A Unified Approach to Model-Reference Adaptive Systems Part II: Application of Conventional Design Techniques

The use of linearized error equations in the design of model-reference adaptive systems developed by Part I is illustrated. Using standard control specifications on the system error (e.g., percent overshoot, rise time, etc.), a set of desired root locations on the root loci can be obtained. Then constants in the adaptive scheme can be chosen to obtain the desired root locations. Simulation results are given to illustrate the validity of the linearized error characteristic equation design procedure.     

Euler方程的自适应多重非结构网格计算

介绍一种基于四面体网格的多重网格技术,用于求解三维Euler方程定常解,具有十分明显的加速收敛效果。求解Euler方程的基本算法采用有限体积中心差分格点格式。多重网格技术采用一组几何上相互独立的粗细不同的网格。流动变量、余量和修正量在相邻粗细网格间的相互传递通过线性插值实现。采用自适应技术对网格进行加密,可以获得较优的网格,并作为一套细网格,进行多重网格计算。数值实验表明本文自适应多重网格法十分有效。     

变厚度锥形壳的固有频率

 变厚度锥形壳体的固有频率使用有限元计算已无困难,但有限元法编制程序复杂、费时多。本文用半解析法,由锥形壳的基本方程导出等价的8个一阶微分方程,用数值积分方法得到变厚度锥形壳体的固有频率。方法简单,编程容易,计算精度已满足工程计算要求。     

不同马赫数的无粘和粘性流动高阶精度隐式计算方法

 应用隐式时间推进法对不同马赫数的无粘和粘性流动进行数值分析,给出了基于预处理方法的高阶精度隐式求解方法。方程离散采用改进的高阶精度对流迎风分裂格式。该方法通过求解曲线坐标系可压缩Euler和 Navier-Stokes方程,对低速到超音速范围内的无粘和粘性流动的典型问题进行了数值分析。计算结果与文献的数值结果或实验数据对比分析表明,该方法对低速到超音速范围内的无粘和粘性流动问题进行数值分析是可行而有效的。     

交互作用的双自适应模型估计器

 通过对目标的不确定机动分析和对不确定机动的模式分类(非机动、临界机动、弱机动、强机动),建立了一种新的目标状态自适应估计器——交互作用的双自适应模型估计器。它通过具有机动识别特性的二阶自适应模型和具有机动水平特性的三阶自适应模型,以及它们之间交互作用自适应组合方式的结合,达到了跟踪估计目标各种运动的“全面”自适应能力。应用新估计器对目标的5种基本运动进行了Monto-carlo仿真。仿真表明,它具有所期望的良好性能。     

Parameterization and adaptive control of space robot systems

In space application, robot system are subject to unknown or unmodeled dynamics, for example, in the tasks of transporting an unknown payload or catching an unmodeled moving object. We discuss the parameterization problem in dynamic structure and adaptive control of a space robot system with an attitude-controlled base to which the robot is attached. We first derive the system kinematic and dynamic equations based on Lagrangian dynamics and the linear momentum conservation law. Based on the dynamic model developed, we discuss the problem of linear parameterization in term of dynamic parameters, and find that in joint space, the dynamics can be linearized by a set of combined dynamic parameters; however, in inertial space linear parameterization is impossible in general. Then we propose an adaptive control scheme in joint space, and present a simulation study to demonstrate its effectiveness and computational procedure. Because most takes are specified in inertial space instead of joint space, we discuss the issues associated to adaptive control in inertial space and identify two potential problem: unavailability of joint trajectory because the mapping from inertial space trajectory is dynamic-dependent and subject to uncertainty; and nonlinear parameterization in inertial space. We approach the problem by making use of the proposed joint space adaptive controller and updating the joint trajectory by the estimated dynamic parameters and given trajectory in inertial space     

前向神经网络快速学习算法在发动机模型辨识中的应用

介绍一种采用前向神经网络辨识发动机非线性模型的快速学习方法,与现有同类方法相比,该方法采用矩阵的QR分解求解线性方程组,解决了维数过高的矩阵直接求逆带来的解失真问题,并把这种方法应用于航空发动机的非线性模型辨识。算例仿真验证了算法的可行性。      

研发阶段涡扇发动机模型自适应方法

为了实现研发阶段涡扇发动机整机试验数据的快速评估和模型自适应,提出一种发动机模型自适应方法。该方法以整机试验数据为输入,结合气动热力过程约束方程和发动机整机匹配约束条件,重构出各部件的性能参数。文中提出了按照高压涡轮导向器喉部流通能力确定核心机流量的方法,并以载荷系数为媒介实现叶轮机械部件参数修正计算,完成了小涵道比涡扇发动机的自适应建模计算。计算结果表明,17个测量参数与计算结果完全一致,该方法完成单个状态点自适应计算的平均时间约为1.44ms,主要部件特性的修正系数在0.95～1.05。采用该方法计算的部件特性参数自适应修正系数可为发动机性能调试和故障诊断提供依据。     

绕三维物体亚音速振荡位流及其在飞行器动导数计算上的应用

 本文介绍处理不同外形三维物体亚音速振荡绕流一种统一的方法。本方法的主要特点是采用有限元素法直接解由格林定理导出的物面速势积分-微分方程以求得物面的速势分布,然后再用有限差分法对速势进行微分求物面的压力分布。 由于本方法理论上比较严格,适用于复杂外形物体绕流的计算,所得结果又比较准确,因此近几年来在国外得到越来越广泛的应用。在本文中,采用了与有关文献相同的基本方程,但在气动影响系数的计算上略有不同,本文并将这一方法应用于飞行器动导数的计算,所得的结果与实验结果符合。     

求解Euler／Navier—Stokes方程的有限体积龙格库塔方法

提出了一个求解定常Ｅｕｌｅｒ／Ｎａｖｉｅｒ－Ｓｔｏｋｅｓ方程的计算方法,求解的主管方程是积分形式的Ｅｕｌｅｒ方程或雷诺平均的Ｎａｖｉｅｒ－Ｓｔｏｋｅｓ方程,计算方法是有限体积多步龙格库塔方法,通过在格式中加入自适应的二阶加四阶人工粘性项以保证数值计算的稳定性,用空间变时间步长、焓阻尼来加速定常问题的收敛速度。     

基于Riemann问题的解在自适应无结构网格上求解Euler方程

给出了一种根据 Riemann问题的解 ,计算网格单元边界处的守恒量通量的方法。该方法不受网格单元形状的限制 ,具有较好的通用性。实际计算表明 ,采用这一方法在自适应无结构网格上求解 Euler方程 ,对于复杂的流动细节具有较高的分辨率 ,并且使用多重网格法能够加速收敛     

机动目标三维空间导引运动建模及导引律研究

给出了导弹—目标追逃运动的空间矢量方程，在此基础上推导了三维导引运动模型。对机动目标应用李雅普诺夫稳定性分析方法提出了一种自适应变结构制导算法。六自由度数学仿真结果表明了模型的正确性和制导算法的有效性。     

交互式多模型算法中模型集选择的分析研究

分析研究了交互式多模型算法中的模型集的选择问题。首先,从理论上对模型集选择进行了分析,讨论了模型集中不匹配模型对轨迹预测性能的影响,并提出一种自适应(ACT)模型集;然后通过仿真试验,验证了模型集选择的理论分析,并证明了交互式多模型算法采用自适应(ACT)模型集的优越性。     

Error Analysis of an Algorithm for Magnetic Compensation of Aircraft

The Tolles and Lawson equations were programmed on the IBM 370-65 computer. These equations predict the magnetic signals which are generated by the permanent moments, the induced moments and the eddy-current terms of an aircraft as it maneuvers in the Earth's magnetic field. The least mean squared (LMS) solution of these equations, which was developed for the microprocessor compensation program, was also simulated on the IBM 370 computer. By measuring the simulated figure of merit (FOM) before and after applying compensation, several types of error were studied. It was found that the error introduced by truncation effects on a 16-bit microprocessor limits the FOM to 50 milligammas. Since this figure is an order of magnitude smaller than the design goal, it is concluded that the algorithm is not limited by the microprocessor capacity. Other studies show that although the baseline model is insensitive to bearing separation, the bearing separation should be 900° ± 7.50° if 3 iterations are used in the post processor and 900° ± 15° if 5 iterations are used. Although the algorithm is robust and relatively insensitive to various types of noise, experimental evidence suggests that hysteresis can cause temporal variations in the Tolles and Lawson model. It is suggested that whitening and/or adaptive techniques could be used to minimize such variations.     

参数不确定空间机械臂系统的增广自适应控制

讨论了载体位置与姿态均不受控制的漂浮基两杆空间机械臂系统的控制问题,为此对系统的运动学、动力学作了分析。结果表明 :结合系统动量守恒及动量矩守恒关系得到的系统广义Jacobi关系、以及系统的动力学方程将为系统惯性参数的非线性函数。证明了借助于增广变量法可以将增广广义Jacobi矩阵以及系统动力学方程表示为一组适当选择的惯性参数的线性函数。在此基础上,给出了系统参数未知时,空间机械臂末端抓手跟踪惯性空间期望轨迹的增广自适应控制方案。通过仿真运算,证实了方法的有效性。     

Load distribution strategy for multi-lift system with helicopters based on power consumption and robust adaptive game control

It is of great significance to reasonably distribute the slung load to each helicopter while considering difference in power consumption, relative position and interaction comprehensively. Therefore, the load distribution strategy based on power consumption and robust adaptive game control is proposed in this paper. The study is on a “2-lead” multi-lift system of four tandem helicopters carrying a load cooperatively. First, based on the hierarchical control, the load distribution problem is divided into two parts: the calculation of expected cable force and the calculation of the anti-disturbance cable force. Then, aimed at minimizing the maximum equivalent power of helicopter, an optimization problem is set up to calculate the expected cable force. Specially, the agent power model is trained by BP neural network, the safe distance constraint between helicopters is set to 2.5 rotor diameters to reduce aerodynamic interference, and the helicopters with different performance can be considered by introducing the equivalent power factor into the objective function. Next, considering the difference and interaction between helicopters, the robust adaptive differential game control is proposed to calculate the anti-disturbance cable force. Particularly, to solve the coupled Hamiltonian equations, an adaptive solving method for value function is proposed, and its stability is proved in the sense of Lyapunov. The simulation results indicate that the proposed load distribution method based on power consumption is applicable to the entire flight trajectory even there are differences between helicopters. The game control can consider interaction between helicopters, can deal with different objective functions, and has strong robustness and small steady-state error. Based on the entire strategy, the cable force can be reasonably allocated so as to resist disturbance and improve the flight performance of the whole system.     

惯性参数不确定的自由漂浮空间机器人自适应控制研究

针对自由漂浮空间机器人系统惯性参数不确定问题,提出一种笛卡儿空间内的自适应轨迹跟踪控制方法。采用扩展机械臂模型建立了自由漂浮空间机器人关节空间动力学方程,进而推导笛卡儿空间中的自由漂浮空间机器人动力学方程。在基于逆动力学法的自由漂浮空间机器人自适应控制器设计中,利用标称控制器离线固定控制参数与补偿控制器在线补偿方法,既可以保证惯量矩阵可逆,又可以使控制参数实时估计。采用Lyapunov方法的稳定性分析表明系统是稳定且渐进收敛的。最后,应用该控制方法对两杆平面自由漂浮空间机器人进行了仿真研究。仿真结果显示自由漂浮空间机器人末端执行器在笛卡儿空间具有良好的轨迹跟踪能力。     

Mathematical Modeling of a VSCF Aircraft Generating System

DC-link converters having a variable input frequency but a constant output frequency now provide a viable alternative to the constant-speed mechanical drive as a means of providing a constant frequency power supply from an aircraft generator. The ease of replacement and repair, the reduction in servicing needs, and the ability to locate the components of the electrical system throughout the aircraft all combine to bring about a considerable reduction in the maintenance time which is required. A computationally efficient technique for the mathematical modeling of a typical electrical system, in which the overall power network is torn initially into a set of convenient subnetworks, is described. Connection matrices are employed to combine the equations computed for the various subnetworks with the equations for the overall network. Typical results are presented for the overall system. The performance detail enables many important design considerations to be investigated prior to manufacture.     

模拟高度复杂流动的自适应网格算法

提出一种基于对等弧分布律进行扭转修正的自适应网格算法。该方法将三维网格系统分裂为３个单方向自适应网格子系统,在计算中与主控方程的求解格式相耦合,交替地使用。应用所构造的算法结合ＭａｃＣｏｒｍａｃｋ显式格式对喷流／绕流干扰流场进行了雷诺平均Ｎ－Ｓ方程模拟,给出了清晰的剪切层与激波波系结构。计算结果表明,该自适应网格算法可较大程度地提高ＭａｃＣｏｒｍａｃｋ格式的分辨率。     

Phase-only LMS and perturbation adaptive algorithms

The author defines a phase-only gradient-based adaptive algorithm analogous to the least mean square (LMS) algorithm. Two phase-only perturbation algorithms are then defined. It is shown that the gradient for the perturbation algorithms can be obtained by cross-correlating binary perturbation sequences, that are applied to the adaptive phases, with the resulting instantaneous output power or voltage. It is also shown that a single set of phase-only adaptive weights can be used to simultaneously null interference in multiple output beams. Simulation results are presented for all of the new algorithms. The phase-only perturbation techniques eliminate the need for element level receivers and support low cost retrofitting of adaptive nulling on phased arrays by using conventional beamsteering circuits to apply the adaptive weights