基于自适应步长选择的周期格型线搜索估计

稀疏、含噪观测条件下周期点过程的周期估计是一个经典的信号处理问题。针对该问题,提出了一种格型线搜索(LLS)算法,该算法通过数值方式搜索似然函数的最大值,但其性能取决于人为预先选取的搜索步长。推导了一个步长计算公式,并利用该公式改进了LLS算法。改进的LLS算法能够自适应选择搜索步长,其达到的克拉美-罗界(CRLB)的信噪比(SNR)门限与最大似然估计(MLE)算法一致,但计算复杂度比后者低一个多的数量级。性能分析与仿真实验表明,所提算法比已有算法能更好地实现估计精度与复杂度的折中。     

Estimation and classification of FM signals using time frequency transforms

This work deals with electronic warfare: we have to process an intercepted radar-emitted signal assumed to be frequency-modulated (FM). A battery of parametric models being available, we face the two main problems: the parameter estimation, given a model, and the classification, given the battery. For the former, we propose the classical maximum likelihood estimator (MLE) and an original numerical scheme to reach it. For the latter, we construct a test based on the estimated variances cross-ratios. Both perform very efficiently with respect to (w.r.t.) the Cramer-Rao lower bound (CRLB) and the rate of correct classification, respectively, for low signal-to-noise ratios (SNRs).     

Correlation between horizontal and vertical monopulse measurements

Many radar systems use the monopulse ratio to extract angle of arrival (AOA) measurements in both azimuth and elevation angles. The accuracies of each such measurement are reasonably well known: each measurement is, conditioned on the sum-signal return, Gaussian-distributed with calculable bias (relative to the true AOA), and variance. However, we note that the two monopulse ratios are functions of basic radar measurements that are not entirely independent, specifically in that the sum signal is common to both. The effect of this is that the monopulse ratios are dependent, and a simple explicit expression is given for their correlation; this is of considerable interest when the measurements are supplied to a tracking algorithm that requires a measurement covariance matrix. The system performance improvement when this is taken into account is quantified: while it makes little difference for a tracking radar with small pointing errors, there are more substantial gains when a target is allowed to stray within the beam, as with a rotating (track-while-scan) radar or when a single radar dwell interrogates two or more targets at different ranges. But in any case, the correct covariance expression is so simple that there is little reason not to use it. We additionally derive the Cramer-Rao lower bound (CRLB) on joint azimuth/elevation angle estimation and discover that it differs only slightly from the covariance matrix corresponding to the individual monopulse ratios. Hence, using the individual monopulse ratios and their simple joint accuracy expression is an adequate and quick approximation of the optimal maximum likelihood procedure for single resolved targets.     

Closed form algorithm of double-satellite TDOA+AOA localization based on WGS-84 model

In this paper, we consider the double-satellite localization under the earth ellipsoid model of the Wideband Geodetic System(WGS-84) using the Time Difference of Arrival(TDOA)and the Angle-of-Arrival(AOA).Several closed-form solution algorithms via the pseudolinearization of the measurement equations are presented to efficiently estimate the location.These algorithms include the Weighted Least Squares(WLS), the Constrained Total Least Squares(CTLS), and the Taylor-Series Iteration(TSI).Performance comparison of the proposed methods with the Cramér-Rao Lower Bound(CRLB) in the simulation is shown to demonstrate that the proposed algorithms are feasible and have stable performance.     

带边条翼导弹滚转稳定性分析

为了分析带边条翼导弹模型的非线性自由滚转运动及滚转稳定特性,采用理论分析与动态测力试验、滚转自由度释放测量试验相结合的方式,对低速来流条件下模型0°~60°迎角范围内的滚转运动、滚转稳定特性随迎角变化的规律进行了研究。在10°迎角时,模型在4个"+"形位置是滚转静稳定的并且在"+"形位置上滚转运动保持平衡;迎角大于20°的范围内滚转静稳定的平衡位置变到4个"×"形位置上;并且迎角为20°时模型在"×"形位置滚转保持平衡,迎角大于30°后模型产生滚转极限环自激振荡运动,迎角达到60°时模型的滚转运动发散演变为高速旋转的形式。研究结果表明:模型滚转运动的形式决定于滚转力矩的静、动稳定特性。     

A Linear-correction Least-squares Approach for Geolocation Using FDOA Measurements Only

  A linear-correction least-squares(LCLS) estimation procedure is proposed for geolocation using frequency difference of arrival (FDOA) measurements only. We first analyze the measurements of FDOA, and further derive the Cram閞-Rao lower bound (CRLB) of geolocation using FDOA measurements. For the localization model is a nonlinear least squares(LS) estimator with a nonlinear constrained, a linearizing method is used to convert the model to a linear least squares estimator with a nonlinear constrained. The Gauss-Newton iteration method is developed to conquer the source localization problem. From the analysis of solving Lagrange multiplier, the algorithm is a generalization of linear-correction least squares estimation procedure under the condition of geolocation using FDOA measurements only. The algorithm is compared with common least squares estimation. Comparisons of their estimation accuracy and the CRLB are made, and the proposed method attains the CRLB. Simulation results are included to corroborate the theoretical development.     

Dynamic Cramer-Rao bound for target tracking in clutter

Recently, there have been several new results for an old topic, the Cramer-Rao lower bound (CRLB). Specifically, it has been shown that for a wide class of parameter estimation problems (e.g. for objects with deterministic dynamics) the matrix CRLB, with both measurement origin uncertainty (i.e., in the presence of false alarms or random clutter) and measurement noise, is simply that without measurement origin uncertainty times a scalar information reduction factor (IRF). Conversely, there has arisen a neat expression for the CRLB for state estimation of a stochastic dynamic nonlinear system (i.e., objects with a stochastic motion); but this is only valid without measurement origin uncertainty. The present paper can be considered a marriage of the two topics: the clever Riccati-like form from the latter is preserved, but it includes the IRF from the former. The effects of plant and observation dynamics on the CRLB are explored. Further, the CRLB is compared via simulation to two common target tracking algorithms, the probabilistic data association filter (PDAF) and the multiframe (N-D) assignment algorithm.     

Accuracy of angle estimation with monopulse processing using twobeams

Expressions are provided for the accuracy of monopulse angle estimation using two beams. It is shown that, if the signal angle is halfway between the angles of the beams, the Cramer-Rao lower bound (CRLB) for monopulse processing is almost as small as the CRLB obtained if the entire array of sensors is used. The monopulse CRLB is considerably poorer if the angle of the signal is equal to that of one of the two beams. The expressions in this correspondence are for a uniformly weighted linear array of M equally spaced sensors, for which N⩾M beams are formed     

传感器位置误差条件下仅用到达频率差的无源定位性能分析

传感器自身的位置误差对辐射源的无源定位精度可能有较大影响,详细分析并推导了在存在传感器位置误差条件下,仅使用到达频率差(FDOA)参数对辐射源定位时,定位精度的克拉美罗下限(CRLB)和均方误差(MSE).在传感器位置误差条件下,提出仅用FDOA来同时估计辐射源和传感器位置的泰勒级数方法,并证明该定位方法理论上的MSE...     

Monopulse DOA estimation of two unresolved Rayleigh targets

This paper provides for new approaches to the processing of unresolved measurements as two direction-of-arrival (DOA) measurements for tracking closely spaced targets rather than the conventional single DOA measurement of the centroid. The measurements of the two-closely spaced targets are merged when the target echoes are not resolved in angle, range, or radial velocity (i.e., Doppler processing). The conditional Cramer Rao lower bound (CRLB) is developed for the DOA estimation of two unresolved Rayleigh targets using a standard monopulse radar. Then the modified CRLB is used to give insight into the boresight pointing for monopulse DOA estimation of two unresolved targets. Monopulse processing is considered for DOA estimation of two unresolved Rayleigh targets with known or estimated relative radar cross section (RCS). The performance of the DOA estimator is studied via Monte Carlo simulations and compared with the modified CRLB     

基于CFD和CSM耦合的通用静气弹分析方法

提出了一种适用于有限元精细化建模的流固耦合插值点选择方法,通过RBF(径向基函数)方法实现流固耦合面的数据交换,实现了基于CFD/CSM(computational fluid dynamics/computational structural mechanics)耦合的通用非线性静气弹分析方法。以HIRENASD(high Reynolds number aero-structural dynamics)风洞试验模型为验证对象,数值结果很好地与风洞试验结构变形、气动压力分布吻合,验证了所发展非线性CFD/CSM耦合静气弹求解器的精度。详细研究了HIRENASD模型在大迎角(AOA)流动下的静气动弹性特性,以及该模型弹性变形对机翼气动特性影响规律。研究表明:HIRENASD弹性模型变形后其升力小于刚性模型;在小迎角范围内刚性、弹性模型升力差随迎角增大呈线性增长;当迎角大于4°后,升力差先减小后基本保持不变,呈非线性关系。      

Error analysis of combined optical-flow and stereo passive ranging

Optical-flow ranging in which the stream of two-dimensional images obtained from a forward-looking forward-moving passive sensor is used to compute range to points in the field of view, and triangulation based on stereo images obtained from at least two stationary sensors are combined. The potential accuracies of the combined optical flow and stereo passive-ranging system are analyzed in the context of helicopter nap-of-the-earth obstacle avoidance. The Cramer-Rao lower bound (CRLB) is developed for the combined system under the assumption of a random angular misalignment common to both cameras of a stereo pair. It is shown that the range accuracy degradations caused by misalignment are negligible compared to those for a monocular optical-flow system     

Estimation of Time of Arrival for Rectangular Pulses

We consider the performance of the maximum likelihood estimator (MLE) for the time of arrival of a rectangular pulse in additive white Gaussian noise. Upper and lower bounds are derived for the mean square error. These bounds are tight for both medium and large energy-to-noise ratios.     

Accurate single-observer passive coherent location estimation based on TDOA and DOA

This paper investigates the problem of target position estimation with a single-observer passive coherent location(PCL) system. An approach that combines angle with time difference of arrival(ATDOA) is used to estimate the location of a target. Compared with the TDOA-only method which needs two steps, the proposed method estimates the target position more directly. The constrained total least squares(CTLS) technique is applied in this approach. It achieves the Cramer–Rao lower bound(CRLB) when the parameter measurements are subject to small Gaussian-distributed errors. Performance analysis and the CRLB of this approach are also studied. Theory verifies that the ATDOA method gets a lower CRLB than the TDOA-only method with the same TDOA measuring error. It can also be seen that the position of the target affects estimating precision.At the same time, the locations of transmitters affect the precision and its gradient direction.Compared with the TDOA, the ATDOA method can obtain more precise target position estimation.Furthermore, the proposed method accomplishes target position estimation with a single transmitter,while the TDOA-only method needs at least four transmitters to get the target position. Furthermore,the transmitters' position errors also affect precision of estimation regularly.     

DOA estimation by exploiting the amplitude modulation induced by antenna scanning

We propose a beamsplitting-like approach to estimate the directions of arrival (DOA) of multiple radar targets present in the mainlobe of a rotating antenna. The proposed method is based on the maximum likelihood (ML) technique and it avoids the need for a difference channel by exploiting knowledge of the antenna main beam pattern. Two scenarios are considered: multiple targets with unknown deterministic complex amplitudes and multiple targets with Gaussian distributed random complex amplitudes. The performance of the proposed estimator is investigated through Monte Carlo simulation and it is compared with the Cramer-Rao lower bound (CRLB).     

Pursuer identification and time-to-go estimation using passive measurements from an evader

We present an algorithm for identifying the parameters of a proportional navigation guidance missile (pursuer) pursuing an airborne target (evader) using angle-only measurements from the latter. This is done for the purpose of classifying the missile so that appropriate counter-measures can be taken. Mathematical models are constructed for a pursuer with a changing velocity, i.e., a direction change and a speed change. Assuming the pursuer is launched from the ground with fixed thrust, its motion can be described by a four-dimensional parameter vector consisting of its proportional navigation constant and three parameters related to thrusting. Consequently, the problem can be solved as a parameter estimation problem, rather than state estimation and we provide an estimator based on maximum likelihood (ML) to solve it. The parameter estimates obtained can be mapped into the time-to-go until intercept estimation results are presented for different scenarios together with the Cramer-Rao lower bound (CRLB), which quantifies the best achievable estimation accuracy. The accuracy of the time-to-go estimate is also obtained. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed estimator is efficient by meeting the CRLB.     

利用重要性采样的时差-频差联合估计算法

针对无源定位中参考信号真实值未知的时差(TDOA)-频差(FDOA)联合估计问题,构建了一种新的时差-频差最大似然(ML)估计模型,并采用重要性采样(IS)方法求解似然函数极大值,得到时差-频差联合估计。算法通过生成时差-频差样本,并统计样本加权均值得到估计值,克服了传统互模糊函数(CAF)算法只能得到时域和频域采样间隔整数倍估计值的问题,且不存在期望最大化(EM)等迭代算法的初值依赖和收敛问题。推导了时差-频差联合估计的克拉美罗下界(CRLB),并通过仿真实验表明,算法的计算复杂度适中,估计精度优于CAF算法和EM算法,在不同信噪比条件下估计误差接近CRLB。     

A comprehensive survey on the methods of angle of attack measurement and estimation in UAVs

Angle of Attack (AOA) is a crucial parameter which directly affects the aerodynamic forces of an aircraft. The measurement of AOA is required to ensure a safe flight within its designed flight envelop. This paper intends to summarise a comprehensive survey on the measurement techniques and estimation methods for AOA, specifically in Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) applications. In the case of UAVs, weight constraint plays a major role as far as sensor suites are concerned. This results in selecting a suitable estimation method to extract AOA using the available data from the autopilot. The most feasible and widely employed AOA measurement technique is by using the Multi-Hole Probes (MHPs). The MHP measures the AOA regarding the pressure variations between the ports. Due to the importance of MHP in AOA measurement, the calibration methods for the MHP are also included in this paper. This paper discusses the AOA measurement using virtual AOA sensors, their importance and the operation.     

Low observable target motion analysis using amplitude information

In conventional passive and active sonar system, target amplitude information (AI) at the output of the signal processor is used only to declare detections and provide measurements. We show that the AI can be used in passive sonar system, with or without frequency measurements, in the estimation process itself to enhance the performance in the presence of clutter where the target-originated measurements cannot be identified with certainty, i.e., for “low observable” or “dim” (low signal-to-noise ratio (SNR)) targets. A probabilistic data association (PDA) based maximum likelihood (ML) estimator for target motion analysis (TMA) that uses amplitude information is derived. A track formation algorithm and the Cramer-Rao lower bound (CRLB) in the presence of false measurements, which is met by the estimator even under low SNR conditions, are also given. The CRLB is met by the proposed estimator even at 6 dB in a cell (which corresponds to 0 dB for 1 Hz bandwidth in the case of a 0.25 Hz frequency cell) whereas the estimator without AI works only down to 9 dB. Results demonstrate improved accuracy and superior global convergence when compared with the estimator without AI. The same methodology can be used for bistatic radar     

昆虫级褶皱翼型的滑翔气动特性

为了研究褶皱翼型上、下表面分别对气动力的影响,在弦长雷诺数为1200,攻角为0°~20°时,采用有限体积法研究了褶皱翼型、光滑翼型、上表面光滑的褶皱翼型和下表面光滑的褶皱翼型的滑翔气动特性.结果表明:在一定攻角范围内,褶皱翼型的升力系数较光滑翼型提高了10%;只要翼型下表面是褶皱的,产生的升力总大于下表面是光滑的,下表面褶皱对升力的提高具有更大作用;在大攻角下,光滑的上表面更有利于提高升力;在任何攻角时,上、下表面褶皱对阻力影响很小.