他山之石 可以攻玉——国外卫星在轨操作系统发展分析

卫星在轨操作任务主要包括在轨燃料加注、在轨模块更换、在轨发射、在轨空间碎片清除等。值得指出的是,在轨操作可以针对己方航天器进行,也可以针对敌方航天器进行。能够通过在轨加注延长航天器寿命,也可以利用交会对接和空间机械手技术将敌方航天器拖离目标轨道,具有巨大的商业和军用潜力。     

基于高斯伪谱法的碰撞规避策略研究

为保证在轨卫星运行安全，对于碰撞概率较高的空间交会情况需要进行规避机动，防止在轨卫星与空间碎片碰撞.选取连续推力策略进行规避机动，将空间碰撞规避过程转化为满足复杂约束的最优控制问题，采用高斯伪谱法对最优控制律进行求解，求解结果满足相应约束.研究结果为航天器有效规避空间碰撞威胁提供了有力支持.      

中继卫星系统支持中/低轨航天器飞行测控任务技术研究

随着中继测控终端小型化和高增益、宽波束天线技术的发展, 特别是中国后续 中继卫星将具备S频段多址服务能力, 使得依靠中继卫星系统实现航天器飞行 测控和所有在轨卫星的日常管理成为可能. 通过分析中继测控支持中/低轨 道卫星在轨测控的能力、优势和基于中继测控实现卫星发射弹道优化策略, 提出了定向天线中继终端应急测控方法. 研究结果表明, 中继卫星系统能够为航天器飞行任务从发射、入轨到在轨管理提供测控服务, 特别是基于多址 服务能力的中继卫星系统从数量上完全满足中国在轨卫星的测控需求, 测控效率和应急能力将得到明显提升.      

微小卫星用微型控制力矩陀螺研究

摘要： 随着技术的发展,微小卫星已经成为一种功能强大的航天器.为了进一步拓展微小卫星的应用领域,提升其任务效益,高敏捷机动能力成为了微小卫星发展的重要方向.控制力矩陀螺（CMG）因其具有高转矩能量比和低重量力矩比,将成为实现微小卫星敏捷机动的重要执行机构.介绍一种新型的可应用于微小卫星的微型CMG,其角动量为0.1 N·m·s.经过实验室测试和环境试验,结果表明该型CMG可满足微小卫星的姿态控制需求.     

在轨航天器撞击解体特性分析与计算

对在轨航天器撞击解体问题进行了研究, 基于NASA 标准解体模型, 给出了在轨航天器撞击解体算法, 重点分析了解体计算时应该满足的几个约束条件. 编写了该算法的通用仿真计算程序, 并通过与P-78 卫星解体事件的实测数据比较验证了算法和程序的正确性. 研究结果对预测分析在轨撞击事件的毁伤特性具有重要的参考价值.      

星载辐照剂量深度分布探测仪设计

空间带电粒子对在轨航天器会产生辐照剂量效应,严重时可导致星载设备及航天器等的性能衰减及寿命下降,因此采用了星内多点多方位的辐照总剂量探测技术.在中国首次采用深度剂量监测方案.每个探头设置5个剂量监测点,对应屏蔽厚度分别为0（开窗）,1mm,2.5mm,3.5mm,6mm的铝结构,探测剂量总量程为2×106rad （Si）,最高灵敏度为1rad （Si）.所设计的星载辐照剂量深度分布探测仪可以对卫星在轨遭受的辐照剂量进行实时监测和预警,其探测结果用于研究星内剂量深度分布,对卫星载荷在轨工作状态进行分析评估,并为后续卫星的抗辐照加固设计提供依据.      

对GEO卫星在轨加注的服务航天器组网方案优化

对地球静止轨道（GeosynchronousOrbit,GEO）卫星在轨加注燃料以延长其工作寿命蕴含着巨大的经济价值,而执行加注任务的服务航天器在轨组网方案直接影响在轨加注任务全局。文章以GEO卫星为在轨服务对象,开展了提供加注服务的航天器最优组网方案研究。提出了1个燃料存储站加N个加注飞行器的服务航天器体系架构,燃料存储站承载大量燃料,长期在轨稳定运行;加注飞行器机动运行,执行对GEO卫星加注任务,当加注飞行器燃料不足时,返回燃料存储站获取燃料。燃料存储站的质量、运行轨道,加注飞行器的数目、质量与运行轨道、对GEO卫星提供加注的加注飞行器任务分配等是组网方案研究的重点,建立了以对GEO卫星加注任务的响应时间短、服务系统成本低为互斥评价准则的服务航天器组网方案的多目标优化设计数学模型,分析了组网方案优化问题的求解方法及流程,采用多目标粒子群算法对服务航天器组网方案进行了优化设计,通过分析一组非支配优化设计结果对于2个互斥评价准则的平衡性,提出了1个燃料存储站加4～6个加注飞行器的服务航天器最优组网方案。     

在轨服务：反传统航天之道而行之

正传统航天模式下,航天器追求高可靠性,为了实现长寿命从基础的元器件开始精挑细选,力保设计寿命内不出问题。但是事实上,一些昂贵的在轨卫星,因为火箭半路抛锚、卫星软件故障、恶劣的空间环境影响等因素,不能再提供服务的情况并不少见。随着空间技术的飞速发展,在轨服务也越来越多受关     

实践五号卫星空间探测与实验成果学术研讨会召开

中国空间科学学会空间探测专业委员会于2002年9月在福建省武夷山市召开了实践五号卫星空间探测与实验成果学术研讨会,出席这次会议的有参加指挥、设计和研制卫星应用系统和有效载荷的科技工作者及领导,到会55人,收到论文34篇.实践五号科学探测卫星的主要任务是:（1）进行空间单粒子事件及对策研究试验并进行空间高能带电粒子和剂量测量.（2）进行未来复杂航天器有效载荷系统与波段高速数传发射机、大容量固态存储器及有效载荷数据管理系统的先期在轨技术实验.（3）进行空间流体科学实验.实践五号科学探测卫星在轨运行期间获得了大量科学数据,顺利地完成了各项实验任务.     

基于在轨组装维护的模块化深空探测器技术进展与应用研究

在轨组装与维护是航天器在轨服务技术的基本内容,而模块化设计则是实现航天器在轨组装与维护的一项主要支撑技术。调研总结了国外深空探测领域模块化航天器设计以及在轨组装与在轨维护实施的技术进展,主要包括模块化地外行星着陆探测器、大型在轨组装深空探测器、布置于SEL2(Sun-Earth Libration 2)等轨道的超大型在轨组装空间望远镜系统等,分析了深空探测器领域应用模块化设计实现在轨组装与维护的关键技术要素。针对深空探测航天器长寿命、高可靠、特殊推进系统及其设备配套等技术特点与需求,提出一种应用在轨组装与维护技术的火星多任务探测器系统设想,介绍了探测器系统的任务架构、基本组成、轨道策略等,为我国深空探测技术发展以及新型深空探测器研制提供参考。     

Learning in an immersive digital theater

The Houston Museum of Natural Science, in collaboration with Rice University has an outreach program taking portable digital theaters to schools and community sites for over five years and has conducted research on student learning in this immersive environment. By using an external independent evaluator, the effectiveness of NASA-funded Education and Public Outreach (EPO) projects can be assessed. This paper documents interactive techniques and learning strategies in full-dome digital theaters. The presentation is divided into Evaluation Strategies and Results and Interactivity Strategies and Results. All learners from grades 3–12 showed statistically significant short-term increase in knowledge of basic Earth science concepts after a single 22-min show. Improvements were more significant on items that were taught using more than one modality of instruction: hearing, seeing, discussion, and immersion. Thus immersive theater can be an effective as well as engaging teaching method for Earth and Space science concepts, particularly those that are intrinsically three-dimensional and thus most effectively taught in an immersive environment. The portable system allows taking the educational experience to rural and tribal sites where the underserved students could not afford the time or expense to travel to museums.     

Scaling analysis and model estimation of solar corona index

A monthly average solar green coronal index time series for the period from January 1939 to December 2008 collected from NOAA (The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration) has been analysed in this paper in perspective of scaling analysis and modelling. Smoothed and de-noising have been done using suitable mother wavelet as a pre-requisite. The Finite Variance Scaling Method (FVSM), Higuchi method, rescaled range (R/S) and a generalized method have been applied to calculate the scaling exponents and fractal dimensions of the time series. Autocorrelation function (ACF) is used to find autoregressive (AR) process and Partial autocorrelation function (PACF) has been used to get the order of AR model. Finally a best fit model has been proposed using Yule-Walker Method with supporting results of goodness of fit and wavelet spectrum. The results reveal an anti-persistent, Short Range Dependent (SRD), self-similar property with signatures of non-causality, non-stationarity and nonlinearity in the data series. The model shows the best fit to the data under observation.     

Stochastic particle acceleration by the forced interaction of relativistic current sheets

We address the problem of interacting relativistic current sheets in self-consistent kinetic plasma simulations within the framework of the Particle-In-Cell model. The interaction is enforced in head-on collisions of up to 10 current sheets at relativistic bulk speeds. The simulations are motivated by the general problem of Poynting flux dissipation in ‘striped wind’ configurations presumably governing the relativistic outflows pervasive in pulsar winds and gamma-ray bursts. We identify the generation of non-thermal particles and formation of a stable power-law shape in the particle energy distributions f(γ) dγ ∝ γ^−s dγ. In 1D, a spectral index s ∼ 2 is observed and attributed to a stochastic Fermi-type acceleration mechanism. In 2D, the generic index of s ∼ 3–4 is retained as in previous simulations of individual current sheets. Whereas in 2D the high energy cut-off is constrained by the limited dissipation of magnetic energy, in 1D the process converts the bulk motion of current sheets towards directed particle momentum of an exclusive class of non-thermal particles.     

Development of a gas chromatography compatible Sample Processing System (SPS) for the in-situ analysis of refractory organic matter in martian soil: preliminary results

In the frame of the 2009 Mars Science Laboratory (MSL) mission a new sample preparation system (SPS) compatible with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) has been developed for the in situ analysis of complex organic molecules in the Martian soil. The goal is to detect, if they exist, some of the key compounds that play an important role in life on Earth including carboxylic acids, amino acids and nucleobases.     

基于LuGre模型的电液加载系统摩擦补偿

为了提高电液加载系统控制精度,针对摩擦问题提出了基于LuGre摩擦模型的前馈补偿方法.建立了用于摩擦仿真分析和补偿器设计的电液加载系统数学模型;通过实验获取并分析了相关的摩擦数据;基于实验数据进行LuGre模型参数辨识,把LuGre模型和辨识结果引入电液加载系统数学模型,并进行仿真结果与实际摩擦数据的对照,证明了LuGre摩擦模型的准确性.设计前馈补偿器,进行了实验对比,实验结果表明前馈补偿器可将摩擦产生的控制误差有效地降至未补偿时的30%左右.      

Concept options for the aerial survey of Titan

Various aerial platforms intended for long endurance survey of the Titan surface are presented. A few novel concepts are introduced, including a heated methane balloon and a balloon with a tethered wind turbine. All the concept options are predicted to have lower scientific payload fractions than the Huygens probe. It is concluded that the selection of the best aerial platform option depends on more accurate mass estimates and a clear decision on whether, or not, in situ surface composition measurements are required in conjunction with aerial remote sensing.     

Heterogeneous solid/gas chemistry of organic compounds related to comets,meteorites, Titan,and Mars: Laboratory and in lower Earth orbit experiments

To understand the evolution of organic molecules involved in extraterrestrial environments and with exobiological implications, many experimental programs in the laboratory are devoted to photochemical studies in the gaseous phase as well as in the solid state. The validity of such studies and their applications to extraterrestrial environments can be questioned as long as experiments conducted in space conditions, with the full solar spectrum, especially in the short wavelength domain, have not been implemented. The experiments that are described here will be carried out on a FOTON capsule, using the BIOPAN facility, and on the International Space Station, using the EXPOSE facility. Vented and sealed exposition cells will be used, which will allow us to study the chemical evolution in the gaseous phase as well as heterogeneous processes, such as the degradation of solid compounds and the release of gaseous fragments.     

CoRoT and Kepler results: Solar-like oscillators

The space-borne observatories CoRoT (Convection Rotation and planetary Transits) and Kepler have provided photometric time series data of unprecedented precision for large numbers of stars. These data have revolutionized the fields of transiting exoplanets and asteroseismology. In this review some important asteroseismic results obtained using data from the CoRoT and Kepler space missions concerning stars that show solar-like oscillations are discussed. These results comprise, among others, measurements of the location of the base of the convection zone and helium second-ionization zone in main-sequence stars, the presence (or not) of core-helium burning in red-giant stars, as well as differential rotation in these stars.     

Return to Europa: Overview of the Jupiter Europa orbiter mission

Missions to explore Europa have been imagined ever since the Voyager mission first suggested that Europa was geologically very young. Subsequently, the Galileo spacecraft supplied fascinating new insights into this satellite of Jupiter. Now, an international team is proposing a return to the Jupiter system and Europa with the Europa Jupiter System Mission (EJSM). Currently, NASA and ESA are designing two orbiters that would explore the Jovian system and then each would settle into orbit around one of Jupiter’s icy satellites, Europa and Ganymede. In addition, the Japanese Aerospace eXploration Agency (JAXA) is considering a Jupiter magnetospheric orbiter and the Russian Space Agency is investigating a Europa lander.     

HELIO: The Heliophysics Integrated Observatory

Heliophysics is a new research field that explores the Sun–Solar System Connection; it requires the joint exploitation of solar, heliospheric, magnetospheric and ionospheric observations.