Overview of Commercial Satellite Communications

The period from Arthur Clarke's 1945 prediction of geosynchronous satellite communications covering the entire planet until satellites were stationed over the Atlantic, Pacific, and Indian Oceans was less than 25 years. In the following 15 year period, satellite communications has affected all of us. Most international calls are carried by satellite. Much of the television that we watch has been relayed, processed, or distributed by satellite. In fact, many of us who live in cabled cities can choose among 50 channels or more for viewing on a particular night, largely brought to us by satellite. Some morning papers, radio programs, and basic weather data appear coast to coast rapidly because of the satellite. Even while we sleep, computers in an increasing number of business offices are talking to each other by satellite. Virtually the whole world, from the busiest urban center to the most remote island, can be interconnected by satellite communications networks capable of providing economical and reliable transmission of communications signals, including voice, data, electronic mail, and video. The satellite's advantages of distance insensitivity, point-to-multipoint capability, and improved quality over long distances are unique. These facts have led Clarke to speculate on the future impact of satellite communications in The View from Serendip (1977): I submit . . . that the eventual impact of the communications satellite upon the whole human race will be at least as great as that of the telephone upon the so-called developed societies.     

Impact of aerospace on computers

Electronics and computers have long been associated with aviation, defense and aerospace. Many aerospace advances would have been impossible without digital computers, and digital computers would not have progressed as rapidly without aerospace. In some sense you may thank aerospace for the computer on your desk and Internet in your life. DoD and NASA programs drove computer technology for the first 25 years, but in the 80s the primary thrust transitioned to the commercial sector. Aerospace computation requirements have driven the development of many electronic components such as transistors, ICs and memory technology. Advances in memory technology progressed from delay lines to electrostatic tubes to magnetic cores and now solid-state memory. As the need for number crunching grew, computers transitioned from batch processing, time-sharing, real-time computing, networking to the ubiquitous PC and Internet. How far is it from your hand-held PDA to the nano computer?     

人机系统的计算机动态图形模拟

介绍了开发的人－机－环境系统模拟软件MMES的几何建模方法和动态图形显示方法。用实体造型方法建立机器的几何模型,用Bezier曲面表示人体的几何外形。对在整体坐标中测得的人体表面数据进行坐标转换,用各肢体的局部坐标系下的数据表示肢体。将各肢体定义为图形物体,并按一定的次序显示,在SGI工作站上实现了人体系统的动态图形模拟。     

数字图像处理技术在表面划痕测量中的应用

为解决飞机座舱、机翼蒙皮表面划痕的准确测量问题,设计了一种基于数字图像处理技术的表面划痕测量系统。测量系统将物体表面划痕成像在CCD上,通过对划痕图像进行分割、变换、拟合等处理,最后得到划痕深度。这种方法较人眼瞄准方法减少了人员测量误差,提高了测量准确度和测量效率;通过对标准划痕的重复测量,实验标准差可达0.5μm,能够满足工程测量的需要。     

TCP／IP下的Socket及Winsock通信机制

Socket接口是TCP/IP网络的API(应用程序接口),WindowsSockets(Winsock)是一个基于Socket模型的API,本文通过论述Unix及Windows环境下的实现计算机数据传输服务的机制,提供了一种网络环境下实现计算机通信的手段,并给出了编制通信应用接口程序的具体实现方法。     

1553 emulation over ATM (asynchronous transfer mode)-a hybridavionics communications architecture

The issue of meeting the higher communications requirements of future aircraft avionics systems in an incremental manner is addressed. A communications architecture is proposed which is based upon a switched network technology from the telecommunications area asynchronous transfer mode (ATM). However, the major step of migrating all existing avionics equipment into an ATM compliant form is avoided by the process of “emulating” a current avionics data bus such as MIL-STD-1553B over an ATM network. This allows current 1553 subsystems to co-exist with ATM compliant equipment on a single physical ATM network     

Trunking vs. conventional radio systems

Correctional Service Canada (CSC) has recently replaced the aging, out-of-date radio communications systems in all major CSC facilities with new conventional digital radio systems. Based on very specific and restrictive operational requirements coupled with developments in digital radio technology and the Associated Public Communications Officers (APCO) Project 25 digital radio standards, it was determined that digital radio communications would best meet CSC's needs. The CSC national radio replacement program was completed in March 2000. Switching to a digital radio communications system gave CSC an opportunity to consider changing the existing radio system from a number of conventional, single-site systems to a trunking system. Areas to be considered when determining the architecture for a radio communication network, whether radio trunking systems or conventional radio systems should be used, are presented, In addition, the paper will also outline the requirements and measures taken to keep the radio communication network active and operational while the equipment was converted from an analog technology to a digital one     

FLASH技术在网络图形报表设计中的创新运用

随着计算机在数据分析领域应用的不断深入,报表分析功能的需求也越来越突出。传统技术在BlS程序的图形报表设计和编写方面一直存在着设计难度大、运行效率低、环境配置复杂等诸多问题。本文以FLASHAS2.0为基础,设计并实现了一套通用图形报表组件,不仅解决了传统图形报表实现上的诸多问题,而且解决了长期以来FLASH与数据库之间数据传输的难点。     

Computer Algorithm for Coding Gain

Coding gain is described as used in space communications engineering, and an empirical formula for coding gain is presented. The formula is designed to fit available performance data for Viterbi soft-decision decoding of various nonsystematic convolutional codes and to have a functional form suitable for computer implementation.     

基于知识的飞机制造协调路线交互设计技术

飞机制造协调路线是一种重要的工艺文件,是联系互换协调方案制订和容差分配的纽带。飞机制造协调路线的数字化设计对于开展计算机辅助容差设计,以及实施飞机数字化工艺具有重要意义。首先,对飞机制造协调路线的设计知识进行分类,建立其知识表示模型,并运用知识推理技术实现知识的应用。其次,建立了制造协调单元的图符库,运用图符智能捕捉技术辅助制造协调路线的交互式创建。最后,建立了飞机制造协调路线信息模型,进而实现了面向容差分配的规范化尺寸协调工艺文件自动生成,为计算机辅助容差设计提供技术支持。     

用于飞控系统分析的辅助根轨迹法

借助于微型计算机及Ｃ语言开发环境下的丰富作图功能和快速运算能力,通过引入计算机根轨迹方法之一的分支跟踪法,从飞控系统的开环极点出发,通过矢量搜索,逐步求取根轨迹分支上满足辐角条件的点。由于其搜索过程的收敛和唯一性,因而其计算速度远高于网格搜索等方法。     

Bandpass Signal Sampling and Coherent Detection

Coherent detectors in radar and communications receivers are generally implemented in the form of two parallel baseband channels which form in-phase (I) and quadrature (Q) components of a received RF/IF signal. Phase errors of several degrees due to imperfect matching of these separate channels limit the performance achievable from signal processors such as moving target indicators (MTI), coherent integrators, Doppler filters, antenna array processors, and coherent sidelobe cancellers. Thus methods in which a single analog to digital (A/D) converter samples and digitizes the IF signal directly, eliminating the need for IF to baseband conversion, have been of recent interest and are the subject of this paper. To obtain accurate coherent detection from IF samples taken near the Nyquist rate requires interpolation based upon a number of stored samples. An algorithm derived from sampling theory is defined and used to demonstrate accurate reconstruction of the original IF signal from digitized samples. In-phase and quadrature components of the signal are shown to be available from processed samples with demonstrated phase errors less than 0.2°.     

机载座舱显示平台中OpenGL库函数的实现

硬件技术和计算机图形学的快速发展,带动了机载座舱图形显示处理软件尤其是图形程序接口API标准化的发展,具有代表性的OpenGL标准在该领域占据着很重要的地位。在分析Mesa联合WindML实现Vxworks下OpenGL机制的基础上,总结了一种“软件模拟＋硬件实现”的0penGL库函数的实现方法,并在某型国产芯片平台的座舱图形显示处理模块中进行了验证。结果表明,方法对掌握座舱图形显示的标准接口软件核心技术具有一定的借鉴意义。     

工程设计计算模型图形接口程序的设计与应用

工程设计计算中，计算模型通常利用计算机进行图形显示，可使计算模型变得更为直观，选用AUTOCAD软件为工作平台，不仅可满足图形显示的要求，而且应用软件本身强大的绘图编辑功能，还可以对图形进行加工修改，满足工程设计计算的需要。本文介绍了工程设计计算模型与AUTOCAD接口程序的设计方法，并结合实例阐述了其应用和意义。     

飞机座舱显示系统画面显示质量的研究

由于飞行状态姿态复杂多变,座舱显示系统的画面也要求动态、实时、清晰。为了有效解决这些问题,提出了刻度线的快速反走样算法。该算法适用于任何直线的反走样绘制,且响应速度快、效果好。文章主要从图形走样产生的根本原因出发,提出了利用算法来消除走样现象,给出了较详细的数学推导,并将此算法应用于罗盘刻度线的生成,效果明显。     

Performance evaluation of digital beamforming strategies for satellite communications

Smart antennas are becoming one of the promising technologies to meet the rapidly increasing demands for more capacity of satellite communication systems. A main component in a smart antenna system is beamforming. Because of the limitations of analog beamforming, digital beamforming will be employed in future satellite communication systems. We evaluate the performance of various digital beamforming strategies proposed in the literature for satellite communications: 1) single fixed beam/single user, 2) single fixed beam/multiple users, 3) single adaptive beam/single user, and 4) single Chebyshev dynamic beam/multiple users. Multiple criteria including coverage, system capacity, signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio (SINR), and computation complexity are used to evaluate these satellite communication beamforming strategies. In particular, a Ka-band satellite communication system is used to address the various issues of these beamforming strategies. For the adaptive beamforming approach, subarray structure is used to obtain the weights of a large 2D antenna array, and a globally convergent recurrent neural network (RNN) is proposed to realize the adaptive beamforming algorithm in parallel. The new subarray-based neural beamforming algorithm can reduce the computation complexity greatly, and is more effective than the conventional least mean square (LMS) beamforming approach. It is shown that the single adaptive beam/single user approach has the highest system capacity.     

基于虚拟样机技术的舰载机滑跃起飞斜板段仿真分析

基于虚拟样机原理,利用虚拟样机分析软件对舰载机滑跃起飞斜板段进行虚拟仿真分析,建立适用于舰载机斜板滑跃起飞的动态分析模型,得出较好的仿真结果,为舰载机的设计改进和舰载机试飞提供了依据。     

A Detection Algorithm for Optical Targets in Clutter

There is active interest in the development of algorithms for detecting weak stationary optical and IR targets in a heavy opticalclutter background. Often only poor detectability of low signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) targets is achieved when the direct correlation method is used. In many cases, this is partly obviated by using detection with correlated reference scenes [1, 2].This paper uses the experimentally justified assumption that most optical clutter can be modeled as a whitened Gaussian randomprocess with a rapidly space-varying mean and a more slowlyvarying covariance [2]. With this assumption, a new constant falsealarm rate (CFAR) detector is developed as an application of the classical generalized maximum likelihood ratio test of Neyman and Pearson. The final CFAR test is a dimensionless ratio. This test exhibits the desirable property that its probability of a false alarm(PFA) is independent of the covariance matrix of the actual noiseencountered. When the underlying noise processes are complex intime, similar considerations can yield a sidelobe canceler CFARdetection criterion for radar and communications. Performance analyses based on the probability of detection (PD)versus signal-to-noise ratio for several given fixed false alarm probabilities are presented. Finally these performance curves are validated by computer simulations of the detection process which use real image data with artificially implanted signals.     

机载光纤通信网——B－777OLAN

计算机局域网及光纤技术在新一代的Ｂ７７７客机上已成功应用。本文分析了Ｂ－７７７客机上的光纤通信网的组成及特点，对主要接口的工作情况作了研究，为了解新型电子系统提供了一个新的视野     

REALIZATION OF FUZZY-FILTER CONTROL ON A BRUSHLESS AC GENERATOR

AC generators have adopted transistor volt-age regulators widely traditionally.The researchon the digital voltage regulators has arousedstrong interest[1～ 3] .The digital voltage regula-tors have some advantages on the transistor reg-ulators[4 ] :　　 ( 1 ) They can realize advanced control algo-rithm;　　 ( 2 ) They have communication function;　　 ( 3) They have data record function.　　 Recently,the DSPs ( Digital Signal Proces-sors) have been widely applied in digital controlarea with…