Radar Performance with Multipath Using the Complex Angle

The complex angle (CA) method for resolving a low angle target from its multipath signal is evaluated in the presence of system noise. It is shown that standard deviation improvements of around 3-to-1 can be achieved at a 20-dB signal-to-noise power ratio relative to a normal monopulse system without the CA. It is also shown that the CA method is unbiased, giving bias improvements of as much as 100 times relative to normal monopulse. Evaluation of the assumptions in the technique shows very little sensitivity to knowledge of the reflecting surface's conductivity or dielectric constant. However, the method is somewhat sensitive to knowledge of surface roughness.     

Radar Target Pointing Error Reduction Using Extended Kalman Filtering

A new method of reducing target glint errors in radar systems is presented. The target is modeled as n reflectors whose magnitudes and phases are known. The reflector positions are described by a dynamical model driven by white Gaussian noise. The resulting vibrations of the target reflectors produce glintlike pointing errors in the radar system. An extended Kalman filter is developed to estimate the positions of the target reflectors; this information is used to substantially reduce the pointing error due to glint. Data illustrating this glint reduction is given. The model is extended by the inclusion of clutter effects modeled in the same fashion as the glint phenomenon. The results presented indicate the limits of usefulness of this technique as a function of both receiver noise and relative clutter amplitude.     

An LMS Adaptive Array for Multipath Fading Reduction

Multipath fading often poses a serious hindrance in radiocommunication. The application of a least-mean-square (LMS)adaptive array to the problem of multipath fading reduction is discussed. However, it is known that multipath components are in general correlated with one another. We examine the effect of the correlation on the performance of the LMS adaptive array. When the correlation coefficient does not equal or approximate 1, the LMS adaptive array suppresses the multipath signals significantly by nulling. On the other hand, when the correlation coefficient nearly equals 1, the LMS adaptive array prevents the output signalpower from decreasing. Therefore, the LMS adaptive array mayreduce the multipath fading effectively for any correlation coefficient value. A reference signal in the LMS adaptive array is also discussed. It is shown that synchronization in the referencesignal generation must be extremely accurate. Moreover, aprocessor configuration is proposed which may generate thereference signal with the required accuracy.     

Bounds on Elevation Error Estimates of a Target in Multipath

The Cramer-Rao bound for an unbiased estimate of the elevation angle of a target in the presence of multipath is calculated for the symmetric (target and image symmetric about the elevation symmetry plane of antenna) and nonsymmetric cases for an antenna consisting of 21 elements. These bounds are compared to the maximum likelihood estimates and it is found that the rms error of the maximum likelihood estimate (which has a bias) is below the Cramer-Rao bound for unbiased estimates.     

安装误差角对陀螺加速度表的误差模型的影响

在已建立的陀螺加速度表误差模型的基础上,分析在惯性系统中安装误差角对仪表静态误差模型、动态误差模型和混合误差模型的影响。     

Experimental Results of the Complex Indicated Angle Techique for Multipath Correction

The complex indicated angle technique, applicable to monopulse radars, is being investigated as a means of overcoming the serious degradation of elevation measurement caused by multipath when the target is within a beamwidth or so of the horizon. This technique makes use of the quadrature-phase component of the normalized difference signal, as well as the in-phase component. Results of analysis and computer simulation have been published previously. This paper reports results of a test program using a slightly modified AN/FPS-16 monopulse tracking radar and a simulated target. The results to date indicate a potential for high accuracy, though there are limitations as to the applications for which the technique appears feasible. A computer program has been developed to perform the elevation estimate and to resolve ambiguities.     

多径衰落条件下两种常规测向方法的误差问题

讨论了莱斯多径衰落信道模型在两类常规测向技术中的应用。利用常规测向技术对信噪比的特定要求,分析了具有莱斯分布特性衰落信道对比相、比幅测向误差抖动的影响,给出了其分布函数,并通过仿真指出其应用限制。最后就工程应用中所关心的模型参数获取和采样点数确定等问题作一论述。     

Error Reduction in HF Loop DF Systems

Techniques for reducing bearing errors in vertical loop HF direction finders for ionospherically propagated signals were evaluated in a dual-channel system. A main channel provides a bearing display from the output of a rotating loop; an auxiliary channel unblanks the bearing ng display when propagation conditions are favorable for minimum bearing error. Circuitry to provide optimum unblanking for a wide variety of signal and fade conditions is described. The results of an operational evaluation are presented and show that a large majority of the unblanked bearings can be restricted to ±15° of the great-circle bearing with average bearing errors of 10° or less. Operational comparison with a contemporary system shows that the dual-channel system performance is superior with a 2 to 1 reduction ion in bearing spreads, standard deviations, and RMS error.     

北斗二号中AS信号多径抑制方法及性能分析

针对北斗二号系统中AS（Authorized Service,授权服务）采用的BPSK（10）、BOC（14,2）、BOC（15,2.5）信号,研究如何抑制多径效应对AS信号跟踪的影响,提高定位精度.对3种信号的自相关特性及功率谱密度进行比对,并在对基于码跟踪环的EML（Early Minus Late,早减迟）和HRC（High Resolution Correlator,高精度相关器）技术进行分析的基础上,将这2种技术用于北斗二号AS信号的多径抑制.仿真表明：EML和HRC均适用于北斗二号AS信号,采用EML时,对BOC（14,2）、BOC（15,2.5）的多径抑制性能优于对BPSK（10）的;采用HRC时,对BPSK（10）的多径抑制性能优于对BOC（14,2）、BOC（15,2.5）的;对于BPSK（10）,HRC较EML在误差包络面积上多径抑制性能提高约89.7％;对于BOC（14,2）、BOC（15,2.5）,HRC和EML多径抑制性能相当,而EML的计算量相对较小因而整体性能更优;通过减小相关器间隔和增大带宽,可提高多径抑制性能,对BPSK（10）的效果比对BOC（14,2）、BOC（15,2.5）的更为明显.     

平面形状误差分离方法的比较分析

就十种典型的精密平面形状误差测量－分离方法的权函数及其零点，作了分析比较。按形状误差谐波抑制最小准则，论证了五点式正交逐次三点法、九点式正交逐次三点法、复合三点法、不对称二维混合法和不对称四点法优于其他方法，不对称四点法则较为理想。     

歼×飞机攻角位置误差校准的试验研究

本文简述了目前歼×飞机的攻角位置校准的试验方法。通过分析比较 ,认为采用微波空间定位校准法进行攻角位置误差校准优于目前风洞试验校准法     

Characterizing Angle Tracking Radars Using Complex Variables

The receiver signal of a general angle tracking radar where there is asingle target which consists of a set of n reflectors is analyzed. It is shown how the analysis of this radar can be greatly simplified by representing the signals in the receiver as complex variables. This representation also makes it very easy to analyze such problems as scintillation and single-sideband crosstalk.     

基于四元数误差模型的捷联惯导系统对准方法

传统的小干扰方程并不能描述捷联惯导系统在大失准角下的误差传播特性 ,推导了姿态误差为大角度时的四元数误差方程 ,并指出当姿态误差为小量时 ,所推导的误差模型与小干扰方程是等价的。仿真结果表明在大失准角下的空中对准过程中 ,采用四元数误差方程以及非线性滤波技术能有效地提高对准精度     

原点误差对发射方位角及弹道精度的影响分析

发射原点是飞行器试验中非常重要的参数,在某些特殊试验中,发射原点往往是不能准确给出的,为此,本文详细推导了发射原点误差对发射方位角和弹道精度的影响公式。仿真计算结果证明,原点误差对发射方位角影响较大,而原点误差和发射方位角误差的共同作用对发射系下的弹道精度影响很大,对于此类高精度的飞行器试验必须考虑原点误差对弹道精度的影响。     

Refraction Error in Measurement of Angle of Arrival with the Radio Interferometer

The ``extra-path' error in the measurement of angle of arrival with the radio interferometer is analyzed as a function of target coordinates and baseline B for an exponential atmosphere. By treating the error rather than the measurement and by formulating the error in terms of well-known radar refraction parameters, the necessity for numerical integrations characteristic of earlier approaches is avoided. The table of computed errors shows that angle of arrival can be measured to an accuracy of 0.01 mrad for B?500 meters.     

Detection of Target Multiplicity Using Monopulse Quadrature Angle

The feasibility of using the indicated quadrature angle of arrival of a monopulse radar to discriminate a single target from multiple targets, separated in angle within a radar resolution cell, is investigated. The analysis is performed for steady (fixed) and Rayleigh fluctuating targets which cover a broad range of target characteristics. In both cases, the interfering signals due to noise and clutter in the sum and difference monopulse channels are assumed to be independent, zero-mean Gaussian processes. Detection and false alarm probabilities are evaluated analytically and the receiver operating characteristics are obtained for both fixed and fluctuating target cases. It is shown that multiple targets can be discriminated from a single target condition by integrating the indicated monopulse quadrature angle of arrival from several independent pulses. It is also shown that the probability of detecting multiple targets increases as the fluctuation in the target radar cross section decreases, approaching the fixed amplitude case in the limit.     

预估校正的高分辨率格式及其应用

本文从基于通量分裂的一阶迎风格式出发,构造了一类校正型具有高分辨瘁的二阶全变差递减(TVD)格式,并用此格式进行了一维激波管问题及二维问题的计算。结果表明格式的解为二阶精度,激波处无明显的振荡,激波过渡区为1～2个点。     

基于外测弹道数据的后效误差分析及折合

本文提出了一种利用外测弹道数据特性判断后效段时间,进行后效误差分析的方法。在后效误差分析的基础上,将试验外测弹道后效段速度参数的变化量从发射坐标系转换到弹体系下,直接转化为折合弹道的速度变化量,由此可进行后效误差折合。     

沟槽型面减阻特性数值模拟研究

基于人工压缩性方法,时间项采用隐式离散、对流项采用基于Roe近似Riemann解的迎风格式,研究了三维不可压粘性流动的数值模拟方法,湍流模型采用Baldwin-Barth一方程模型,利用所发展的不可压粘性流数值模拟方法,对典型几类V型、间隔三角型和U型沟槽型面的不可压粘性流场进行了数值模拟计算研究,探索了上述几类沟槽型面参数对湍流减阻特性的影响规律,从表面摩阻、速度场等方面分析了上述几类沟槽型面的减阻作用机理。研究结果表明：上述典型沟槽的减阻效果可以分别达到7．6％,10．5％和5．0％,与国内外相关实验结果符合一致,所发展的计算方法是成功的、可行的。