Spectroscopic characterization of cometary samples

After presenting a summary of what is presently known from cometary vibrational spectroscopy, we discuss briefly some possible results to be anticipated from future non-sample-retum cometary missions which, however, will leave a number of key questions unanswered. Major efforts have to be made in the laboratory to properly prepare the analysis of returned cometary samples. We report, in particular, on Raman spectroscopy of cometary analogs (frozen gases and irradiated organic materials) performed in our laboratory applying sufficiently low laser power so as not to significantly alter the sample. Also discussed are our attempts to use REELS (Reflection Electron Energy Loss Spectroscopy) which may yield information not only on the elemental composition of the sample but also on its optical constants, especially in the far UV region.     

Isotopic analysis of cometary organic matter

Carbon isotope ratios have been measured for CN in the coma of comet Halley and for several CHON particles emitted by Halley. Of these, only the CHON-particle data may be reasonably related to organic matter in the cometary nucleus, but the true range of ¹³C/¹²C values in those particles is quite uncertain. The D/H ratio in H₂O in the Halley coma resembles that in Titan/Uranus. The next decade should substantially improve our understanding of the distribution of C, H, N, and O isotopes in cometary organics. The isotopic composition of meteoritic organic matter is better understood and can serve as a useful analog for the cometary case.     

Structural optimization of lifting surfaces with regard to static aeroelasticity

A technique for choosing a rational load-carrying scheme and weight analysis at the early stages of designing lifting surfaces with the use of a special model of the finite element method is proposed. The distribution of structure loads is determined with regard for its deformation. The numerical example is presented.     

Wavelet-based fairing of B-spline surfaces

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操纵面偏转绕流数值研究

针对飞机操纵面偏转绕流计算的困难,本文介绍了一种窗口嵌入和面搭接的多块网格技术对飞机操纵面进行分解处理,在基本构型网格下嵌入偏转网格替代原有网格,选用Roe格式、LU-SGS时间推进方法和k-g湍流模式开展数值计算,计算结果与实验结果得到了很好的吻合.     

被动孔隙控制的数值模拟研究

被动孔隙控制是一种在飞行器表面压力分布差别较大的若干区域开孔,将其下的通风腔连通进行表面压力自由调节,从而实现气动噪声、激波诱导附面层分离甚至气动力与力矩控制的技术。孔隙控制的数值模拟可对每个开孔都生成网格,但计算量非常大。为节约计算开销,可根据孔洞流动细节,建立孔隙边界模型,推导孔隙边界条件。本文在自主研发的RANS方程数值模拟框架下,结合该边界条件完成了孔隙外流场的数值模拟。模拟结果与文献实验数据相当吻合,证明孔隙边界条件完全可用于被动孔隙控制的数值模拟研究,同时也显示被动孔隙控制是一种大有潜力的气动控制手段。     

几种超声速非常规压缩系统的研究

根据斜激波和膨胀波理论,数值计算得到给定非常规压缩型面所形成的弯曲激波型面和壁面静压分布,同Fluent计算结果进行比较。应用Fluent软件,计算了等压力梯度设计非常规曲面压缩二元进气道、常规等熵压缩二元进气道和三楔压缩二元进气道设计点性能。研究结果表明:数值计算得到的弯曲激波型面与Fluent计算结果吻合较好。等压力梯度设计的非常规压缩型面壁面静压均匀上升,有利于防止壁面附面层分离;其压缩面长度比等熵压缩面缩短21.6%,减轻了进气道的重量。     

Slip boundary conditions for rough surfaces

The velocity slip and temperature jump for a two-dimensional rough plate under hypersonic conditions were analyzed using the Direct Simulation Monte Carlo (DSMC) method. Surface roughness was explicitly modeled by introducing various structures on the flat plate. The influences of relative roughness height, which involves the roughness height, roughness spacing, incoming velocity, and the degree of rarefaction, were analyzed and discussed. It is found that with the increase of the relative roughness height, the jump temperature increases, while the slip velocity decreases gradually. The effects of surface roughness on the slip coefficients can be attributed to the change of accommodation coefficients. A new slip model for rough surfaces was established in this paper, which accounts for the coupling effects of gas rarefaction and surface roughness, without the effort to model the surface roughness explicitly. The nitrogen flows in the microchannel, and flows over a blunt cone and an axisymmetric bi-conic body, were simulated under the modified and conventional slip boundary conditions, respectively. The numerical solutions were validated with experimental data. It can be safely concluded that compared with the traditional first-order slip boundary conditions, the modified slip model improves the accuracy of macroscopic properties, especially the heat transfer coefficient.     

液滴撞击超疏水表面的能量耗散机制

针对飞机表面易结冰部位设计超疏水表面,可以大幅度减轻对高能耗防/除冰技术的依赖程度,进而提高飞机的燃油经济性。主要通过实验研究与数值模拟的手段,分析讨论了液滴撞击分级粗糙结构超疏水表面过程中的能量耗散机制。以Ti6Al4V为基体经过喷砂处理形成微米级粗糙结构,然后在1mol/L的低浓度NaOH溶液中水热生长一层一维纳米线,构建出微/纳米复合粗糙结构并氟化修饰获得超疏水表面。通过场发射扫描电镜(FE-SEM)观察了微观形貌的变化规律,利用动态视频接触角测量仪表征试样表面液滴表观接触角与接触角滞后。基于气液两相流动界面追踪的复合Level set-VOF方法,实现了液滴撞击超疏水表面过程的数值模拟。采用高速摄像技术记录了撞击液滴在超疏水表面的运动过程,实验验证了模拟方法与铺展计算模型的正确性,并详细讨论了液滴运动过程中的能量耗散问题,分析表明液滴撞击过程中的能量耗散主要取决于超疏水表面的动态润湿特性和润湿界面模型。     

The evolution of massive stars

The evolution of stars with masses between 15 M ₀ and 100M ₀ is considered. Stars in this mass range lose a considerable fraction of their matter during their evolution.The treatment of convection, semi-convection and the influence of mass loss by stellar winds at different evolutionary phases are analysed as well as the adopted opacities.Evolutionary sequences computed by various groups are examined and compared with observations, and the advanced evolution of a 15M ₀ and a 25M ₀ star from zero-age main sequence (ZAMS) through iron collapse is discussed.The effect of centrifugal forces on stellar wind mass loss and the influence of rotation on evolutionary models is examined. As a consequence of the outflow of matter deeper layers show up and when the mass loss rates are large enough layers with changed composition, due to interior nuclear reactions, appear on the surface.The evolution of massive close binaries as well during the phase of mass loss by stellar wind as during the mass exchange and mass loss phase due to Roche lobe overflow is treated in detail, and the value of the parameters governing mass and angular momentum losses are discussed.The problem of the Wolf-Rayet stars, their origin and the possibilities of their production either as single stars or as massive binaries is examined.Finally, the origin of X-ray binaries is discussed and the scenario for the formation of these objects (starting from massive ZAMS close binaries, through Wolf-Rayet binaries leading to OB-stars with a compact companion after a supernova explosion) is reviewed and completed, including stellar wind mass loss.     

Smart flight control surfaces with microelectromechanical systems

Pitch, roll, and yaw moments can be developed by deflecting and changing the geometry of control surfaces. In this paper, smart flight control surfaces are designed using multi-node microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) to displace control surfaces and change the surface geometry. These MEMS augment translational motion microstructures (actuators-sensors), controlling/signal processing integrated circuits (ICs), radiating energy devices and antennas. The desired pitch, roll, and yaw moments are produced, drag can be reduced, and unsteady aerodynamic flows are controlled by smart flight control surfaces. That is, we achieve aerodynamic moment and active flow control capabilities. The major objective here is to report fundamental and applied research in design of smart flight control surfaces with MEMS-based actuator-sensor-IC arrays controlled by hierarchical distributed systems. We demonstrate the feasibility and effectiveness of the application of smart flight control surfaces for coordinated longitudinal and lateral vehicle control     

Algorithm for calculating geometry of lifting maximum rigidity surfaces

An algorithm for calculating optimal geometry of lifting maximum rigidity surfaces is described.     

飞机结构健康监控技术

对于飞机制造商来说，希望有朝一日“视情维修”这个新概念能成为现实。结构完好性监控是向这一目标迈进的重要一步。它使结构部件“感觉”到将要损坏的迹象，从而减少因维修而停飞的时间。它对未来飞机的设计也将产生重大影响。     

复合材料结构件制造技术

作为大飞机关键制造技术之一,复合材料结构件制造技术已经广泛应用于飞机机翼、机身、垂尾、整流罩、中央翼盒等各个关键部位。随着国产大飞机项目的不断进展,复     

Common envelope evolution of binary stars

We discuss the common envelope phase in the evolution of binary systems. The problem of the efficiency of energy deposition into envelope ejection is treated in some detail. We describe the implications of common envelope evolution for the shaping of planetary nebulae with close binary nuclei and for double white dwarf systems, considered to be the progenitors of Type I supernovae.     

Common envelope evolution of binary stars

We discuss the common envelope phase in the evolution of binary systems. The problem of the efficiency of energy deposition into envelope ejection is treated in some detail. We describe the implications of common envelope evolution for the shaping of planetary nebulae with close binary nuclei and for double white dwarf systems, considered to be the progenitors of Type I supernovae.     

Formation and evolution of low-mass Algols

We discuss the origin, evolution and fate of low-mass Algols (LMA) that have components with initial masses less than 2.5 M₀. The semi-major axes of orbits of pre-LMA do not exceed 20–25 R₀. The rate of formation of Algol-type stars is ～ 0.01/year. Magnetic stellar winds may be the factor that determines the evolution of LMA. Most LMA end their lives as double helium degenerate dwarfs with M₁/M₂ ～ 0.88 (like L870-2). Some of them even merge through angular momentum loss caused by gravitational waves.