壁面湍流模型对湍流分离流动数值模拟的影响

本文用三种近壁湍流模型计算了二个二维的湍流分离流动：单包流动和多包流动。结果表明：二层模型和低Reynolds数模型具有类似的特性。它们基本上给出合理的分离流动结构。壁函数的方法由于对数律的假定基本上不适合于计算湍流的分离流动。     

On near wall measurements of wall bounded flows—The necessity of an accurate determination of the wall position

The present review paper is an account on the experimental determination of the wall position relative to the probe in wall-bounded turbulent flow studies. A thorough review on common measurement techniques as well as correction methods reveals, that there are a number of pitfalls, that—when not accounted for—can lead to wrong conclusions about the wall position and thereby also on the near-wall behaviour of mean and turbulence quantities. Employing the state-of-the-art databases from direct numerical simulations of wall-bounded turbulent flows various indirect methods have been tested and assessed in terms of their robustness and accuracy. It is also demonstrated that accurate measurements reaching the viscous sublayer are necessary in order to ensure a correctly deduced wall position, and dependent quantities as for instance the near-wall scaling of mean (e.g. Reynolds number dependence of the buffer region or the log law constants) and turbulence (e.g. the near-wall peak location of Reynolds stresses) quantities.In experiments using hot-wires near the wall it is well known that heat conduction between the hot-wire and the wall gives errors and mean velocity data from the viscous sublayer can usually not be used to determine the wall position. In this paper we introduce a new method which takes advantage of the similarity of the probability density distributions (pdf) in the near wall region. By using the high velocity data of the pdf, which is shown not to be affected by heat conduction, the heat conduction problem can be circumvented.Extensive appendices are included, describing the history and present knowledge about the scaling of the mean velocity in the near wall and overlap regions in wall bounded turbulent flows.     

展向旋转平板Couette湍流中的多态现象

展向旋转平板Couette湍流(Spanwise rotating plane Couette flow,RPCF)是旋转壁湍流的标模问题之一,在过去的几十年里,被广泛用来研究旋转对壁湍流的统计和流动结构的影响。近些年,作者及其合作者就该问题开展了一系列直接数值模拟研究工作。该研究不仅发现了旋转在低旋转数和高旋转数时对流动结构和统计的不同影响,还首次在RPCF中发现了多湍流态现象:即在相同的控制参数下,流动可以处在两种不同的湍流态上,这两种不同的湍流态的流动结构和湍流统计差别显著。还发现该多态现象可以在很大的旋转数范围里存在。进一步分析大尺度二次流在不同态的能量传输中的作用,发现在二次流较弱的流态下,二次流起的作用相对较小,能量很大一部分直接从平均流传到剩余场;而当二次流较强时,二次流起到一个能量传输纽带作用。该分析也从侧面验证了大尺度结构在多态现象中占据重要地位的猜想。     

Coherent structures in turbulent flows

Coherent structures—loosely defined as regions of concentrated vorticity, characteristic and flow-specific organization, recurrence, appreciable lifetime and scale—have been the foremost object of scientific curiosity and dispute in turbulence research for more than ten years past. The concept, based on visual observations, that turbulence, hitherto viewed as a purely random phenomenon, appears to contain a constituent of clearly organized structure promised an alternative to the frustrating verdict that turbulence can only be understood and tackled on statistical grounds. After a first period of enthusiasm, which was then nourished by a few supportive survey papers, the concept was challenged and criticism as to the uniqueness, the ubiquity and finally the importance of those structures was put forward.Although a great number of turbulent flow configurations—essentially all of ‘classical’ flows—have to some extent been investigated and scrutinized for their content of structural organization, many questions remain open and the dispute is by no means settled. In this review we shall restrict ourselves to trying to summarize a few of the more important results and issues without trying to settle this argument. At the same time some open questions will be discussed.Meanwhile an abundance of knowledge has been collected on some free flows, in particular the mixing layer, the wake and—to a lesser extent—the turbulent far jet. All free flows undergo at least one transformation before they become self-similar and unique (do they indeed become unique?). Thus, the mixing layer is the eventual outcome of the transformation of the boundary layer flow from the nozzle. Jets and wakes in their early stages go through intermediate mixing-layer manifestations. Little wonder that also in those cases we often find more than one characteristic structure.Different structural developments appear to be related to different behaviours of the basic flow: The more complex structures, characterized by three-dimensional (Reynolds number and/or lifetime-dependent) agglomerations of hairpin, ring and spiral vortices as in a spot or a puff, are found in those flows which are primarily frictionally unstable (wall flows). Particularly in the boundary layer, we observe a whole zoo of structures, some of which (e.g. the wall streaks) clearly violate the obviously too limiting ‘classical” definition of coherent structures being exclusively ‘large scale’ events. Consequently, as much as these findings undoubtedly add to our understanding of turbulent processes, the concept of coherent structures forfeits some of its original meaning for a more refined picture, the larger the structural multitude becomes.In those flows where inviscid (inflection-point) instability dominates, we find comparatively simpler structures of large scales like single line or ring vortices as in mixing-layer, jet and wake flows, with three-dimensionalities following secondary instabilities. But also there we find the corresponding ‘small scale structures’, longitudinal vortices along the interconnecting braids between the large-scale structures. The common aspect then for all shear flows seems to be the existence of at least two coherent scales, the small one with longitudinal (stretched) vortices being responsible for turbulence-energy production, while the large scale takes care of part of the diffusion. An independent aspect is introduced by the consideration of spiral turbulence as being an intrinsic feature of turbulence eventually leading to the formation of coherent structures in all three-dimensional flows. Formation of coherent structures, as we observe it, touches on a phenomenon of greater generality and significance: spontaneous formation of organized structures from a state of relative disorder is found in organic as well as in inorganic nature. This process is known as Synergetic, and chaos theory is but one of the theoretical tools of this discipline.It is evident that organized structures could not be observed or educed by methods applying any indiscriminate averaging scheme such as Reynolds-averaging. As a consequence, after existence of those structures was evident from visualization, adequate techniques had to be developed to educe repetitive flow events of a certain similarity. The true fraction of coherent energy in the overall turbulent energy can, however, not possibly be assessed with any claim to accuracy. Estimates (their reliability supported by the fact that different methods give similar numbers) show the coherent structures to be responsible for between 10% and 25% of the turbulent energy in most of the flows considered (contrary to Townsend's “big eddies” whose energy content was assumed to be essentially negligible). This figure emphasizes the importance of coherent structures in correctly modelling turbulent flows and, even more so, as a medium to manipulate turbulence (by mechanical, acoustical or chemical means) and thereby influence its most notable technical consequences: noise, mixing, combustion and drag.     

Gao-Yong理性湍流方程

对近十年来Gao-Yong理性湍流方程的研究进行综述,给出矢量形式的可压湍流封闭方程组的推导过程。侧偏统计平均保留了湍流脉动量的一阶统计信息,在引入加权漂移速度对称性及正交各向异性后,导出了漂移流的连续方程、动量方程及机械能方程,最后依据湍流物理的唯象论,使用动量传输链概念模化封闭了整个方程组。方程组不含任何经验系数,不使用壁面函数,保留了NS方程的均化的非线性特性。其级数形式的能量方程与非线性现象多尺度层次现象相对应,具备了描述湍流统计平均流动及拟序结构流动的双重功能。已进行了大量算例验证,验证结果证明了Gao-Yong湍流方程对广泛范围的复杂湍流问题的适定性。     

激光空间流动显示及其应用

本文介绍激光空间流动显示技术及其在复杂流动中的应用。着重介绍了作者在激光诱导荧光流动显示(LIF)技术的研究和应用。较系统地讨论了若干原理和技术问题,并提供了一些实际应用的典型的流态照片。     

平板射流中大尺度涡的理论模型

根据流动稳定性理论,提出了一种解释平板射流中大尺度涡产生机理的二维不稳定波理论模型,用这种模型计算所得的流动结构和相干扰动量与实验结果吻合较好.说明不稳定波模型可以较好地描述湍流平板射流中的大尺度涡结构的主要特征.      

The role of transition in high-lift low-pressure turbines for aeroengines

The fan of a high bypass ratio turbo fan engine produces up to 80% of the total thrust of the engine. It is the low-pressure (LP) turbine that drives the fan and, on some engines, a number of compressor stages. The unsteady aerodynamics of the LP turbine, and in particular, the role of unsteady flow in laminar–turbulent transition, is the subject of this paper.The flow in turbomachines is unsteady due to the relative motion of the rows of blades. In the LP turbine, the wakes from the upstream blade rows provide the dominant source of unsteadiness. Because much of the blade-surface boundary-layer flow is laminar, one of the most important consequences of this unsteadiness is the interaction of the wakes with the suction-side boundary layer of a downstream blade. This is important because the blade suction—side boundary layers are responsible for most of the loss of efficiency and because the combined effects of random (wake turbulence) and periodic disturbances (wake velocity defect and pressure fields) cause the otherwise laminar boundary layer to undergo transition and eventually become turbulent.This paper discusses the development of unsteady flows in LP turbines and the process of wake-induced boundary-layer transition in low-pressure turbines and the loss generation that results. Particular emphasis will be placed on unsteady separating flows and how the effects of wakes may be exploited to control loss generation in the laminar–turbulent transition processes. This control has allowed the successful development of the latest generation of ultra-high-lift LP turbines. More recent developments, which harness the effects of surface roughness in conjunction with the wakes, are also presented.     

有植被明渠纵向流速垂向分布特性的PIV试验分析

有植被河道水流的流速分布是确定植被河道阻力和过流能力的基础。在室内矩形断面水槽中模拟了有树桩存在的河流环境,采用粒子图像速度仪（PIV）测量了同一流量情况下,非淹没及淹没刚性植被稳恒流纵向流速垂向分布。试验结果表明矩形断面非淹没刚性植被水流时空平均纵向流速垂向分布符合“J”形分布,淹没刚性植被水流时空平均纵向流速垂向分布符合“S”形分布,植被中不同位置垂线的时均纵向流速分布不同。笔者给出的流速资料可作为植被水流数值模拟对比的参考。     

吸气式高超声速飞行器机体推进一体化技术研究进展

吸气式高超声速一体化飞行器最显著的特点是子系统之间的耦合较其他类型飞行器更加强烈,这使得其设计具有挑战性。所有的子系统之间部件相互干涉,包括:气动、推进、控制、结构、装载和热防护等,特别是机体与超燃冲压发动机之间的耦合最为突出。飞行器的前体和后体下壁面既是主要的气动型面,又是超燃冲压发动机进气道外压缩型面和尾喷管的膨胀型面,在产生推力的同时也产生升力和俯仰力矩。机体与发动机的强耦合作用对飞行器的推力、升力、阻力、俯仰力矩、气动加热、机身冷却、稳定性和控制特性有直接的影响。本文介绍了国内外机体推进一体化技术的研究进展,重点介绍了中国空气动力研究与发展中心(CARDC)的相关研究工作,包括:密切曲锥曲面乘波进气道和基于双激波轴对称基准流场内转式进气道设计方法、独创的大尺度脉冲式燃烧加热风洞一体化飞行器带动力试验技术和高超声速内外流耦合数值模拟技术等。对高速飞行中激波边界层相互干扰、流动分离机理、可压缩湍流转捩及其控制、超燃冲压发动机燃烧流动机理等相关基础问题也进行了研究,强调了对高效高精度计算方法的迫切需求。     

熵层对高超声速二维钝楔气动参数的影响

采用薄激波层理论和流管质量守恒相结合的方法,分析了高超声速二维钝楔边界层外缘熵的分布规律,研究了熵层对边界层外缘密度、马赫数以及壁面气动加热等气动参数的影响.结果表明:边界层外缘熵在倒圆-肩部区下降最为剧烈,熵层对气动参数的影响在高超声速下不可忽略,特别是使转捩区和湍流区的气动加热增加约53.6%.因此,将表面流态控制在层流模式对高超声速飞行器热防护具有重要意义.      

壁面温度控制对平板边界层影响的数值研究

通过对零压力梯度的平板边界层流动施加温度控制,展开壁面温度控制对平板层流边界层和湍流边界层影响的研究,探索温度控制对平板转捩雷诺数和壁面摩擦阻力的影响规律。采用带有转捩模式的三方程湍流模型对平板边界层流动进行数值模拟,重点考察了壁面摩阻系数、平板转捩雷诺数、湍流边界层流动随壁面温度变化的规律。计算结果表明在壁面温度从288 K 增大到432 K 时,边界层转捩雷诺数增大约36%,表面摩擦阻力减少约9.6%。研究分析表明：加热控制使层流区域温度边界层内粘性作用增强,雷诺切应力和湍动能减小,流动更加稳定;而湍流区域边界层内粘性底层中速度梯度和粘性切应力减小,导致壁面处摩擦切应力减小。因此壁面加热控制可以延迟边界层转捩,减小湍流区摩阻系数,并减小平板摩擦阻力。     

不可压缩湍流的多尺度模型

基于可变时间间隔平均方法,提出了一种不可压缩湍流多尺度模型及平均流动方程.与传统的单尺度湍流模型不同,该模型在建立的过程中,保留了湍流的多尺度特性,结合平均流动方程,可以更好地预测湍流流场特征.通过模拟平面后台阶流动和不对称平板扩压器流动,并将预测结果与标准k-ε模型的预测结果对比,初步验证了其可信性及优越性.结果表明:计算所得的平面后台阶流动的流向再附长度与台阶边压力系数比比标准k-ε模型提高精度约20%;平板扩压器流动的回流区位置误差约为7%、倾斜壁面摩擦因数误差约为5%,而标准k-ε模型未能预测出分离现象.可以看出该模型适用于典型的分离流动,在湍流流场的预测中表现优异,具有一定的工程应用价值      

超声速绕二维波纹壁的气动与传热问题数值研究

本文采用Ｎ－Ｓ方程、代数湍流模式，对超声速绕二维波纹壁的气动与传热问题进行了数值研究，得到平缓压力分布与剧烈热流变的结果，与国外相同条件下的实验结果一致。这对于进一步深入研究小尺度旋涡的特性具有重要的意义。     

不可压湍流平均流与拟序流的各向异性模式理论及其数值验证

使用侧偏统计平均方法理性推导了不可压湍流的封闭方程组。侧偏统计平均提供了湍流脉动量的一阶统计信息,在引入加权漂移速度对称性及正交各向异性后,导出了漂移流的连续方程、动量方程及能量方程,最后依据湍流物理的唯象论,使用动量传输链概念模化封闭了整个方程组。方程组不含任何经验系数,保留了N- S方程的均化的非线性特性。其级数形式的能量方程与非线性现象多尺度层次现象相对应,具备了描述湍流统计平均流动及拟序结构流动的双重功能。      

数值模拟纵向隔热屏加力室热态流场

数值研究纵向隔热屏加力燃烧室的在三维贴体坐标系下燃烧整体流场,所用的数学模型有:k-ε模型、EBU-Arrehenius和二阶矩紊流燃烧模型及六通量模型等.数值分析两种不同几何形状、进口气流参数分布及紊流燃烧模型等对加力室内各气流参数、隔热屏和加力室筒体壁面温度分布的影响,计算结果与试验数据比较表明:不同几何形状对加力室紊流燃烧流场的影响要比进口气流参数分布大些,二阶矩模型更适用模拟紊流燃烧流动.      

不可压缩湍流的色散模型

分析了广泛存在于湍流运动中的能量逆转现象,揭示了其产生的原因,提出了湍流的色散性质.在此基础上,修改了Boussinesq假设,建立了包含色散效应的新的雷诺应力封闭式和湍流色散系数,给出与不同模型相结合时,湍流色散系数所具有的不同形式,并阐述了湍流运动中能量的传递方向及条件.采用不可压缩平板边界层流动和平面后台阶流动验证了其可信性和优越性.平板摩擦阻力系数及边界层速度型与实验结果吻合良好,平面后台阶流动的流向再附长度、台阶边压力系数及湍流强度等参数均比标准k-ε模型更接近实验结果.结果表明:色散项的加入可以在不显著增加计算量的同时显著改善预测精度,模型具有一定的工程应用价值.      

NPLS技术及其在高速飞行器气动研究中的应用

近年来,与高速飞行器相关的超声速/高超声速流动受到了极大关注。这类流动所具有的非定常性、强梯度和可压缩性对试验研究提出了挑战。纳米示踪的平面激光散射技术（NPLS）是2005年由作者所在的研究团队研发的非接触光学测试技术。它能够获得超声速三维流场的某个剖面的瞬态流动结构,并且具有较高的时空分辨率。目前,许多研究结果表明NPLS是研究超声速湍流的一项非常有效的技术。近年来,作者应用 NPLS 技术在超声速湍流研究中取得了较大的进展,并且基于NPLS开发了其它几种技术,比如基于 NPLS 的密度场测量技术（NPLS-DT）,能够获得超声速流动的密度场信息并还能进一步得到雷诺应力分布。本文介绍了NPLS技术并回顾了其在超声速边界层、激波/边界层相互作用等流动中的应用。由于能够获得雷诺压力和湍动能等统计量, NPLS技术有望在发展可压缩湍流模型的研究中发挥作用。     

Navier–Stokes analysis methods for turbulent jet flows with application to aircraft exhaust nozzles

This article presents the current status of computational fluid dynamics (CFD) methods as applied to the simulation of turbulent jet flowfields issuing from aircraft engine exhaust nozzles. For many years, Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes (RANS) methods have been used routinely to calculate such flows, including very complex nozzle configurations. RANS methods replace all turbulent fluid dynamic effects with a turbulence model. Such turbulence models have limitations for jets with significant three-dimensionality, compressibility, and high temperature streams. In contrast to the RANS approach, direct numerical simulation (DNS) methods calculate the entire turbulent energy spectrum by resolving all turbulent motion down to the Kolmogorov scale. Although this avoids the limitations associated with turbulence modeling, DNS methods will remain computationally impractical in the foreseeable future for all but the simplest configurations. Large-Eddy simulation (LES) methods, which directly calculate the large-scale turbulent structures and reserve modeling only for the smallest scales, have been pursued in recent years and may offer the best prospects for improving the fidelity of turbulent jet flow simulations. A related approach is the group of hybrid RANS/LES methods, where RANS is used to model the small-scale turbulence in wall boundary layers and LES is utilized in regions dominated by the large-scale jet mixing. The advantages, limitations, and applicability of each approach are discussed and recommendations for further research are presented.     

隐式紧耦合SST和TNT湍流模型的高速流动数值模拟

将SST(shear stress transport)和TNT(turbulent/non-turbulent)湍流模型输运方程与平均流场控制方程进行隐式紧耦合求解,结合当地时间步长方法和湍流源项隐式处理确保求解过程的快速和稳定.采用AUSMPW+(AUSM by pressure-based weight functions)格式和LU-SGS(lower-upper symmetric Gauss-Seidel)隐式紧耦合方法对高超声速压缩拐角流动、锥柱裙流动和超声速非对称激波/边界层干扰问题进行了数值模拟.计算结果与实验值的对比表明:SST模型和TNT湍流模型可以很好地预测15°压缩拐角流动的壁面压力和热流密度;随着压缩拐角的增大,计算结果与实验值偏差增大;可压缩性修正对压缩拐角流动的压力和热流密度分布有很大影响,对超声速非对称激波/边界层干扰流动影响很小;隐式紧耦合方法比显式紧耦合方法具有更好的收敛特性.