Measurement and model simulation of sun stimulated chlorophyll fluorescence within a daily cycle

Radiance spectra of the water surface were recorded from an anchored ship during one clear day to observe the efficiency of sun light stimulated fluorescence of phytoplankton chlorophyll in the Baltic Sea. The fluorescence was calculated as the radiance at 685 nm above a linear baseline, constructed from L(645) and L(724). For a chlorophyll concentration range of 2.5 – 4.0 μg/l a strong linear correlation was found. The result is confirmed by simulation of the experiment with a radiative transfer model. A fluorescence efficiency of 0.3% of the scalar irradiance, absorbed by phytoplankton, is derived, which does not change with sun elevations above 20°.     

Investigations of the Krasnoyarsk Reservoir waters based on the multispectral satellite data

In this work historical investigations and modern results of classification of the Krasnoyarsk Reservoir are presented. The paper presents results of studying the dynamics of phytopigments and other optically active components, using multispectral satellite data. Several approaches to interpreting satellite data for optically complex inland water bodies are offered. Based on results of historical investigations it is shown that the spatial distribution of phytoplankton in the reservoir stems back to the time of its formation. Color index in the red spectral region (CIR) is introduced. A relationship between the color index and chlorophyll concentration is investigated. The CIR, derived from the AVHRR data, has been found to be related to chlorophyll concentration. Based on MODIS data, the waters of the Krasnoyarsk Reservoir have been classified in accordance with their optical spectral variability, using the technique of unsupervised IsoData classification. An empirical relationship between multispectral MODIS data and the ground-truth measurements of chlorophyll concentration has been found.     

A modern robust approach to remotely estimate chlorophyll in coastal and inland zones

The chlorophyll concentration of a water body is an important proxy for representing the phytoplankton biomass. Its estimation from multi or hyper-spectral remote sensing data in natural waters is generally achieved by using (i) the waveband ratioing in two or more bands in the blue-green or (ii) by using a combination of the radiance peak position and magnitude in the red-near-infrared (NIR) spectrum. The blue-green ratio algorithms have been extensively used with satellite ocean color data to investigate chlorophyll distributions in open ocean and clear waters and the application of red-NIR algorithms is often restricted to turbid productive water bodies. These issues present the greatest obstacles to our ability to formulate a modern robust method suitable for quantitative assessments of the chlorophyll concentration in a diverse range of water types. The present study is focused to investigate the normalized water-leaving radiance spectra in the visible and NIR region and propose a robust algorithm (Generalized ABI, GABI algorithm) for chlorophyll concentration retrieval based on Algal Bloom index (ABI) which separates phytoplankton signals from other constituents in the water column. The GABI algorithm is validated using independent in-situ data from various regional to global waters and its performance is further evaluated by comparison with the blue-green waveband ratios and red-NIR algorithms. The results revealed that GABI yields significantly more accurate chlorophyll concentrations (with uncertainties less than 13.5%) and remains more stable in different waters types when compared with the blue-green waveband ratios and red-NIR algorithms. The performance of GABI is further demonstrated using HICO images from nearshore turbid productive waters and MERIS and MODIS-Aqua images from coastal and offshore waters of the Arabian Sea, Bay of Bengal and East China Sea.     

Life under solar UV radiation in aquatic organisms.

Aquatic photosynthetic organisms are exposed to solar ultraviolet (UV) radiation while they harvest longer wavelength radiation for energetic reasons. Solar UV-B radiation (280-315 nm) affects motility and orientation in motile organisms and impairs photosynthesis in cyanobacteria, phytoplankton and macroalgae as measured by monitoring oxygen production or pulse amplitude modulated fluorescence analysis. Upon moderate UV stress most organisms respond by photoinhibition which is an active downregulation of the photosynthetic electron transport in photosystem II by degradation of UV-damaged D1 protein. Photoinhibition is readily reversible during recovery in shaded conditions. Excessive UV stress causes photodamage which is not easily reversible. Another major target is the DNA where UV-B mainly induces thymine dimers. Cyanobacteria, phytoplankton and macroalgae produce scytonemin, mycosporine-like amino acids and other UV-absorbing substances to protect themselves from short wavelength solar radiation.     

Effects of solar UV-B radiation on aquatic ecosystems.

Solar UV degrades dissolved organic carbon photolytically so that they can readily be taken up by bacterioplankton. On the other hand solar UV radiation inhibits bacterioplankton activity. Bacterioplankton productivity is far greater than previously thought and is comparable to phytoplankton primary productivity. According to the "microbial loop hypothesis," bacterioplankton is seen in the center of a food web, having a similar function to phytoplankton and protists. The penetration of UV and PAR into the water column can be measured. Marine waters show large temporal and regional differences in their concentrations of dissolved and particulate absorbing substances. A network of dosimeters (ELDONET) has been installed in Europe ranging from Abisko in Northern Sweden to Gran Canaria. Cyanobacteria are capable of fixing atmospheric nitrogen which is then made available to higher plants. The agricultural potential of cyanobacteria has been recognized as a biological fertilizer for wet soils such as in rice paddies. UV-B is known to impair processes such as growth, survival, pigmentation, motility, as well as the enzymes of nitrogen metabolism and CO2 fixation. The marine phytoplankton represents the single most important ecosystem on our planet and produces about the same biomass as all terrestrial ecosystems taken together. It is the base of the aquatic food chain and any changes in the size and composition of phytoplankton communities will directly affect food production for humans from marine sources. Another important role of marine phytoplankton is to serve as a sink for atmospheric carbon dioxide. Recent investigations have shown a large sensitivity of most phytoplankton organisms toward solar short-wavelength ultraviolet radiation (UV-B); even at ambient levels of UV-B radiation many organisms seem to be under UV stress. Because of their requirement for solar energy, the phytoplankton dwell in the top layers of the water column. In this near-surface position phytoplankton will be exposed to solar ultraviolet radiation. This radiation has been shown to affect growth, photosynthesis, nitrogen incorporation and enzyme activity. Other targets of solar UV irradiation are proteins and pigments involved in photosynthesis. Whether or not screening pigments can be induced in phytoplankton to effectively shield the organisms from excessive UV irradiation needs to be determined. Macroalgae show a distinct pattern of vertical distribution in their habitat. They have developed mechanisms to regulate their photosynthetic activity to adapt to the changing light regime and protect themselves from excessive radiation. A broad survey was carried out to understand photosynthesis in aquatic ecosystems and the different adaptation strategies to solar radiation of ecologically important species of green, red and brown algae from the North Sea, Baltic Sea, Mediterranean, Atlantic, polar and tropical oceans. Photoinhibition was quantified by oxygen exchange and by PAM (pulse amplitude modulated) fluorescence measurements based on transient changes of chlorophyll fluorescence.     

Ocean chlorophyll retrieval algorithms

The fact that the presence of chlorophyll influences the optical properties which otherwise called as change in the ocean color, makes us to use the sensor that can detect the ocean color for chlorophyll evaluation. It was recognised that colorimetric estimates of chlorophyll could be most difficult in coastal waters where the interferences by yellow substances and suspended sediments would be considerable. Nevertheless in nearshore and offshore waters the colorimetric estimates of chlorophyll from the radiance data is possible. A comparison of chlorophyll retrieval algorithms is made and their applicability is evaluated. Except in specific areas like mouths of estuaries, coastal zones influenced by river runoff etc. the empirical models can help to estimate total phytoplankton pigments from ratios formed from the upwelling radiances at 440, 520, 550 and 670 nanometers. From these results it is clear that our ability to relate pigment characteristics is limited by the less quantity of good quality bio-optical data on which any model can be developed and implemented.     

Remote sensing for organics on Mars.

The detection of organics on Mars remains an important scientific objective. Advances in instrumentation and laboratory techniques provide new insight into the lower level detection limit of complex organics in closely packed media. Preliminary results demonstrate that algae present in a palagonite medium do exhibit a spectral reflectance feature in the visible range for dry mass weight ratios of algae to palagonite greater than 6%--which corresponds to 30 mg algae in a 470 mg (just optically thick (< 3 mm) layer) palagonite matrix. This signature most probably represents chlorophyll a, a light harvesting pigment with an emission peak at 678 nm.     

Spectral characterization of arid rangelands in the high atlas mountains,Morocco

Considering an arid area in the High Atlas mountains of Morocco, the assessment of vegetation cover is carried out from ground spectral measurements and analysis of satellite imagery. Ground measurements have been made with SPOT simulation radiometer; results are related to reflectance-vegetation coverage relationships and to spectral responses obtained at a local level (120m transects). Analysis of Thematic Mapper and SPOT data includes visual interpretation of color composite imagery for geomorphological units delineation, principal component analysis and examination of bispectral scatter plots.     

低温辐射计吸收腔研制

针对高灵敏度低温辐射计研制需求,提出一种低温辐射计吸收腔.设计椭球面光阑的多次反射结构,同时采用扩散焊工艺,进而实现了椭球面光阑、斜口—斜底圆柱腔和斜底面三部分的焊接成形,以此形成有效光陷阱,使入射到吸收腔中的辐射被近似完全吸收.制备具备多孔结构的碳纳米管涂层,采用喷涂为主的工艺实现腔体内壁涂层的均匀性分布.基于积分球...     

Assessment of plant vitality detection through fluorescence and reflectance imagery

Recent studies of the vegetation fluorescence show that it can be successfully used as an intrinsic indicator of plant photosynthetic activity. With respect to the vegetation spectral reflectance, the chlorophyll (Chl) fluorescence is more specific as an observable of basic biophysical processes in the plant cells. Laser induced fluorescence is widely used in near range remote sensing, but it is not suitable for the global monitoring of vegetation. Decades of active fluorometry studies have collected useful information of leaf reaction to natural and anthropogenic stress. Still the passive fluorescence, the one that could be registered from satellite orbit has still to prove its advantage over widely used reflectance signature. The weakness of the signal and the lack of experience with passive fluorescence measurements require extensive technical, theoretical and experimental studies. New imaging fluorometres are to be designed for measuring steady state fluorescence in controlled and natural conditions.

In order to compare reflectance and steady state fluorescence sensitivity to stress impact, a set of experiments have been conducted under controlled illumination conditions in a bio-chamber, designed by the author’s team. The equipment allows plant vitality to be monitored both by passive fluorescence and spectral reflectance imaging. Different types of stress factors (heat and drought stress, acid impact) were investigated to demonstrate equipments ability in monitoring changes of fluorescence signal. Selected fluorescence images of foliage illustrate an early detection of plant dysfunction and the temporal and spatial spreading of the stress impact. Analysis shows that fluorescence imaging of green plants can be developed as a highly effective early warning remote sensing method, which could have application for an ecosystems’ monitoring along with high-spectral reflectance imagery.     

Seasonal-to-interannual variability of chlorophyll-a bloom timing associated with physical forcing in the Gulf of Cádiz

Seasonal-to-interannual variability of the winter-spring bloom in the Gulf of Cádiz, eastern North Atlantic, has been investigated using chlorophyll-a remote sensing (CHL). These data have been obtained from the GlobColour project; the temporal coverage extends from September 1997 to December 2010. In this study we develop a generic quantitative approach for describing the temporal variability in the shape of the winter-spring bloom within a region. Variability in both the timing and magnitude of the bloom in the basin has been evaluated as a function of physical properties in the water column such as Mixed Layer Depth (MLD, GODAS model), sea surface temperature (SST, from AVHRR radiometers), photosynthetically-active radiation (PAR, from ocean color data) and euphotic depth (Z_eu, from ocean color data). The analysis indicated that the timing, size and duration of the phytoplankton bloom in this area are largely controlled by both meteorological and oceanographic conditions at different scales; this means that it is likely to vary widely from one year to another.     

Influence of look-angle on the water surface temperature observed with an IR radiometer

The analysis of the data of sea surface temperature observed with a portable infrared radiometer from the fixed point on the seashore indicates a significant effect of observation(look) angle when it becomes larger than 70 degrees. An attempt is made to explain the effect by applying Fresnel's reflection law. A verification indicates a good agreement between the sea surface temperature observed with a portable thermal IR radiometer at large observation angles and that computed from Fresnel's reflection equation.     

近红外绝对光谱响应度传递标准的研制CSCD

在光辐射计量中,陷阱探测技术是一种重要的探测技术,陷阱探测器是光辐射功率基准量值保持和传递的主要媒介。 InGaAs 陷阱探测器常被作为（900～1700）nm 波段光辐射计量的传递标准。本文基于陷阱探测技术,针对近红外波段量值传递的需求,研制了 InGaAs 陷阱探测器,并进行了性能测试。测试结果显示：在1064nm处绝对光谱响应率为0.7098A/ W,测量不确定度达到0.1%,在（0.1～3） mW 内,其非线性指标优于0.99993,1h 测试非稳定性为0.00495%,空间非均匀性达到0.05%,满足作为传递标准的技术要求。     

太阳光谱辐射强度变化对地球能量平衡的影响分析

目前太阳对地球能量平衡影响的研究大都是以太阳总辐射通量密度作为输入参数的. 本文以美国航空航天局（National Aeronautics and Space Administration,NASA）太阳辐射与气候实验项目的卫星实测数据为基础,对太阳上升相（2010年上半年）和下降相（2007年12月）期间太阳光谱变化对地球能量平衡的影响进行了研究. 结果表明,2010年上半年较强的太阳总辐射通量密度主要是由紫外及红外波段的能量增强引起的,其在200～400nm 和760～4000nm波段内的平均能量分别增加了0.11%和0.05%,而在 400～760nm可见光区的能量却呈减小趋势,平均减小量为0.05%. 通过对MLS2.2全球臭氧日数据进行再分析后发现,相对于2007年12月,2010年上半年平流层臭氧浓度也有所增加,其中在太阳紫外辐射呈现较大增强的2月和3月,其臭氧增量也相对较大,最大值分别出现在33km和40km处,值为0.6mL·m-3和0.62mL·m-3. 因此,可见光区能量减弱与平流层臭氧浓度增加的双重削弱作用致使虽然2010年上半年的太阳总辐射通量密度较大,但是到达对流层顶的太阳辐射却有所减小,最大减小量出现在3月,值为0.15W·m-2. 这一结果说明,太阳活动或总辐射通量密度的增强也有可能对地球对流层系统起到冷却作用.      

从射电频谱指数的变化推求非热粒子能谱指数的变化

本文提出了一种由射电爆发的频谱指数α去推求电子能谱指数δ的方法;并对质子事件能谱指数和爆发峰值时的射电频谱指数之间作了相关统计,得到相关系数为0.70.以1972年8月7日15h22mUT的大爆发为例,在不同频率上进行了计算.由不同时刻的α所算得的δ值表明,在爆发峰值之前,电子能谱近似地可用幂律分布来表示;而在峰值之后,则与幂律分布有所偏离.在爆发脉冲相的20分钟时间内,δ值的变动范围约为0.4—3.6.      

多波段光谱辐亮度计量值溯源技术研究

光谱辐亮度计是实现空间遥感仪器在地面实验室内进行高精度光谱定标的关键设备之一，本文基于标准探测器的辐亮度传递原理，利用视场光阑、孔径光阑、窄带滤光片和光电二极管研制了10测量通道的遮光筒式多波段光谱辐亮度计，测量波长分布在（400~1 100）nm范围。具有校准通道，与积分球单色光源匹配使用，实现光谱辐亮度的量值溯源，测量不确定度优于2.2%。     

Simultaneous measurements of sea surface temperature by GMS-1 and GMS-2

For accurate measurements of sea surface temperature in the 11 μm window region, it is necessary to eliminate the effect of atmospheric absorption. A technique using observations from different angles is one of the methods of eliminating this atmospheric effect. This technique is not possible at present, using a single satellite; but using two geosynchronous satellites, it is possible to observe a common area from two different elevation angles. To correct for atmospheric effects, therefore, we compared the infrared data obtained from observations at about the same time (less than a minute apart) on the equator using the GMS-1 and GMS-2 satellites which had about 20° longitudinal separation. It was found that if the infrared spectral wavelength channel of one geosynchronous satellite is selected to be different from that of the other, it is possible to improve the two-satellite observation technique of estimating water vapor content in a tropical atmosphere. This technique corresponds to split window measurements by the AVHRR radiometer on board the NOAA-7 satellite.     

光纤陀螺用超宽谱光源的铋/铅共掺光纤的制备与光谱特性

由于具有质量轻与成本低等优点,光纤陀螺正在被广泛应用,而光源光谱的特性在很多方面又影响着光纤陀螺的性能。利用新型光纤制备技术,制备铋/铅共掺石英光纤,测试分析其吸收光谱与发光特性。用980nm与830nm双泵浦光激发,超宽带荧光光谱范围可覆盖1000~1700 nm,相比单泵情况,光谱大大拓宽。10dB带宽的光谱达到了650nm,光谱比较平坦,可以满足超宽带平坦光源的需要,并可作为超宽谱光源的理想增益介质。对应用于惯性导航系统、光纤陀螺传感器(Fiber Optic Gyroscopic Sensor, FOG)、光学相干断层扫描系统(Optical Coherence Tomography, OCT)与医学成像的超宽谱光源进行研究,具有非常重要的实际应用与战略意义。     

Limitations on relating ocean surface chlorophyll to productivity

An important potential use of ocean color chlorophyll data is to determine other important properties of the marine biosphere, such as primary productivity, new production, and particulate fluxes at spatial scales larger and temporal scales longer than those possible with ground-based observations. Such determinations will likely progress from relatively simple empirical correlations to algorithms that are actually predictive models of ecosystem dynamics. As an exmaple, this paper demonstrates how an empirical correlation between nitrate concentration and new production can be understood by a simple productivity model. Several models are then constructed to examine the functional relationship between total production and surface chlorophyll. The empirical correlation is substantially different than the analogous relation in the model. Understanding the relationship between surface chlorophyll and productivity on a global scale will probably require families of models for various marine ecosystems.