空间碎片防护研究最新进展

空间碎片对在轨航天器的安全运行构成了严重威胁,对航天器的撞击事件频繁发生。随着空间碎片环境的日趋恶化,航天器的防护变得越来越重要。文章从空间碎片环境模型、撞击风险评估、航天器部件损伤、防护材料与结构的超高速撞击试验、撞击试验数据库建设、超高速发射设备、在轨撞击感知、机构间超高速发射设备交叉校验等方面对国内外空间碎片防护研究的进展进行了总结,并在此基础上给出我国未来空间碎片防护研究的发展建议。     

Protecting spacecraft against meteoroid/orbital debris impact damage: an overview

Meteoroids and orbital debris pose a serious damage threat to all spacecraft. The effects of a meteoroid/orbital debris (M/OD) impact depend on a variety of factors, including where the M/OD impact occurs, the size, composition, and speed of the impacting object, and the function of the impacted spacecraft system. These effects can be minimal, can degrade a functional spacecraft component, or can compromise spacecraft functionality, even to the point of mission loss or loss of life. To minimize the damage threat from the meteoroid/orbital debris environment, it is often necessary to install protective shielding around critical spacecraft systems. If a system cannot be shielded, operational constraints may need to be imposed to reduce the damage threat. This paper presents an overview of the research and development activities performed since the late 1950s with an aim of increasing the level of protection afforded satellites and spacecraft operating in the M/OD environment and ultimately mitigating the mechanical and structural effects of an M/OD impact.     

Thick galactic cosmic radiation shielding using atmospheric data

NASA is concerned with protecting astronauts from the effects of galactic cosmic radiation and has expended substantial effort in the development of computer models to predict the shielding obtained from various materials. However, these models were only developed for shields up to about 120 g/cm² in mass thickness and have predicted that shields of this mass thickness are insufficient to provide adequate protection for extended deep space flights. Consequently, effort is underway to extend the range of these models to thicker shields and experimental data is required to help confirm the resulting code. In this paper empirically obtained effective dose measurements from aircraft flights in the atmosphere are used to obtain the radiation shielding function of the Earth's atmosphere, a very thick, i.e. high mass, shield. Obtaining this result required solving an inverse problem and the method for solving it is presented. The results are shown to be in agreement with current code in the ranges where they overlap. These results are then checked and used to predict the radiation dosage under thick shields such as planetary regolith and the atmosphere of Venus.     

Hypervelocity impact testing of advanced materials and structures for micrometeoroid and orbital debris shielding

A series of 66 hypervelocity impact experiments have been performed to assess the potential of various materials (aluminium, titanium, copper, stainless steel, nickel, nickel/chromium, reticulated vitreous carbon, silver, ceramic, aramid, ceramic glass, and carbon fibre) and structures (monolithic plates, open-cell foam, flexible fabrics, rigid meshes) for micrometeoroid and orbital debris (MMOD) shielding. Arranged in various single-, double-, and triple-bumper configurations, screening tests were performed with 0.3175 cm diameter Al2017-T4 spherical projectiles at nominally 6.8 km/s and normal incidence. The top performing shields were identified through target damage assessments and their respective weight. The top performing candidate shield at the screening test condition was found to be a double-bumper configuration with a 0.25 mm thick Al3003 outer bumper, 6.35 mm thick 40 PPI aluminium foam inner bumper, and 1.016 mm thick Al2024-T3 rear wall (equal spacing between bumpers and rear wall). In general, double-bumper candidates with aluminium plate outer bumpers and foam inner bumpers were consistently found to be amongst the top performers. For this impact condition, potential weight savings of at least 47% over conventional all-aluminium Whipple shields are possible by utilizing the investigated materials and structures. The results of this study identify materials and structures of interest for further, more in-depth, impact investigations.     

真空热试验测控软件系统架构设计

随着航天器真空热试验的不断增多,对真空热试验热流模拟、温度测量与控制系统的热流模拟精度、速度、模式、测控通道数、系统功能等要求也越来越高。为进一步增强整个测控试验流程的可靠性、安全性、易用性、可扩展性,缩短试验准备时间,文章基于现有硬件系统与测控系统任务要求,提出了一套测控软件系统架构设计,即采用自顶向下逐步细化的分层设计将整个系统软件分层,再根据功能进行模块划分,保证了上层软件的设备无关性与各模块间的独立性,能够作为代码并行开发的基础,为代码开发人员提供指导和限制。     

Engineering challenges to the long term operation of the International Space Station

The U.S. Congress has maintained an intense interest in the ISS program since its inception. In the Appropriations Act of 1997, the Senate of the United States included language directing National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) to have the National Research Council (NRC) under take a study that evaluates the engineering challenges posed by extravehicular activity (EVA) requirements, United States and non-United States space launch requirements, the potential need to upgrade or replace equipment and components after Assembly Complete, and the requirement to decommission and disassemble the facility. NASA and the NRC decided the focus should be on the anticipated challenges in the continuous operation and maintenance of the ISS after assembly of the on-orbit facility has been completed. This would encompass the operational years, from late 2004 (if the current schedule holds) to 2020-2025. This executive summary overviews the results of this NRC study. It focuses on the U.S. operation of the ISS after Assembly Complete, including cooperative efforts by the United States and Russia. The paper summarizes the primary findings and recommendations in each of the areas considered during this two-year NRC study.     

Main problems of the Russian Orlan-M space suit utilization for EVAs on the ISS

In the recent years the Russian Orlan-M space suits have been improved as applied to their operational requirements for the ISS. A special attention is paid to enhancement of EVA crew efficiency and safety. The paper considers the main problems regarding specific features of the Russian space suit operation in the ISS, and analyses measures on their solution. In particular, the problems associated with the following are considered: enhancement of the anthropometric range for the EVA crewmembers; use of some US EMU elements and unified NASA equipment elements; Orlan-M operation support in the wide range of the ISS thermal conditions; use of Simplified Aid For Extravehicular activity Rescue (SAFER) designed as a self-rescue device, which will be used for an EVA crewmember return in the event that he (she) breaks away inadvertently from the ISS surface. The paper states the main space suit differences with reference to solution of the above problems. The paper presents briefly the design of space suit arms developed for crewmembers with small anthropometric parameters, as well as peculiarities and test results for the gloves with enhanced thermal protection. Measures on further space suit development with the purpose to improve its performances are considered.     

空间站有效载荷真空支持系统方案评述

有效载荷真空支持系统是空间有效载荷支持系统的重要组成部分,为空间有效载荷实验的顺利进行提供真空环境支持和保证。文章详细分析了国际空间站包括美国“命运号”实验舱（USL）、欧空局哥伦布轨道舱（APM）及日本实验舱（JEM）内的有效载荷真空支持系统方案及使用情况;对美国实验舱内的一号微重力材料科学机柜及微重力燃烧科学机柜内部专用的真空支持系统作了主要介绍;最后提出了我国空间站有效载荷真空支持系统的初步方案设想,即合理安排有效载荷实验进行次序,将废气排放子系统及真空资源子系统合二为一,以节约资源,提高可靠性。     

国际空间站集成ECLSS/TCS试验综述

空间站集成ECLSS/TCS（环境控制与生命保障系统/热控系统）试验是一种系统级常压试验,用于单舱或多舱整体性能的鉴定和验收。文章介绍了国际空间站的环境试验标准,以及国际空间站计划中美国、欧洲及日本的集成ECLSS/TCS试验发展情况,主要包括试验项目、试验功能及试验平台组成等。根据国际空间站集成ECLSS/TCS试验的特点,提出了我国发展该项试验的建议。     

Human and robotic repair of a solar array wing during ISS assembly mission 10A

With the installation of a new module and the relocation of three other modules, including multiple hand-offs from the station arm (SSRMS) to the shuttle arm (SRMS), International Space Station (ISS) assembly mission 10A/STS-120 was anticipated to be one of the most complicated ISS assembly missions ever attempted. The assembly operations became even more complex when a solar array wing (SAW) on the relocated Port-6 (P6) truss segment ripped while being extended. Repairing the torn SAW became the single most important objective for the remainder of STS-120, with future ISS assembly missions threatened by reduced power generation capacity if the SAW could not be repaired. Precise coordination between the space shuttle and ISS robotics teams led to an operational concept that combined the capabilities of the SRMS and SSRMS robotic systems in ways far beyond their original design capacities. Benefits of consistent standards for ISS robotic interfaces have been previously identified, but the advantages of having two such versatile and compatible robotic systems have never been quite so spectacular. This paper describes the role of robotics in the emergency SAW repair and highlights how versatility within space robotics systems can allow operations far beyond the intended design scenarios.     

Human and robotic repair of a solar array wing during ISS assembly mission 10A

With the installation of a new module and the relocation of three other modules, including multiple hand-offs from the station arm (SSRMS) to the shuttle arm (SRMS), International Space Station (ISS) assembly mission 10A/STS-120 was anticipated to be one of the most complicated ISS assembly missions ever attempted. The assembly operations became even more complex when a solar array wing (SAW) on the relocated Port-6 (P6) truss segment ripped while being extended. Repairing the torn SAW became the single most important objective for the remainder of STS-120, with future ISS assembly missions threatened by reduced power generation capacity if the SAW could not be repaired. Precise coordination between the space shuttle and ISS robotics teams led to an operational concept that combined the capabilities of the SRMS and SSRMS robotic systems in ways far beyond their original design capacities. Benefits of consistent standards for ISS robotic interfaces have been previously identified, but the advantages of having two such versatile and compatible robotic systems have never been quite so spectacular. This paper describes the role of robotics in the emergency SAW repair and highlights how versatility within space robotics systems can allow operations far beyond the intended design scenarios.     

Preparing EMU for Space Station

In today's fiscally constrained environment, it can be expected that systems designed for one space program will increasingly be used to support other programs. The example of the U.S. extravehicular mobility unit (EMU), designed for use with the Space Shuttle, and now part of the baseline for the International Space Station (ISS) program, illustrates the adaption process. Certifying the Shuttle's EMU for use aboard ISS requires addressing three fundamental issues: Identifying new ISS requirements to be imposed on the EMU. Extending Shuttle's EMU on-orbit service interval to meet ISS's longer missions. Certifying Shuttle's EMU to meet new environments unique to ISS. Upon completion of the certification process, Shuttle's EMU will meet all requirements for supporting both the Shuttle and ISS program. This paper discusses the processes for addressing these issues and progress to date in achieving resolution.     

弹丸正撞击Whipple防护结构后墙的穿孔孔径研究

微流星体及空间碎片的超高速撞击对在轨航天器,特别是长期留轨的栽人航天器构成了严重的威胁,甚至可导致灾难性失效,为此航天器采用了各种Whipple类防护方案以提高其在轨生存能力。穿孔孔径是研究弹丸超高速撞击下航天器舱壁撞击损伤的重要参数之一。文章对目前所建立的Burch损伤经验公式与Schonberg—Williamsen穿孔经验公式进行了研究,比较了其各自特点;同时,基于上述模型提出了适用范围更广的弹丸超高速正撞击Whipple防护结构后墙的穿孔孔径经验公式,为航天器的灾难性失效分析提供有效的工具。     

载人月面着陆与上升飞行器辐射环境适应性研究

载人月面着陆与上升飞行器是在载人月球探测任务中用于月球轨道与月面之间人员、货物往返的运输工具。针对载人月面着陆与上升飞行器全寿命周期内的辐射环境进行了分析,对近地轨道、地月转移及环月轨道的辐射环境中的高能带电粒子能谱进行了对比,对其辐射环境适应性进行了评估,提出了针对性的辐射防护建议,供月面着陆与上升飞行器设计参考。     

含相变材料热防护结构一体化设计与试验

利用相变材料储热密度大、比热容高等优势,设计了一种含相变材料的新型一体化热防护结构(PCM-ITPS),并通过数值计算分析了其隔热特性。结果表明,在一体化热防护结构底板处铺设相变材料可吸收热短路效应导入的过量热载,改善结构的隔热性能。然后设计并制备PCM-ITPS试验件,通过隔热性能测试试验对结构隔热特性进行验证。在此基础上进行热应力分析验证其承载性能,并以结构参数为设计变量,隔热和承载性能要求为约束条件,实现了PCM-ITPS结构的轻量化设计,优化后PCM-ITPS方案相对传统ITPS方案减重23.35%。以上工作为促进热防护系统的设计-制造一体化进程提供必要的理论储备与技术支持。     

SPHERES flight operations testing and execution

Synchronized Position Hold Engage Reorient Experimental Satellites (SPHERES) is a formation flight testing facility consisting of three satellites operating inside the International Space Station (ISS). The goal is to use the long term microgravity environment of the ISS to mature formation flight and docking algorithms. The operations processes of SPHERES have also matured over the course of the first seven test sessions. This paper describes the evolution of the SPHERES program operations processes from conception to implementation to refinement through flight experience. Modifications to the operations processes were based on experience and feedback from Marshall Space Flight Center Payload Operations Center, USAF Space Test Program office at Johnson Space Center, and the crew of Expedition 13 (first to operate SPHERES on station). Important lessons learned were on aspects such as test session frequency, determination of session success, and contingency operations. This paper describes the tests sessions; then it details the lessons learned, the change in processes, and the impact on the outcome of later test sessions. SPHERES had very successful initial test sessions which allowed for modification and tailoring of the operations processes to streamline the code delivery and to tailor responses based on flight experiences.     

Safe, reliable, and simplified user access of international space station through process efficiencies

This paper offers an approach and methodology to defining standards, centered on process/product analysis and the premise that an effective process is a good standard. The paper then discusses the role effective processes have in integrating ISS process/product infrastructures into a customer/market focused Integrated Product and Data Environment (IPDE). The paper concludes with a discussion of the integration requirements ISS and future solicitations should consider.     

Research priorities and plans for the International Space Station-results of the 'REMAP' Task Force

Recent events in the International Space Station (ISS) Program have resulted in the necessity to re-examine the research priorities and research plans for future years. Due to both technical and fiscal resource constraints expected on the International Space Station, it is imperative that research priorities be carefully reviewed and clearly articulated. In consultation with OSTP and the Office of Management and budget (OMB), NASA's Office of Biological and Physical Research (OBPR) assembled an ad-hoc external advisory committee, the Biological and Physical Research Maximization and Prioritization (REMAP) Task Force. This paper describes the outcome of the Task Force and how it is being used to define a roadmap for near and long-term Biological and Physical Research objectives that supports NASA's Vision and Mission. Additionally, the paper discusses further prioritizations that were necessitated by budget and ISS resource constraints in order to maximize utilization of the International Space Station. Finally, a process has been developed to integrate the requirements for this prioritized research with other agency requirements to develop an integrated ISS assembly and utilization plan that maximizes scientific output.     

复合材料层合板的低能冲击损伤及剩余拉伸强度研究

针对复合材料层合板的冲击及冲击后的拉伸过程提出了一种全程分析方法。该方法应用三维逐渐累积损伤理论对层合板的冲击及冲击后含损伤层合板在拉伸载荷下损伤破坏的全过程进行分析,分析中没有对冲击后层合板的损伤状态做人为假设,而是把冲击后层合板的实际损伤状态直接用于剩余拉伸强度研究,从而不仅提高了最终失效载荷的预测精度,而且避免了为获得冲击后损伤状态参数所进行的大量试验,同时开发了模拟程序,该程序可以预测任意铺层角度、铺层厚度的层合板在冲击载荷及冲击后拉伸载荷下的逐渐损伤破坏过程和最终失效载荷。通过与已有文献结果进行比较,验证了方法及程序的正确性。     

空间碎片环境工程

文章提出了“空间碎片环境工程”的概念,并介绍了空间碎片防护技术所包含的内容及其国外发展现状。