热控涂层紫外辐照试验方法的研究

几种有机热控涂层在真空下进行模拟太阳紫外辐照的试验。在真空条件和大气条件下测试涂层性能的变化,以比较热控涂层在进行紫外辐照时,原位测试和非原位测试的差异。     

真空紫外辐射对空间有机防护涂层的降解研究

对环氧树脂、醇酸树脂、聚氨酯及有机硅树脂防护涂层在真空紫外线作用下的表面层变化进行了研究。发现在所采用的氘灯真空紫外光源的作用下,环氧树脂、醇酸树脂、聚氨酯质损较大,且表面出现“暗化”现象;有机硅树脂质损相对较小,在连续辐照过程中涂层表面颜色不发生改变,抗紫外老化能力强。光电子能谱(XPS)、红外光谱(FTIR)对试验前后样品进行表征研究,探索真空紫外效应的影响规律,对真空紫外与涂层的反应机理也做了相应的分析:结构不同的有机涂层对真空紫外(VUV)的敏感程度不同,含环氧环、C-N和支链的有机涂层,最易受到VUV破坏而裂解;Si-O、苯环、C=O,在VUV辐照环境下相对稳定。     

小型钛泵在真空—紫外辐照试验中的应用

为了解决放气量较大的涂层试验问题,建立了小钛泵真空-紫外辐照装置。本文描述了设备,操作过程,最初三次试验的情况及结果。根据试验结果,讨论了几种温控涂层的抗真空-紫外辐照性能;观察了辐照后试样放入大气中引起涂层△_α的“回复”现象;还发现了重抽真空后涂层△_α又有“回升”的现象。     

空间环境对漫反射板的影响

光学系统在空间环境条件下的衰变对卫星遥感仪器探测精度有重要影响．漫反射板是星载光学遥感仪器辐射定标的重要工具．本文通过对ＡＤＥＯＳ／ＴＯＭＳ和Ｅａｒｔｈ Ｐｒｏｂｅ／ＴＯＭＳ仪器馒反射板漫反射率衰变特性的比较，分析研究了原子氧和太阳紫外辐射对漫反射板的影晌．结果表明，太阳紫外辐照和原子氧剥蚀引起的漫反射板反射率衰变系数分别为０．０００４９／ｈ和１．２ × １０－１７ｃｍ２，但在卫星入轨初期，太阳紫外辐照的影响可增加约４倍．     

实验室模拟真空紫外辐照设备

人造卫星温控涂层研制中必须建立真空紫外辐照模拟设备.我组实验室制造的设备用旋片式机械真空泵、油扩散泵和在真空室前再加液空冷阱造成系统10~(-6)乇真空,选用GGZ-300高压汞灯作光源,光源和试件都放在真空室中.该设备具有简便实用的优点.另外还可以用于其它一些宇航材料的模拟真空紫外辐照试验,如人造卫星上的太阳电池和结构材料等.测量温控涂层在真空紫外辐照前后的太阳吸收率和热辐射率,根据它们的变化确定材料受辐射的影响.文中列出经真空紫外辐照不同阶段的五种不同温控涂层性能变化数据.     

空间材料Kapton的真空紫外与 原子氧复合效应研究

对空间常用聚合物材料Kapton开展了真空紫外辐射及其与原子氧复合效应的地面模拟试验研究,总结了试验前后试样外观、质量、表面形貌、光学参数和表面成分的变化规律,并对反应机理作了初步的分析.结果表明:在原子氧的作用下,Kapton的剥蚀主要是碳氮等元素的氧化所致.而在真空紫外辐射的作用下,Kapton表面会交联形成大分子,从而提高了试样的抗原子氧剥蚀性能.但是,随着原子氧累积通量的增大,这层大分子会逐渐被剥蚀掉,而真空紫外辐射,对Kapton的原子氧效应试验结果没有影响.      

有机硅热控涂层在模拟空间环境下的原位性能

研究了热控涂层在地面模拟空间环境下的性能变化：原位测定了紫外、电子辐照过程中热控涂层的性能变化；考察了K2SiO3包覆ZnO情况对涂层性能的影响；用扫描电镜（SEM）对辐照前后涂层表面微观形貌的变化进行了观察。结果表明，无论是缩合型的硅树脂还是加成型硅橡胶，在加入ZnO填料后，耐紫外辐照的能力都有明显的提高；不同种类涂层在真空紫外辐照作用下表现出不同规律。硅酸钾包覆ZnO对于有机硅树脂和加成型硅橡胶作基料的热控涂层影响也不同。加成型硅橡胶制备得到的热控涂层有非常优异的抗电子辐照性能。     

航天器用新型聚酰亚胺薄膜性能研究

原子氧是低地球轨道环境中对航天器影响较为严重的因素之一. 为了提高聚酰亚胺薄膜抗原子氧侵蚀的性能, 依据结构与性能的关系, 设计合成了新型的聚酰亚胺薄膜. 采用这种新型聚酰亚胺薄膜制备了二次表面镜, 利用地面模拟设备对热控涂层进行原子氧暴露试验, 结果表明其具有优异的耐原子氧侵蚀性能. 此外, 真空elax-elax紫外、真空elax-elax质子、真空elax-elax电子辐照等空间环境模拟试验表明, 这种耐原子氧聚酰亚胺薄膜二次表面镜热控涂层具有良好的空间稳定性.      

硅酸钾保护处理氧化锌填料的研究

为改善氧化锌的抗紫外辐照性能,用模数为2—3的硅酸钾对氧化锌进行包复处理,得到了软性填料PS-ZnO。其SiO_2含量大于9%,优于文献值(8%)。     

CeO_2含量对铈玻璃镜的光学性能和空间环境中稳定性的影响

含CeO_2玻璃在空间环境中具有良好的稳定性,因此已广泛应用于人造卫星第二表面镜温控涂层、硅太阳能电池防辐照保护片和某些光学部件。本文根据第二表面镜温控涂层的使用要求,系统地研究了镜玻璃的CeO_2添加量对镀铝铈玻璃镜的光学性能、抗电子、质子和真空紫外辐照性能的影响,为合理确定镜层玻璃的CeO_2含量提供依据。     

Thymine photoproduct formation and inactivation of intact spores of Bacillus subtilis irradiated with short wavelength UV (200-300nm) at atmospheric pressure and in vacuo.

Vacuum exposure renders the survival of spores of Bacillus subtilis approximately five times more sensitive to ultraviolet light irradiation than exposure under atmospheric conditions. The photoproduct formation in spores irradiated under ultrahigh vacuum (UHV) conditions is compared to the photoproduct formation in spores irradiated at atmospheric pressure. Compared to irradiation at atmospheric pressure, where only the "spore photoproduct" 5-thyminyl-5,6-dihydrothymine (TDHT) can be detected, two additional photoproducts, known as the c,s and t,s isomers of thymine dimer (T<>T) are produced in vacuo. The spectral efficiencies for photoproduct formation in spores under atmospheric and vacuum conditions are compared. Since there is no increased formation of TDHT after irradiation in vacuum, TDHT cannot be made responsible for the observed vacuum effect. "Vacuum specific" photoproducts may cause a synergistic response of spores to the simultaneous action of ultraviolet light (UV) and UHV. Three different mechanisms are discussed for the enhanced sensitivity of B. subtilis spores to UV radiation in vacuum. The experiments described contribute valuable research information on the chance for survival of microorganisms in outer space.     

Role of trace metal ions in chemical evolution. The case of free-radical reactions.

We have studied the effect of iron in the free-radical oligomerization of hydrogen cyanide and acetic acid, and found that iron(II) and iron(III) readily reduces or oxidizes free radicals, respectively. The transient species produced by these reactions do not induce a chain oligomerization process and, therefore, they protect the solute molecules from degradation. Analysis of the available kinetic data for the reactions of a variety of transition metal ions with free radicals indicate that transition metal ions behave similarly to iron. Since Fe, Zn and Mo are essential to all living organisms, and there seems to be no apparent difference in chemical reactivity among transition metal ions towards free radicals, we suggest that these metal ions probably protected the biomolecules from degradation induced by free-radical reactions in the later stages of chemical evolution.     

极光场线上上行氧离子(O+)束驱动的静电离子迥旋波和离子声波不稳定性

本文研究了由背景热电子、背景冷质子(H+)和强各向异性氧离子(O+)束组成的模型等离子体中静电O+迴旋波和离子声波不稳定性.结果表明,低频(|ω|<σ_p,σ_p表示质子迴旋频率)静电O+迴旋波和离子声波可以由极光场线上上行O+束来激发.上行O+束可能是极光场线上低频静电不稳定性一个重要的自由能源.      

Laboratory simulation of the photoprocessing and warm-up of cometary and pre-cometary ices: production and analysis of complex organic molecules.

The possibility that the organic molecules that have been found near comets could have formed by UV photolysis of interstellar ices was investigated by simulating this process in the laboratory. It is found that oxygen rich organics containing C-OH, C-H and C=O groups are readily produced in this way. These results indicate that part of the organic material in comets may have formed by UV irradiation of ices, either in the pre-solar nebula or in the interstellar phase.     

Degradation of thermal control materials under a simulated radiative space environment

A spacecraft with a passive thermal control system utilizes various thermal control materials to maintain temperatures within safe operating limits. Materials used for spacecraft applications are exposed to harsh space environments such as ultraviolet (UV) and particle (electron, proton) irradiation and atomic oxygen (AO), undergo physical damage and thermal degradation, which must be considered for spacecraft thermal design optimization and cost effectiveness. This paper describes the effect of synergistic radiation on some of the important thermal control materials to verify the assumptions of beginning-of-life (BOL) and end-of-life (EOL) properties. Studies on the degradation in the optical properties (solar absorptance and infrared emittance) of some important thermal control materials exposed to simulated radiative geostationary space environment are discussed. The current studies are purely related to the influence of radiation on the degradation of the materials; other environmental aspects (e.g., thermal cycling) are not discussed. The thermal control materials investigated herein include different kind of second-surface mirrors, white anodizing, white paints, black paints, multilayer insulation materials, varnish coated aluminized polyimide, germanium coated polyimide, polyether ether ketone (PEEK) and poly tetra fluoro ethylene (PTFE). For this purpose, a test in the constant vacuum was performed reproducing a three year radiative space environment exposure, including ultraviolet and charged particle effects on North/South panels of a geostationary three-axis stabilized spacecraft. Reflectance spectra were measured in situ in the solar range (250–2500 nm) and the corresponding solar absorptance values were calculated. The test methodology and the degradations of the materials are discussed. The most important degradations among the low solar absorptance materials were found in the white paints whereas the rigid optical solar reflectors remained quite stable. Among the high solar absorptance elements, as such the change in the solar absorptance was very low, in particular the germanium coated polyimide was found highly stable.     

磁层氧离子向磁鞘泄漏的机制和效应

１９９７年 １月 １０日磁暴期间， Ｇｅｏｔａｉｌ卫星在向阳侧的磁鞘中观测到了磁层氧离子突增事件．这些氧离子的出现和磁鞘中存在很强的南向行星际磁场有关．事件期间向阳面发生了准静态的磁重联，氧离子流存在由北向南的速度分量．通量突增过程具有逆向和正向能量色散现象，磁层内部只有氧离子有可能被梯度漂移输送到重联区，所以只有氧离子在磁鞘中持续地被观测到．估计氧离子的逃逸速率为 ０．６１× １０２３／ｓ，大约为环电流氧离子输入率的 ３３％．大量的环电流氧离子由磁层跑到了磁鞘，导致环电流指数 ＡＳＹ－Ｈ呈现明显的非对称性．     

Direct radiation action of heavy ions on DNA as studied by ESR-spectroscopy.

The effects of heavy ions on the mechanisms of free radical formation in DNA-constituents as compared to low-LET irradiation are investigated by means of Electron Spin Resonance (ESR) spectroscopy. Dose-yield curves were measured at low (T < 100 K) and ambient temperatures in order to obtain the G-value, that is number of radicals formed per 100 eV absorbed energy. These G-values show a characteristic LET-dependence and are one to two orders of magnitude lower than for low-LET irradiation. Measurements on 2'Deoxycytidine at 300 K using combined heavy ion and X-ray irradiation methods suggested that this effect can be partially explained by a destruction of radicals during the irradiation.     

Spectroscopy peculiarities of thermal plasma of electric arc discharge between electrodes with Zn admixtures

Plasma of the free burning electric arc between Ag–SnO₂–ZnO composite electrodes as well as brass electrodes were investigated. The plasma temperature distributions were obtained by Boltzmann plot method involving Cu I, Ag I or Zn I spectral line emissions. The electron density distributions were obtained from the width and from absolute intensity of spectral lines. The laser absorption spectroscopy was used for measurement of copper atom concentration in plasma. Plasma equilibrium composition was calculated using two independent groups of experimental values (temperature and copper atom concentration, temperature and electron density). It was found that plasma of the free burning electric arc between brass electrodes is in local thermodynamical equilibrium. The experimental verification of the spectroscopic data of Zn I spectral lines was carried out.     

定容式气体微流量校准装置吸放气特性研究

介绍了定容式气体微流量校准装置的组成和工作原理,对流量计吸放气特性进行了实验研究,给出了静态压力上升速率曲线,并对实验结果进行了理论分析,得出了对于结构复杂的真空系统要结合系统各组件的结构、历史使用情况等因素来分析系统的吸放气特性,在一定的温度下长时间全面烘烤是降低真空系统放气率的有效途径。