8802超低频标准相位产生器

８８０２超低频标准相位产生器采用数字技术，用Ｄ／Ａ变换方法产生正弦信号，由单片机控制频率和相位，频率由晶振综合产生，相位可数字预置，频率准确度高至±５×１０￣（－６），相位准确度高至±０．０００２°。介绍了主要技术指标、工作原理、技术特点和误差分析等。     

国家电压量值保存和量传方法的研究

叙述了国家临时电压自然基准量值保存和量传方法研究。该基准复现电压单位的不确定度为０．０２４×１０￣（－６），传递到传递标准的不确定度小于０．１×１０￣（－６）．     

用标准电池校准固态电压标准

介绍了用１．０１８Ｖ的标准电池,通过分压器校准１０Ｖ固态电压标准的方法,分析并解决了所遇到的问题,对校准不确定度进行了分析。在校准实验室能力测试中,对核查标准—参加过国际比对且经约瑟夫森电压标准校准的７３２Ｂ固态电压标准进行了校准,其校准结果与约瑟夫森电压标准的校准结果相差２×１０－７,验证了该方法的可靠性和实用性。     

Ka波段开腔电介质自动测量系统

介绍了以自行研制的开放式谐振腔为中心的Ｋ＿ａ波段电介质自动测量系统。该系统在计算机控制下，改变频率；采集并读取谐振长度和功率数据；计算Ｑ值，即时算出被测材料的介电常数ε＿ｒ和损耗角正切ｔｇδ。除腔谐振尚需人工调节外，全部实现自动测量。通过测量聚苯乙烯泡沫、聚四氟乙烯、聚乙烯、高压聚乙烯、聚苯乙烯、微晶玻璃、陶瓷基片、复合微波介质基片等材料的电介质参数证实，ε＿ｒ和ｔｇδ在３２～３９ＧＨｚ频率范围内，量程分别达１．２０～２５．０和２．０×１０￣（－５）～２．０×１０￣（－３）。ε＿ｒ和ｔｇδ的测量不确定度分别达±０．５％和±（８％＋３×１０￣（－６））。     

100KV直流标准高压源介绍

输出电压在１０ｋＶ以上的电压源，大多数都是直接用于耐压试验、Ｘ光机电源或其它高压试验装置。其准确度，稳定度指标都很低，一般不能用它对仪器仪表进行检定。本文所介绍的标准高压源，由于应用了许多先进的设计思想、设计线路以及诸如通过光纤直接传递模拟信号控制高压输出等关键技术，使其最终达到了输出电压１０～１０５ｋＶ，２４ｈ稳定度２×１０￣（－５），准确度优于１×１０￣（－４）。同时采用７位数字调节输出，非常符合一般检定人员的操作习惯，可直接用于１０～１００ｋＶ的标准仪表、分压器的检定。     

Josephson阵列电压标准及对标准电池的自动化检定

叙述了引进的１Ｖ／１０Ｖ超导Ｊｏｓｅｐｈｓｏｎ阵列电压标准的工作原理，系统组成及性能特征。在进行了大量测量、比对实验的基础上，对系统的不确定度进行了计算分析并与实时分析进行了比较，且得到验证。为了进一步减小复现１Ｖ电压单位的不确定度，提高１Ｖ量传的自动化程度，我们研制了高稳定性电压传递标准和低热电势程控开关，编制了相应的运行软件，对本系统作了必要改进。改进后，不仅实现了阵列标准对标准电池电动势的自动化测量，而且使复现１Ｖ电压单位的不确定度小于１ｘ１０￣（－８），平均值的标准偏差小于６ｘ１０￣（－９）。     

新型星用导电型Kapton基热控材料

介绍了一种新型导电型Ｋａｐｔｏｎ基热控材料,其导电层采用了ＴＯ（氧化锡）膜。这种ＴＯ膜具有很高的光学透明度,方阻在１０＾４Ω￣１０＾６Ω范围内,可有效地抑制卫星表面的充放电现象。经过８２００ｈ太阳当量紫外辐照后,ＴＯ／Ｋａｐｔｏｎ／Ａｌ热控材料的αｓ相对变化率Δα３／α５仅为６．７％。在ＴＯ／Ｋａｐｔｏｎ与Ｋａｐｔｏｎ试样的８０００ｈ的紫外辐照对照实验中,表明ＴＯ膜具有明显的紫外辐射防护功能。在－     

精密离心机半径值动态测试系统

精密离心机半径值动态测试系统采用量块法测量其静态半径值，与动态下利用线位移传感器组件测量其微位移量之和的方法相比较，其工作半径值测量的相对误差达３．３×１０￣（－６）。对静态半径测量所采用的量块法及动态下采用线位移传感器组件测量补偿量的原理、方法、数据处理及误差分析进行了详细论述。此法可推广应用到其他类似的大量程动态测试系统中。     

气体微流量标准装置

介绍了气体微流量标准装置的工作原理，并对其测量不确定度进行了分析与验证。测试结果表明：流量的校准范围为１７．１～１．２２×１０￣（－５）ＰａＬ／ｓ，不确定度为２％。     

空间扫描

英国微型卫星ＰｏＳＡＴ－１发回高质量地球遥感图像　由地球成像系统公司收到的该卫星的１００多幅图片，显示出了气象云图和道路桥梁等细节。ＰｏＳＡＴ－１卫星是在１９９３年９月２９日搭载在阿里安火箭上发射的，卫星仅重５０公斤，制造和发射费用不到１２０万英磅。英国ＳＳＥ技术公司引进Ｋｕ波段卫星收发两用机　这种ＡＳＡＴ－１２１４／ＡＢ型收发两用机能快速选择ＫＵ波段卫星，在全Ｋｕ波段１０．９５～１２．７５ＧＨｚ频段内搜索。该收发机由３个部件组成：一个上下行转换器，一个电源，一个宽波段ＬＮＡ。美国德尔它－　（Ｄ…     

Stochastic particle acceleration by the forced interaction of relativistic current sheets

We address the problem of interacting relativistic current sheets in self-consistent kinetic plasma simulations within the framework of the Particle-In-Cell model. The interaction is enforced in head-on collisions of up to 10 current sheets at relativistic bulk speeds. The simulations are motivated by the general problem of Poynting flux dissipation in ‘striped wind’ configurations presumably governing the relativistic outflows pervasive in pulsar winds and gamma-ray bursts. We identify the generation of non-thermal particles and formation of a stable power-law shape in the particle energy distributions f(γ) dγ ∝ γ^−s dγ. In 1D, a spectral index s ∼ 2 is observed and attributed to a stochastic Fermi-type acceleration mechanism. In 2D, the generic index of s ∼ 3–4 is retained as in previous simulations of individual current sheets. Whereas in 2D the high energy cut-off is constrained by the limited dissipation of magnetic energy, in 1D the process converts the bulk motion of current sheets towards directed particle momentum of an exclusive class of non-thermal particles.     

基于LuGre模型的电液加载系统摩擦补偿

为了提高电液加载系统控制精度,针对摩擦问题提出了基于LuGre摩擦模型的前馈补偿方法.建立了用于摩擦仿真分析和补偿器设计的电液加载系统数学模型;通过实验获取并分析了相关的摩擦数据;基于实验数据进行LuGre模型参数辨识,把LuGre模型和辨识结果引入电液加载系统数学模型,并进行仿真结果与实际摩擦数据的对照,证明了LuGre摩擦模型的准确性.设计前馈补偿器,进行了实验对比,实验结果表明前馈补偿器可将摩擦产生的控制误差有效地降至未补偿时的30%左右.      

CoRoT and Kepler results: Solar-like oscillators

The space-borne observatories CoRoT (Convection Rotation and planetary Transits) and Kepler have provided photometric time series data of unprecedented precision for large numbers of stars. These data have revolutionized the fields of transiting exoplanets and asteroseismology. In this review some important asteroseismic results obtained using data from the CoRoT and Kepler space missions concerning stars that show solar-like oscillations are discussed. These results comprise, among others, measurements of the location of the base of the convection zone and helium second-ionization zone in main-sequence stars, the presence (or not) of core-helium burning in red-giant stars, as well as differential rotation in these stars.     

Radioactivity of the Moon and planets

In this report the main results of the study of radioactivity of the solar sistem bodies are considered. The radioactivity of the Moon and planets was measured by means of vehicles in situ. The radioactivity of the lunar samples, brought to the Earth was studied with laboratory equipment.     

Learning in an immersive digital theater

The Houston Museum of Natural Science, in collaboration with Rice University has an outreach program taking portable digital theaters to schools and community sites for over five years and has conducted research on student learning in this immersive environment. By using an external independent evaluator, the effectiveness of NASA-funded Education and Public Outreach (EPO) projects can be assessed. This paper documents interactive techniques and learning strategies in full-dome digital theaters. The presentation is divided into Evaluation Strategies and Results and Interactivity Strategies and Results. All learners from grades 3–12 showed statistically significant short-term increase in knowledge of basic Earth science concepts after a single 22-min show. Improvements were more significant on items that were taught using more than one modality of instruction: hearing, seeing, discussion, and immersion. Thus immersive theater can be an effective as well as engaging teaching method for Earth and Space science concepts, particularly those that are intrinsically three-dimensional and thus most effectively taught in an immersive environment. The portable system allows taking the educational experience to rural and tribal sites where the underserved students could not afford the time or expense to travel to museums.     

清镇陨石（EH3）中陨硫钙石的REE微量元素及成因意义

本文运用INAA分析了14个清镇陨石中陨硫钙石单矿物颗粒的难熔元素(La、Ce、Sm、Eu、Yb、Lu、Ca、Sc、Hf和Th),挥发性元素(Na、Cr、Zn、Se、Br等)和亲铁元素(Fe、Ni、Co、Ir、Au、As)含量。结果表明陨硫钙石高度富集难熔亲石元素,是顽火辉石陨石中REE的主要载体,携带了约80％的全岩REE总量。相对于HREE,LREE有更大的富集程度,而且早期凝聚的颗粒较晚期凝聚的颗粒更富集REE,同时陨硫钙石富集挥发性元素Se、Br等。清镇陨硫钙石的微量元素特征揭示了它来自于太阳星云的高温凝聚特征和成因。     

柔性航天器IPACS建模与动力学分析

利用拟坐标下的拉格朗日方程和动量矩定理,建立了带变速控制力矩陀螺群(VSCMGs,Variable Speed Control Moment Gyroscopes)的柔性航天器的能量/姿态一体化控制系统(IPACS, Integrated Power/Attitude Control System)的动力学模型,该模型适合于姿态控制律设计及VSCMGs操纵律设计.采用动量管理和VSCMGs构型选取相结合的方法,有效地避免了VSCMGs设计时可能出现的奇异问题.分析了采用VSCMGs的柔性航天器IPACS中的动力学耦合问题,并以某大型航天器为例进行了数值仿真.分析和仿真结果显示出,当VSCMGs的力矩轴接近(或陷入)奇异或进行储/放能切换时,VSCMGs都会对柔性附件造成显著影响.      

Progress in tropospheric ammonia retrieval from the MIPAS satellite instrument

The Michelson Interferometer for Passive Atmospheric Sounding is a polar orbiting high resolution mid-infrared emission limb sounder with a nominal vertical resolution of 3 km. Work to extend the list of routinely retrieved species led to the examination of ammonia, NH₃. In this paper, we explore the feasibility of upper tropospheric retrievals around 6-km altitude, discussing appropriate methods. We demonstrate a weak north to south gradient outside the error bars, using co-addition to improve signal-to-noise and compare these first results with a model.     

Monitoring spatio-temporal variations in aerosols and aerosol–cloud interactions over Pakistan using MODIS data

Clouds are important elements in climatic processes and interactions between aerosols and clouds are therefore a hot topic for scientific research. Aerosols show both spatial and temporal variations, which can lead to variations in the microphysics of clouds. In this research, we have examined the spatial and temporal variations in aerosol particles over Pakistan and the impact of these variations on various optical properties of clouds, using Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) data from the Terra satellite. We used the Hybrid Single Particle Lagrangian Integrated Trajectory (HYSPLIT) model for trajectory analysis to reveal the origins of air masses, with the aim of understanding these spatial and temporal variabilities in aerosol concentrations. We also documented seasonal variations in patterns of aerosol optical depth (AOD) over Pakistan, for which the highest values occur during the monsoon season (June–August). We then analyzed the relationships between AOD and four other cloud parameters, namely water vapour (WV), cloud fraction (CF), cloud top temperature (CTT) and cloud top pressure (CTP). Regional correlation maps and time series plots for aerosol (AOD) and cloud parameters were produced to provide a better understanding of aerosol–cloud interaction. The analyses showed strong positive correlations between AOD and WV for all of the eight cities investigated. The correlation between AOD and CF was positive for those cities where the air masses were predominantly humid, but negative for those cities where the air masses were relatively dry and carried a low aerosol abundance. These correlations were clearly dependent on the meteorological conditions for all of the eight cities investigated. Because of the observed AOD–CF relationship, the co-variation of AOD with CTP and CTT may be attributable to large-scale meteorological variations: AOD showed a positive correlation with CTP and CTT in northern regions of Pakistan and a negative correlation in southern regions.     

Technology development for a long duration,mid-cloud level Venus balloon

This paper describes the results of ongoing technology development activities for a Venus spherical superpressure balloon capable of flying for long durations (30 days) in the middle cloud layer at an altitude of 55.5 km. Data is presented from a successful aerial deployment and inflation flight experiment on a 5.5 m diameter prototype balloon conducted at a 2.5 km altitude above the Earth. Although the balloon in that test was not released for free flight, all other steps in the deployment and inflation process were successfully executed. Experimental and computational results are also presented from an investigation of the stress concentration phenomenon at the junction of the metal end fitting and fabric end cap of the prototype Venus balloon. Good agreement was found between the simulation and experimental results and a stress concentration factor of 1.55 determined for this end cap design compared to the expectations of thin membrane theory. Finally, results are presented for a new, second-generation Venus balloon material utilizing Aclar™ film instead of Teflon. Optical property and sulfuric acid tolerance data are presented for this material based on laboratory testing of samples.