测量毫米波段混频器的变频损耗和噪声温度的一个实例

讨论了一种利用噪声测量的方法来确定毫米波段混频器的变频损耗和噪声温度的一个实例。混频器的变频损耗和噪声温度的测量可以用改变中频部分的噪声温度使接收机的系统噪声温度变化来加以确定。本测量方法对于微波波段、毫米波段和亚毫米波段的各种单端或平衡混频器、分谐波往入混频器、谐波混频器、上变频器等的变频损耗和噪声温度的测量具有方法简单、准确度高的特点。最后给出了八毫米波段半衡混频器的变频损耗和噪声温度的测量结果。     

基于失配修正的变频损耗测量技术研究

变频损耗是表征混频器(变频器)传输特性的主要测量参数之一。提出了一种基于矢量网络分析仪频偏模块的混频器变频损耗测量方法。经分析和测量结果表明,测量端面失配项对测量结果影响较大。提出了失配项修正模型,并对测量结果进行了修正;采用功率校准的方法提高了矢量网络分析仪的电平测量准确度,减小了测量装置及测量过程复杂度,减小了测量误差,提高了测量重复性。     

一种超低压超低耗NMOS衬底偏置混频器

使用两对NMOS管和衬底偏置技术,采用SMIC 0.18μm CMOS工艺,为卫星导航双系统兼容接收机的射频集成电路芯片设计了一种超低压、超低耗NMOS衬底偏置混频器(NBBM,NMOS Bulk-Biased Mixer).以其中的GPS系统为例:射频信号、本振信号和中频信号分别为1575.42MHz,1570MHz和5.42MHz.测试表明:在1V电源电压下,驱动差分负载阻抗1000Ω时,混频器消耗电流约为1.37mA,变频增益( G_C )超过2.11dB,输入1dB压缩点( P _in-1dB)约为-13dBm;若加入运放驱动,变频增益可超过14dB,但会带来线性度的降低、功耗以及面积的增加.     

低压NMOS衬底偏置折叠级联输入Gilbert混频器

利用衬底偏置技术和折叠级联输入的方法,采用SMIC 0.18 μm CMOS工艺,解决了在0.8 V电源电压下输入管和开关管的"堆叠"问题,实现了一种低压N沟道金属-氧化物-半导体场效应晶体管衬底偏置折叠级联输入Gilbert混频器,用于某双系统接收机.以其中的GPS(Global Position System)系统为例:射频信号、本振信号和中频信号分别为1575.42MHz,1570MHz和5.42MHz.测试表明:该混频器变频增益超过15.66dB,双边带噪声系数为16.5dB,输入1dB压缩点约为-10dBm,在0.8V的电源电压条件下,消耗功率约为1.07mW.该混频器功耗低、增益高、线性度好,可用于航空航天领域的电子系统.      

混频器矢量表征测试方法研究

介绍了一种测量射频混频器的新方法。该方法利用反射测量,能给出准确的输入匹配、输出匹配以及变频损耗的幅度、相位和群时延响应,并适用于互易且镜频响应可以被滤除的混频器。首先,对该测量方法进行了分析,建立了单端口矢量误差模型。然后,对该模型的S参数矩阵进行了推导,给出了混频器特性参数计算公式。最后,用实验验证了该方法的正确性。     

基于衬底偏置的超低耗电流复用混频器

基于SMIC 0. 18μm 1P6M CMOS工艺,设计实现了一种工作在0.6V超低电源电压下的混频器.该混频器跨导级采用自偏置的互补跨导结构,并与开关级构成折叠结构,大大降低了电源电压;电路中所有的MOS管衬底均加有固定偏置电压,减小了MOS管的阈值电压,实现了超低电压超低功耗的设计;并采用电流复用技术,改善了电路的噪声性能,并提高了其转换增益和线性度.该混频器核心电路尺寸为460μm×400μm,当射频信号、本振信号和中频信号分别为1575MHz,1400MHz和175MHz时,仿真表明,该混频器转换增益(G_c)为6.1dB,双边带噪声系数为14dB,输入1dB压缩点为-16.67dBm,在0.6V的电源电压条件下,功耗仅为0.76mW,可用于航空航天领域的电子系统中.     

低压CMOS折叠共源共栅混频器的设计

基于SMIC 0.18μmCMOS工艺,采用一种折叠共源共栅结构,设计实现了一种低压CMOS折叠共源共栅混频器,解决了传统Gilbert混频器中跨导级与开关级堆叠带来的高电源电压问题,以及在跨导级的高跨导、高线性与开关级的低噪声间进行折衷设计的难题.该混频器核心电路尺寸为165μm×75μm,当射频信号、本振信号和中频信号分别为1575.42MHz、1570MHz和5.42MHz时,仿真表明:该混频器转换增益( G_C )为15dB,双边带噪声系数为12.5dB,输入三阶截断点为-0.4dBm,在1.2V的电源电压条件下,功耗为3.8mW,可用于航空航天领域的电子系统中.      

1MHz—1GHz射频衰减标准的研制

该标准是采用10kHz低中频串联替代技术,以八位精密感应分压器作参考衰减器,并用特制的选放和差分电压表作接收机的衰减标准装置。它主要用于各种衰减校准装置、精密接收机、量值传递,以及各种精密衰减器、元器件损耗的检定。其频率范围为:1～1000MHz和10kHz;准确度为:0～20dB±0.001dB,20～80dB±(0.001～0.002)dB/10dB。文章详细叙述了其工作原理、主要特点、误差分析、与国家衰减基准装置的比对数据、国内外同类装置水平比较等。     

W波段对脊鳍线过渡的波导微带转换设计CSCD

本文研究了 W 波段对脊鳍线过渡的波导—微带转换技术,对余弦平方渐变和 Spline 曲线渐变两种形式的对脊鳍线过渡进行了分析和仿真,并设计制作了 Spline 曲线形式的波导-对脊鳍线-微带转换,结构为背靠背。在整个 W 波段,单个过渡结构插入损耗小于1.3dB,回波损耗小于-13dB,在（90～99）GHz 内,单个过渡结构插入损耗小于1.0dB,回波损耗小于-20dB,实现了很好的宽带过渡性能。     

基于分形的宽带漏波天线研究

设计了一种新型的具有宽频带特性的微带平面漏波天线.该天线由基片集成波导喇叭、抛物面结构和一组30×10单元的微带贴片阵列组成.分析比较了普通贴片和分形结构贴片天线的带宽和辐射特性,发现具有分形结构单元的天线具有更宽的频带和更好的辐射特性.仿真结果表明,采用Minkowski准分形结构贴片单元的漏波天线在18～22GHz内回波损耗都大于10dB,带内增益可达17dB.实测结果表明,天线在18～22GHz内回波损耗大于10dB,在20GHz增益为14dB,适合于卫星应用.这为将其用作对地观测卫星数传天线提供了新的理论支撑.该新型微带平面漏波天线具有高增益、宽频带、小体积、轻质量和波束扫描等优势,可作为航天器天线的优选.      

Learning in an immersive digital theater

The Houston Museum of Natural Science, in collaboration with Rice University has an outreach program taking portable digital theaters to schools and community sites for over five years and has conducted research on student learning in this immersive environment. By using an external independent evaluator, the effectiveness of NASA-funded Education and Public Outreach (EPO) projects can be assessed. This paper documents interactive techniques and learning strategies in full-dome digital theaters. The presentation is divided into Evaluation Strategies and Results and Interactivity Strategies and Results. All learners from grades 3–12 showed statistically significant short-term increase in knowledge of basic Earth science concepts after a single 22-min show. Improvements were more significant on items that were taught using more than one modality of instruction: hearing, seeing, discussion, and immersion. Thus immersive theater can be an effective as well as engaging teaching method for Earth and Space science concepts, particularly those that are intrinsically three-dimensional and thus most effectively taught in an immersive environment. The portable system allows taking the educational experience to rural and tribal sites where the underserved students could not afford the time or expense to travel to museums.     

Scaling analysis and model estimation of solar corona index

A monthly average solar green coronal index time series for the period from January 1939 to December 2008 collected from NOAA (The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration) has been analysed in this paper in perspective of scaling analysis and modelling. Smoothed and de-noising have been done using suitable mother wavelet as a pre-requisite. The Finite Variance Scaling Method (FVSM), Higuchi method, rescaled range (R/S) and a generalized method have been applied to calculate the scaling exponents and fractal dimensions of the time series. Autocorrelation function (ACF) is used to find autoregressive (AR) process and Partial autocorrelation function (PACF) has been used to get the order of AR model. Finally a best fit model has been proposed using Yule-Walker Method with supporting results of goodness of fit and wavelet spectrum. The results reveal an anti-persistent, Short Range Dependent (SRD), self-similar property with signatures of non-causality, non-stationarity and nonlinearity in the data series. The model shows the best fit to the data under observation.     

Stochastic particle acceleration by the forced interaction of relativistic current sheets

We address the problem of interacting relativistic current sheets in self-consistent kinetic plasma simulations within the framework of the Particle-In-Cell model. The interaction is enforced in head-on collisions of up to 10 current sheets at relativistic bulk speeds. The simulations are motivated by the general problem of Poynting flux dissipation in ‘striped wind’ configurations presumably governing the relativistic outflows pervasive in pulsar winds and gamma-ray bursts. We identify the generation of non-thermal particles and formation of a stable power-law shape in the particle energy distributions f(γ) dγ ∝ γ^−s dγ. In 1D, a spectral index s ∼ 2 is observed and attributed to a stochastic Fermi-type acceleration mechanism. In 2D, the generic index of s ∼ 3–4 is retained as in previous simulations of individual current sheets. Whereas in 2D the high energy cut-off is constrained by the limited dissipation of magnetic energy, in 1D the process converts the bulk motion of current sheets towards directed particle momentum of an exclusive class of non-thermal particles.     

Development of a gas chromatography compatible Sample Processing System (SPS) for the in-situ analysis of refractory organic matter in martian soil: preliminary results

In the frame of the 2009 Mars Science Laboratory (MSL) mission a new sample preparation system (SPS) compatible with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) has been developed for the in situ analysis of complex organic molecules in the Martian soil. The goal is to detect, if they exist, some of the key compounds that play an important role in life on Earth including carboxylic acids, amino acids and nucleobases.     

基于LuGre模型的电液加载系统摩擦补偿

为了提高电液加载系统控制精度,针对摩擦问题提出了基于LuGre摩擦模型的前馈补偿方法.建立了用于摩擦仿真分析和补偿器设计的电液加载系统数学模型;通过实验获取并分析了相关的摩擦数据;基于实验数据进行LuGre模型参数辨识,把LuGre模型和辨识结果引入电液加载系统数学模型,并进行仿真结果与实际摩擦数据的对照,证明了LuGre摩擦模型的准确性.设计前馈补偿器,进行了实验对比,实验结果表明前馈补偿器可将摩擦产生的控制误差有效地降至未补偿时的30%左右.      

CoRoT and Kepler results: Solar-like oscillators

The space-borne observatories CoRoT (Convection Rotation and planetary Transits) and Kepler have provided photometric time series data of unprecedented precision for large numbers of stars. These data have revolutionized the fields of transiting exoplanets and asteroseismology. In this review some important asteroseismic results obtained using data from the CoRoT and Kepler space missions concerning stars that show solar-like oscillations are discussed. These results comprise, among others, measurements of the location of the base of the convection zone and helium second-ionization zone in main-sequence stars, the presence (or not) of core-helium burning in red-giant stars, as well as differential rotation in these stars.     

Return to Europa: Overview of the Jupiter Europa orbiter mission

Missions to explore Europa have been imagined ever since the Voyager mission first suggested that Europa was geologically very young. Subsequently, the Galileo spacecraft supplied fascinating new insights into this satellite of Jupiter. Now, an international team is proposing a return to the Jupiter system and Europa with the Europa Jupiter System Mission (EJSM). Currently, NASA and ESA are designing two orbiters that would explore the Jovian system and then each would settle into orbit around one of Jupiter’s icy satellites, Europa and Ganymede. In addition, the Japanese Aerospace eXploration Agency (JAXA) is considering a Jupiter magnetospheric orbiter and the Russian Space Agency is investigating a Europa lander.     

Radioactivity of the Moon and planets

In this report the main results of the study of radioactivity of the solar sistem bodies are considered. The radioactivity of the Moon and planets was measured by means of vehicles in situ. The radioactivity of the lunar samples, brought to the Earth was studied with laboratory equipment.     

基于最小值原理的冗余度机器人动力学控制

为了解冗余度机器人全局法优化中数值求解的困难,本文讨论了动力学方程的建立,无约束和有约束最优控制问题之间的内在联系,重点分析了求解最优控制问题的数值方法,文中提出了双向异步积分迭代的求解正则方程组的直接迭代法,较好解决了状态方程和协态方程稳定相逆给求解两点这值问题带来的困难。     

基于GPS载波相位的微卫星姿态算法研究

GPS姿态系统是利用GPS载波相位测量来确定载体的航向和姿态角。本文对微卫星的GPS姿态系统进行了研究。重点解决短基线的GPS状态算法，讨论了姿态价格函数的了小化方法。测试结果表明，所提的算法对小于1m的基线是有效的。