利用GPS进行时间传递与频率比对

全面介绍了ＢＩＲＭＭ从１９８６～１９９２年间从事利用时间ＧＰＳ进行时间传递与频率比对技术研究方面的情况，包括所建立的ＣＰＳ定时校频系统、单站定时、ＳＡ对定时精度的影响、ＧＰＳ定时信号噪声模型、卡尔曼滤波、电离层时延估算、ＧＰＳ共视试验、ＣＰＳ校频、接收系统差测量等。     

SAW相关器计算机模拟分析

为研究电路参数对ＳＡＷ相关器输出信号的影响，建立了一种把ＳＡＷ相关器和包络检波器视为一体的数学模型，通过对ＳＡＷ相关器进行计算机模拟分析，给出了本地参考信号的格式、相关峰顶点检测方法、本地参考信号中心频率偏差和码元宽度误差的允许范围，并给出了相关峰的实验结果，与模拟计算机结果做了对比，在此基础上完成了扩频信号相关解调解扩电路的设计。     

差分GPS技术

有时，精度便是一切。ＧＰＳ从一出现就提供了一种精确定位的方法，其定位精度在１００ｍ之内。利用Ｔｒｉｍｂｌｅ公司的差分ＧＰＳ（ＤＧＰＳ）接收机可以达到更高的精度，其定位精度优于１ｍ。ＤＧＰＳ的工作方式可抵消系统误差，最大的系统误差是由选择利用政策（ＳＡ...     

双相机工业摄影测量系统精度影响几何因素测评

介绍了影响双相机系统精度的多种几何因素并进行实验测试,进一步对双相机工业摄影系统的精度进行优化;采用高精度单相机系统的测量值作为精度评定的参考值,改变双相机测量系统不同的几何结构,如摄影距离,摄影基线,以及基线偏离检定场中轴线位置等。并对单、双相机系统测量的数据结果进行比对测试。实验结果表明基线长度与摄影距离的改变对点位精度影响最大,前后对比最大值可达0.3mm,改变摄影光轴与基线的夹角对精度影响较小,仅0.04mm。     

利用卫星图像和GPS数据辅助研究地震

科学家希望通过对卫星雷达图像和ＧＰＳ接收机测量数据的匹配分析获得对地球上断层活动的更深入了解。卫星雷达可以快速提供广大区域的雷达图像，ＧＰＳ接收机则可以帮助科学家们连续测量这些区域上各点的运动状况。总部设在华盛顿的ＮＡＳＡ的地球动力学项目科学家Ｊｏｈｎ　Ｌａｂｒｅｃｑｕｅ于１９９５年１１月２８日说：“对这两种技术的使用，将有助于人们了解地壳活动。１９９４年加利福尼亚Ｎｏｒｔｈｒｉｄｇｅ发生地震后，ＮＡＳＡ喷气推进实验室（ＪＰＬ）的科学家利用日本宇宙开发事业团（ＮＡＳＤＡ）的日本地球资源卫星－１（…     

空间光学敏感器像素位置精确测量技术发展现状

为提高空间指向测量仪器的精度,满足极高测量精度的任务需求,图像传感器像素位置偏差对星点质心定位精度的影响不容忽视.激光干涉法是目前国内外对像素位置偏差进行测量的主流方法.文章对图像传感器像素位置偏差的成因及影响进行说明,对国内外开展的激光干涉测量像素位置偏差技术进行介绍与整理,对像素位置偏差测量技术遇到的关键问题,技术难点及其未来发展趋势进行梳理和总结.     

采用GPS或INS／运动方程确定气动力变轨段导航信息

基于航天器气动力辅助变轨的基准飞行轨道,提出采用ＧＰＳ（或ＩＮＳ）／运动方程来确定航天器的六自由度导航信息。采用航天器高超音速空气动力的近似计算公式,导出了ＧＰＳ（或ＩＮＳ）／运动方程导航方案的滤波方程、观测方程等。数字仿真表明,ＧＰＳ（或ＩＮＳ）／运动方程导航方案的精度高于ＧＰＳ或ＩＮＳ,而且较单纯的ＧＰＳ或ＩＮＳ增加了导航信息冗余度。     

星载GPS低轨卫星几何法精密定轨研究

本文讨论了星载ＧＰＳ接收机为单频情形的代轨卫星几何法定轨,包括载波一相对定轨法和动态网定轨法,并利用Ｔｏｐｅｘ／Ｐｏｓｅｉｄｏｎ卫星星载ＧＰＳ实测数据中Ｌ１载波相位观测值进行验证,结果表明,载波相位相对定轨精度与地面基准站的观测质量有关,其三轨道位置精度为分米级;载波相位动态风定轨精度介于各基准站皮相位相对定轨之间,它相当于在各基准站相对定轨之间加权均衡,而且提高了定轨的可靠性。     

GPS/INS组合导航系统半实物仿真研究

为了研究ＧＰＳ组合导航系统的性能,利用跑车实验实时采集的惯性导航系统和ＧＰＳ的数据进行了测后仿真研究。分别进行了ＧＰＳ／ＩＮＳ位置、速度组合和伪距、伪距率组合仿真,仿真中组合Ｋａｌｍａｎ滤波器采用数值稳定性较好的Ｕ－Ｄ分解算法。最后给出了纯惯导及组合后系统的位置、速度误差仿真曲线,结果分析及相关结论。     

融合TRIAD算法用于GPS姿态确定

研究把观测矢量定姿算法用于ＧＰＳ姿态确定。传统的ＴＲＩＡＤ算法利用两个非平行矢量确定载体的三轴姿态,但它存在对主矢量敏感,且不能利用第３根矢量的测量信息等缺点。文章提出一种改进的ＴＲＩＡＤ算法,克服了主矢量敏感问题;为了能利用３根基线的观测信息,在ＯＰＴＴＲＩＡＤ算法的基础上提出融合ＴＲＩＡＤ算法,它可以提高定姿精度。用接收机进行了实验,结果表明改进的ＴＲＩＡＤ算法确实克服了主矢量敏感问题;较之传     

Effects of physical correlations on long-distance GPS positioning and zenith tropospheric delay estimates

The global positioning system (GPS) has become an essential tool for the high precision navigation and positioning. The quality of GPS positioning results mainly depends on the model’s formulations regarding GPS observations, including both a functional model, which describes the mathematical relationships between the GPS measurements and unknown parameters, and a stochastic model, which reflects the physical properties of the measurements. Over the past two decades, the functional models for GPS measurements have been investigated in considerable detail. However, the stochastic models of GPS observation data are simplified, assuming that all the GPS measurements have the same variance and are statistically independent. Such assumptions are unrealistic. Although a few studies of GPS stochastic models were performed, they are restricted to short baselines and short time session lengths. In this paper, the stochastic modeling for GPS long-baseline and zenith tropospheric delay (ZTD) estimates with a 24-h session is investigated using the residual-based and standard stochastic models. Results show that using the different stochastic modelling methods, the total differences can reach as much as 3–6 mm in the baseline component, especially in the height component, and 10 mm in the ZTD estimation. Any misspecification in the stochastic models will result in unreliable GPS baseline and ZTD estimations. Using the residual-based stochastic model, not only the precision of GPS baseline and ZTD estimation is obviously improved, but also the baseline and ZTD estimations are closer to the reference value.     

Multivariate bootstrapped relative positioning of spacecraft using GPS L1/Galileo E1 signals

GNSS-based precise relative positioning between spacecraft normally requires dual frequency observations, whereas attitude determination of the spacecraft, mainly due to the stronger model given by the a priori knowledge of the length and geometry of the baselines, can be performed precisely using only single frequency observations. When the Galileo signals will come available, the number of observations at the L1 frequency will increase as we will have a GPS and Galileo multi-constellation. Moreover the L1 observations of the Galileo system and modernized GPS are more precise than legacy GPS and this, combined with the increased number of observations, will result in a stronger model for single frequency relative positioning. In this contribution we will develop an even stronger model by combining the attitude determination problem with relative positioning. The attitude determination problem will be solved by the recently developed Multivariate Constrained (MC-) LAMBDA method. We will do this for each spacecraft and use the outcome for an ambiguity constrained solution on the baseline between the spacecraft. In this way the solution for the unconstrained baseline is bootstrapped from the MC-LAMBDA solutions of each spacecraft in what is called: multivariate bootstrapped relative positioning. The developed approach will be compared in simulations with relative positioning using a single antenna at each spacecraft (standard LAMBDA) and a vectorial bootstrapping approach. In the simulations we will analyze single epoch, single frequency success rates as the most challenging application. The difference in performance for the approaches for single epoch solutions, is a good indication of the strength of the underlying models. As the multivariate bootstrapping approach has a stronger model by applying information on the geometry of the constrained baselines, for applications with large observation noise and limited number of observations this will result in a better performance compared to the vectorial bootstrapping approach. Compared with standard LAMBDA, it can reach a 59% higher success rate for ambiguity resolution. The higher success rate on the unconstrained baseline between the platforms comes without extra computational load as the constrained baseline(s) problem has to be solved for attitude determination and this information can be applied for relative positioning.     

基于DSP＋LAMBDA算法的GPS实时定位技术研究

主要分析了GPS载波相位整周模糊度LAMBDA求解算法,通过数据模拟测试来验证该算法在DSP上的工作状况。仿真计算证明,在DSP上实现LAMBDA算法可以满足GPS实时动态定位的要求。     

Preliminary analysis of the quality and positioning performance of BDS-3 global interoperable signal B1C&B2a

BeiDou-3 Navigation Satellite System (BDS-3) satellites are equipped with the new generation GNSS signals B1C and B2a, which support the interoperability with GPS and Galileo systems. In this study, the pseudo-range multipath error and carrier phase observation noise of the BDS-3 B1C and B2a signals were evaluated based on zero baseline measurements from the day of year (DOY) 113 to 116, 2020. Further, the precision and performance of the single point positioning (SPP) and precise point positioning (PPP) are assessed at 9 stations. This assessment manifests that the standard deviations (STDs) of the pseudo-range multipath error are about 0.09 ~ 0.22 m, while STDs of the carrier phase observation noise are about 0.075 mm. For the single-frequency SPP, its positioning precision is about 2.03 ~ 4.85 m and 3.29 ~ 10.73 m at the 99.99% confidence level in horizontal and vertical directions, respectively, while the dual-frequency SPP precision is about 1.92 ~ 8.02 m and 4.81 ~ 12.77 m in horizontal and vertical directions, respectively. For the daily static PPP, the convergence time is about 20 ~ 30 min, while the daily positioning precision can reach 1.38 ~ 4.42 cm and -1.31 ~ 4.34 cm in horizontal and vertical directions, respectively. In general, the quality and the SPP and PPP performance of the BDS-3 B1C&B2a signals are comparable to the GPS and Galileo.     

基于GPS对地球同步轨道自动转移飞行器进行导航的可行性分析

研究利用GPS对地球同步轨道自动转移飞行器进行导航的方法,分析了飞行器在转移过程中可用的GPS卫星数目,在地心惯性坐标系下建立了惯导误差和GPS的伪距、伪距变率模型,采用渐消因子的自适应卡尔曼滤波对飞行器进行组合导航.仿真结果表明,可用GPS卫星的数目随着飞行器高度的增高而减少,因此无法利用单一历元观测信息直接对飞行器导航.但采用多历元观测信息和动力学模型相结合的滤波方法可对飞行器进行组合导航,当飞行器初始位置偏差为1 km,初始速度偏差为1 m/s,伪距及伪距变率观测均方差分别为10 m和0.05 m/s时,地球同步轨道自动转移飞行器的最终位置偏差小于50 m,速度偏差小于0.02 m/s.      

GPS多接收机组合的共视时间比对技术研究

为提高GPS共视时间比对的性能,本文介绍了利用中科院国家授时中心（NTSC）和德国物理技术研究院（PTB）两个守时实验室的多台接收机,基于多接收机组合技术原理,构建了NTSC和PTB各自的多接收机组合系统,采用数据融合技术,计算得出两个多接收机系统的观测数据并进行了时间比对试验及性能分析。结果表明,多接收机组合不仅提高了GPS共视的可靠性和稳定性,且提高了时间比对链路的精度。多接收机链路共视时间比对结果的标准偏差STDEV为1.36ns,比单接收机链路时间比对结果的STDEV值平均提高了19.4%,日稳可达3.2×10^-14。     

Tightly combined GPS/Galileo RTK for short and long baselines: Model and performance analysis

To ensure the compatibility and interoperability with modernized GPS, Galileo satellites are capable of broadcasting navigation signals on carrier phase frequencies that overlap with GPS, i.e., GPS/Galileo L1-E1/L5-E5a. Moreover, the GPS/Galileo L2-E5b signals have different frequencies with wavelength differences smaller than 4.2?mm. Such overlapping and narrowly spaced signals between GPS and Galileo bring the opportunity to use the tightly combined double-differenced (DD) model for precise real-time kinematic (RTK) positioning, resulting in improved performance of ambiguity resolution and positioning with respect to the classical standard or loosely combined DD model. In this paper, we focus on the model and performance assessment of tightly combined GPS/Galileo L1-E1/L2-E5b/L5-E5a RTK for short and long baselines. We first investigate the tightly combined GPS/Galileo DD observational model for both short and long baselines with simultaneously considering the GPS/Galileo overlapping and non-overlapping frequencies. Particularly, we introduce a reparameterization approach to solve the rank deficiency that caused by the correlation between the DISB parameters and the DD ionospheric parameters for both overlapping and non-overlapping frequencies. Then we present performance assessment for the tightly combined GPS/Galileo RTK model with real-time estimation of the differential inter-system bias (DISB) parameters for short and long baselines in terms of ratio value, ambiguity dilution of precision (ADOP), ambiguity conditional number, decorrelation number, search count, empirical success rate, time-to-first-fix (TTFF), and positioning accuracy. Results from both static and kinematic experiments demonstrated that compared to the loosely combined model, the tightly combined model can deliver improved performance of ambiguity resolution and precise positioning with different satellite visibility. For the car-driven short baseline experiment with 10° elevation cut-off angle, the tightly combined model can not only significantly increase the ratio value by approximately 27.5% (from 16.0 to 20.4), but also reduce the ambiguity ADOP, the conditional number, and the search count in LAMBDA by approximately 22.2% (from 0.027 to 0.021 cycles), 14.9% (from 199.2 to 169.6), and 25.4% (from 150.1 to 112.0), respectively. Comparable decorrelation number, empirical success rate, and positioning accuracy are also obtained. For the car-driven long baseline experiment, it is also observed that the ambiguity resolution performance in terms of the ratio value, the decorrelation number, the condition number, and the search count are significantly improved by approximately 18.5% (from 2.7 to 3.2), 22.0% (from 0.186 to 0.227), 55.9% (from 937.6 to 413.7), and 10.3% (from 43.8 to 39.3), respectively. Moreover, comparable ADOP, empirical success rate, and positioning accuracy are obtained as well. Additionally, the TTFF can be reduced (from 54.1 to 51.8 epochs with 10° elevation cut-off angle) as well from the results of static experiments.     

初始定位误差对SINS动基座对准的影响分析

初始定位误差对捷联式惯导系统水下初始对准有着重要影响。针对此问题,基于捷联式惯导系统非线性误差模型利用无迹卡尔曼滤波方法进行载体系测速辅助捷联式惯导系统精对准。首先在水下单应答器定位技术已有研究成果的基础上,对初始定位误差对捷联式惯导系统水下动基座初始对准结果的影响进行理论分析;而后基于船载实测数据对理论分析结果进行水下动基座对准半物理仿真试验验证。试验结果表明,当水下初始位置的定位误差在200m以内时,初始定位误差对捷联式惯导系统动基座精对准的姿态对准结果基本没有影响;会给精对准过程中的位置误差估计带来与初始定位误差相同大小的常值误差。     

Orbit determination performances using single- and double-differenced methods: SAC-C and KOMPSAT-2

In this paper, Global Positioning System-based (GPS) Orbit Determination (OD) for the KOrea-Multi-Purpose-SATellite (KOMPSAT)-2 using single- and double-differenced methods is studied. The requirement of KOMPSAT-2 orbit accuracy is to allow 1 m positioning error to generate 1-m panchromatic images. KOMPSAT-2 OD is computed using real on-board GPS data. However, the local time of the KOMPSAT-2 GPS receiver is not synchronized with the zero fractional seconds of the GPS time internally, and it continuously drifts according to the pseudorange epochs. In order to resolve this problem, an OD based on single-differenced GPS data from the KOMPSAT-2 uses the tagged time of the GPS receiver, and the accuracy of the OD result is assessed using the overlapping orbit solution between two adjacent days. The clock error of the GPS satellites in the KOMPSAT-2 single-differenced method is corrected using International GNSS Service (IGS) clock information at 5-min intervals. KOMPSAT-2 OD using both double- and single-differenced methods satisfies the requirement of 1-m accuracy in overlapping three dimensional orbit solutions. The results of the SAC-C OD compared with JPL’s POE (Precise Orbit Ephemeris) are also illustrated to demonstrate the implementation of the single- and double-differenced methods using a satellite that has independent orbit information available for validation.     

Contribution analysis of QZSS to single-frequency PPP of GPS/BDS/GLONASS/Galileo

The Quasi-Zenith Satellite System (QZSS) established by the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency mainly serves the Asia-Pacific region and its surrounding areas. Currently, four in-orbit satellites provide services. Most users of GNSS in the mass market use single-frequency (SF) receivers owing to the low cost. Therefore, it is meaningful to analyze and evaluate the contribution of the QZSS to SF precise point positioning (PPP) of GPS/BDS/GLONASS/Galileo systems with the emergence of GNSS and QZSS. This study compares the performances of three SF PPP models, namely the GRoup and PHase Ionospheric Correction (GRAPHIC) model, GRAPHIC with code observation model, and an ionosphere-constrained model, and evaluated the contribution of the QZSS to the SF PPP of GPS/BDS/GLONASS/Galileo systems. Moreover, the influence of code bias on the SF PPP of the BDS system is also analyzed. A two-week dataset (DOY 013–026, 2019) from 10 stations of the MGEX network is selected for validation, and the results show that: (1) For cut-off elevation angles of 15, 20, and 25°, the convergence times for the static SF PPP of GLONASS + QZSS are reduced by 4.3, 30.8, and 12.7%, respectively, and the positioning accuracy is similar compared with that of the GLONASS system. Compared with the BDS single system, the convergence times for the static SF PPP of BDS + QZSS under 15 and 25° are reduced by 37.6 and 39.2%, the horizontal positioning accuracies are improved by 18.6 and 14.1%, and the vertical components are improved by 13.9 and 21.4%, respectively. At cut-off elevation angles of 15, 20, and 25°, the positioning accuracy and precision of GPS/BDS/GLONASS/Galileo + QZSS is similar to that of GPS/BDS/GLONASS/Galileo. And the convergence times are reduced by 7.4 and 4.3% at cut-off elevation angles of 20 and 25°, respectively. In imitating dynamic PPP, the QZSS significantly improves the positioning accuracy of BDS and GLONASS. However, QZSS has little effect on the GPS-only, Galileo-only and GPS/BDS/GLONASS/Galileo. (2) The code bias of BDS IGSO and MEO cannot be ignored in SF PPP. In static SF PPP, taking the frequency band of B1I whose multipath combination is the largest among the frequency bands as an example, the vertical component has a systematic bias of approximately 0.4–1.0 m. After correcting the code bias, the positioning error in the vertical component is lower than 0.2 m, and the positioning accuracy in the horizontal component are improved accordingly. (3) The SF PPP model with ionosphere constraints has a better convergence speed, while the positioning accuracy of the three models is nearly equal. Therefore the GRAPHIC model can be used to get good positioning accuracy in the absence of external ionosphere products, but its convergence speed is slower.