最佳子集的可靠性,以及更快找到最佳子集,提出了一种用于特征选择的多准则融合差分遗传算法。引入多个评价准则对特征子集进行评价,并对遗传算法的选择算子进行改进,有利于选出适应度高且具有重要特征的个体;同时,引入差分策略改进变异算子,提高种群多样性和算法搜索能力;最后通过仿真实验和滚动轴承实例验证了该方法的有效性。     

浅谈基于IPDT的民用飞机重量控制技术

在民机研制过程中,有效地实施重量控制对于项目的成功非常关键。飞机超重不仅会导致设计和运营成本的增加,也将无法实现既定的商载和航程等设计指标。从各部门与重量控制工作的联系出发,结合某型民用飞机的设计实践,介绍了产品联合研发团队(IPDT)模式下重量控制的工作内容、工作流程和常用的减重方法,为民机的重量控制工作提供借鉴和参考。