悬停旋翼无粘流场数值模拟中的多重网格方法

发展了一种基于不同空间离散格式的多重网格算法,并应用于悬停旋翼无粘绕流的Euler方程数值模拟。由于悬停旋翼流场中存在不可压区域,同时旋翼尾涡系统的发展需要较长的时间,使得旋翼流场的收敛速度远低于固定翼流场,因此研究旋翼流场的多重网格算法具有重要意义。空间离散采用了Roe s FDS格式和Jameson中心有限体积格式,时间推进应用了五步Runge-Kutta方法。采用多重网格V循环方式,对一跨声速悬停旋翼无粘流场进行了数值计算。计算结果表明:多重网格算法可以显著加速悬停旋翼无粘流场的数值计算收敛速度;无论在激波分辨率还是在计算精度上,Roe s FDS格式都优于JST格式。     

Experimental investigation of counter-rotating four vortex aircraft wake

An experimental investigation on the wake vortex formation and evolution of a four vortex system of a generic model in the near field and extended near field as well as the behaviour and decay in the far field region has been conducted by means of hot-wire anemometry in a wind tunnel. The results were obtained during an experimental campaign as part of the EC project “FAR-Wake”. The model used consists of a wing–tail plane configuration with the wing producing positive lift and the tail plane negative lift. The circulation ratio of tail plane to wing is ?0.3 and the span ratio is 0.3. Thus, a four vortex system with counter-rotating neighboured vortices exists. The model set-up was chosen on the condition to create a most promising four vortex system with respect to accelerate wake vortex decay by optimal perturbations enhancing inherent instability mechanisms. The flow field has been investigated for a half plane of the entire wake up to a distance of 48 span dimensions downstream of the model. The results obtained at 1, 12, 24 and 48 span distances are shown as non-dimensional axial vorticity and vertical turbulence intensities. A significant decay in peak vorticity, swirl velocity and circulation is observable during the downward motion of the vortices. Spectral analysis of the unsteady velocity data reveals a peak in the power spectral density distributions indicating the presence of a dominating instability. Using two hot-wire probes cross spectral density distributions have also been evaluated, which highlight the co-operative instability leading to a rapid wake vortex decay within 30 span dimensions downstream.     

翼型近尾迹流动的PIV研究—动力学机制

利用在线式互相关PIV(ParticleImageVelocimetry)系统,在低速风洞中对NACA0012翼型在雷诺数2.39×105,0°和4°攻角下的近尾迹流动进行了详细测量。实验结果表明,翼型近尾迹存在有序的涡街结构,涡街在尾缘处形成后,在向下游的迁移中,会经历一个发展壮大、失稳破碎的演化过程,流动从有序走向无序。翼型的近尾迹是一种以旋涡的运动学特性和动力学机制为主导的流动现象。本文着重探讨了翼型尾缘处的涡街形成机理,尾迹内的流动机制,以及近尾迹的流动稳定性。      

跨声速压气机中动叶弯和掠对尾迹输运的影响

对一单级跨声速压气机设计工况下采用了3种弯、掠动叶后的非定常流场进行了数值模拟,分析了动叶弯、掠对动叶尾迹的非定常脉动强度以及向下游输运特性的影响.研究结果表明:与原型动叶相比,3种弯、掠动叶都减弱了动叶出口的泄漏涡和尾迹顶部脉动核心的脉动强度,使其在向下游输运过程中耗散较快;3种弯、掠动叶尾迹的中间段的脉动强度都有所加强,并且在输运过程中有向根部迁移的趋势,从而会使静叶的中部和根部受到较强的扰动.      

Wake structure and similar behavior of wake profiles downstream of a plunging airfoil

Very limited attention has already been paid to the velocity behavior in the wake region in unsteady aerodynamic problems.A series of tests has been performed on a flapping airfoil in a subsonic wind tunnel to study the wake structure for different sets of mean angle of attack,plunging amplitude and reduced frequency.In this study,the velocity profiles in the wake for various oscillation parameters have been measured using a wide shoulder rake,especially designed for the present experiments.The airfoil under consideration was a critical section of a 660 kW wind turbine.The results show that for a flapping airfoil the wake structure can be of drag producing type,thrust producing or neutral,depending on the mean angle of attack,oscillation amplitude and reduced frequency.In a thrust producing wake,a high-momentum high-velocity jet flow is formed in the core region of the wake instead of the conventional low-momentum flow.As a result,the drag force normally experienced by the body due to the momentum deficit would be replaced by a thrust force.According to the results,the momentum loss in the wake decreases as the reduced frequency increases.The thrust producing wake pattern for the flapping airfoil has been observed for suffi ciently low angles of attack in the absence of the viscous effects.This phenomenon has also been observed for either high oscillation amplitudes or high reduced frequencies.According to the results,for different reduced frequencies and plunging amplitudes,such that the product of them be a constant,the velocity profiles exhibit similar behavior and coalesce on each other.This simi larity parameter works excellently at small angles of attack.However,at near stall boundaries,the similarity is not as evident as before.     

用多重网格方法计算旋翼跨声速无粘流场

发展了一种加快悬停旋翼无粘流场计算收敛速度的多重网格方法。由于悬停旋翼流场中存在不可压区域，同时旋翼尾涡系统的发展需要较长的时间，使得旋翼流场的收敛速度远低于固定翼流场，因此研究旋翼流场的多重网格算法具有重要意义。空间离散格式采用了中心有限体积方法，时间推进应用了五步龙格-库塔法。采用3层网格的V循环，对一跨声速悬停旋翼无粘流场进行了数值计算。计算结果表明：尽管多重网格方法对旋翼流场的加速收敛作用不如对固定翼流场的加速收敛效果，但是多重网格方法仍然可以显著地加快旋翼流场收敛。     

粒子图像技术测量带尾缘吹气静子尾迹特征

采用粒子图像测试技术(PIV Particle Image Velocimetry)和热线相结合的方法,对静子尾缘有无吹气条件下尾迹区流场进行测量,得到了不同尾部吹气量下的静子尾迹区的流场,通过测量得到了尾迹区的流动显示、速度矢量图和涡量图,并根据无动量亏损厚度确定了纯尾迹、弱尾迹、无动量亏损尾迹和射流四种尾迹流动特征。同时对PIV测试结果和热线测试结果进行了对比,两个实验结果比较吻合,验证了PIV实验的准确性,实验结果认为无动量亏损尾迹区与纯尾迹流动相比具有速度周向变化小和脉动小等特点。     

局部等厚度的共翼型舵对潜艇尾流场优化效果研究

潜艇桨盘面伴流的不均匀性是影响螺旋桨在工作时产生振动和噪声的关键因素,潜艇指挥台围壳和尾舵产生的马蹄涡是导致桨盘面伴流不均匀性的重要原因。为了抑制尾舵处形成的马蹄涡,设计了一种局部等厚度的共翼型舵,通过数值模拟研究了其对尾流场不均匀性的改善效果。结果表明,局部等厚舵可以使尾流场相比非共翼型舵不均匀度下降40%以上,并且在相同舵角下舵力显著增大;安装局部等厚舵的同时在围壳处安装消涡片可以使不均匀度下降60%以上;减小局部等厚舵的最大厚度和增大首部曲率都可以进一步改善尾流场,且舵力不受损失。局部等厚舵形式简单,对尾流场和舵力改善效果显著。     

透平叶栅尾部形状及喷气对尾迹流的影响

在跨音速平面叶栅风洞中测叶栅ＢＲＩＴＥ／ＥＵＲＡＭ２１Ｎ及ＢＲＩＴＥ／ＥＵＲＡＭ２２Ｎ，进口气流马赫数为０．８；经叶栅尾部矩形开口槽进入流场尾迹区的喷气量为总流量的３％。通过实验得出结论：在叶栅尾部压力面截去一个直角缺口可以显著提高喷气效应，使尾迹流区域的面积减少一半。     

垂直交叉双圆柱绕流强迫振动数值模拟

采用虚拟体法数值模拟了平面单圆柱绕流强迫振动,以及空间垂直交叉双圆柱绕流下游圆柱强迫振动流场。验证了单圆柱强迫振动中的锁定状态以及相位突变现象,从而证实了该数值方法模拟振动流场的可靠性。研究了在雷诺数Re=150、间距为5倍圆柱直径、下游圆柱按正弦曲线振动时,对尾流场的影响。下游圆柱两端尾流场在振动的作用下,涡的横向间距增大,而中心尾流场由于受上游圆柱尾流的影响而保持原先的状态。下游圆柱在锁定区的振动使尾流场变得稳定,表现在流向二次涡结构的减少,以及尾流场的速度场频谱趋向单一化。     

使用高阶逆风通量差分裂格式的悬停旋翼流场数值模拟

为减少Jameson二阶中心差分有限体积法导致的旋翼尾迹的数值耗散,将三阶逆风格式(MUSCL)与通量差分裂方法相结合,建立了一个三维雷诺平均N-S方程数值模拟悬停状态旋翼流场的方法。为了充分考虑旋翼尾迹对流场的影响,采用周期性边界条件和由动量理论导出的远场边界条件。为进一步减少尾迹数值耗散和便于添加上述边界条件,采用了嵌套网格方法。然后,进行了算例计算,给出了桨叶表面的压强分布,与可得到的试验数据及二阶中心差分方法的计算结果进行了对比,并针对几种不同桨尖形状的旋翼悬停流场进行计算,数值结果显示:后掠桨尖可减弱超临界流动。此外,还计算和分析了旋翼下方不同位置上的涡量分布。计算结果表明,本文方法能够有效地减少旋翼尾迹的数值耗散。      

About classical problems of airfoil drag

The drag of airfoils has long been determined from measurements in the wake behind the airfoil. The well-known formula of Squire and Young can be used to transfer the measured data to infinity downstream of the airfoil, where an exact relation to the drag exists. The Squire–Young formula is reviewed and an uncertainty in its derivation is discussed. A new formula of the same type is then derived, which also contains an uncertainty. This uncertainty can be reduced by experimental and numerical investigations of the wake displacement. Conversely, the displacement and the momentum of the wake must be investigated to reduce the uncertainty of the Squire–Young formula. In the second part of the paper, the determination of the drag directly by integration of the skin friction is investigated. Such a calculation is not difficult if the boundary-layer characteristics are computed numerically. An additional pressure drag must be regarded in this case. A new formula for the pressure drag is derived which shows that the uncertainty of the Squire–Young type formulas is contained in the evaluation of the pressure drag. This is another reason for further research on wake displacement.     

贴地飞行时旋翼空气动力学实验研究

 本文对贴地飞行时的旋翼进行了流场显示和桨盘处下洗速度测量的实验研究。揭示并研究了环流和地面涡现象及其对旋翼平面下洗速度分布的影响,指出了旋翼贴地飞行时拉力、力矩等剧烈变化的原因。     

Kármán涡街中旋涡三维变形的初步研究

本文用涡动力学及LIA方法作为基本理论模型,数值研究了尾迹中孤立涡和细涡丝的三维演化规律。结果表明,圆柱分离尾迹中的旋涡存在三维不稳定性。卡门涡在尾迹平均流场中演化产生三维的类似于马蹄形-勺子形的流场结构。细涡丝在涡辫区的三维演化形成趋向流场最大拉伸变形方向的流向涡结构。     

Wake vortex characteristics of transport aircraft

The flow and flight physics of wake vortex systems has been intensively investigated concentrating on a large variety of aspects. This paper gives a brief overview on past and present wake vortex research activities such as early studies, integrated programs, model and flight tests, numerical investigations, fundamental physical aspects and alleviation strategies. Then, detailed results of the properties of the wake near field and extended near field are presented addressing typical length and time scales and especially turbulence quantities. Progressing from the near field to the far field wake instability mechanisms are explained along with their relevance for wake vortex decay. Characteristic quantities are given for the short and long wave instabilities associated with vortex merging and wakes consisting of two and four trailing vortices. A non-dimensional frequency parameter is introduced to classify the main instability types. Means for wake vortex alleviation are described aimed at influencing the wake vortex turbulence field or triggering and amplifying the inherent instabilities. The methods discussed include passive means such as the effects of spoilers, differential flap setting and four-vortex systems and active means using oscillating flaps or auxiliary devices.     

悬停状态旋翼尾迹边界测量

介绍了用试验来定量确定悬停状态旋翼尾迹边界的方法，从物理本质分析了悬停状态旋翼尾迹的湍流特性，阐述了如何用热线风速仪来测量尾迹的湍流度并用湍流度来确定桨尖涡的位置和尾迹边界。揭示了悬停状态旋翼尾迹边界的一些特点，最后将试验结果与国外的相应研究结果作了比较，发现两者吻合得较好。     

超高负荷低压涡轮非定常特性实验

针对某后加载超高负荷低压涡轮叶型的定常与非定常气动特性进行了实验研究.结果表明:由于上游尾迹的作用,在低来流雷诺数与来流湍流度下,尾迹诱导转捩叠加自然转捩可以抑制分离、降低叶型损失.在一个尾迹通过周期,由于尾迹诱导转捩的作用,附面层分离周期性地放大、缩小.同时在吸力面速度峰值点下游观测到了尾迹被割裂为两部分的现象,形成了一个主尾迹与一个副尾迹.副尾迹同样可以诱导转捩,但强度较低,对分离抑制效果有限.      

锥体高超声速尾流辐射特性

应用显式有限差分法求解了轴对称尾流边界层方程,求出高超声速锥体尾流化学非平衡流场。在求得温度、速度、密度和粒子浓度场的二维分布的同时,详细求解尾流中各种粒子的辐射强度和辐射量的二维分布。     

升力面尾涡卷起的地面效应

本文就二维平板从理论上证明了改进涡格法的超收敛性。用该方法研究了近地升力面尾涡卷起的地面效应。尾涡面上的自由线涡方向应与当地流线方向一致,通过迭代满足这一非线性边界条件的确定尾涡的形状。地面效应以镜象涡系模拟。一系列计算结果表明迭代迅速收敛。本文讨论了升力面距地高度对尾涡位置和形状的影响,计算表明当该高度小于一定距离后,尾涡呈现不稳定。     

尾迹与涡轮叶栅边界层的相互作用

通过实验和数值模拟的手段研究了尾迹与边界层的相互作用,其中上游叶排尾迹的模拟是通过在涡轮叶栅前设置周期性运动的圆柱实现的.研究表明,上游尾迹对涡轮叶栅边界层的发展有显著影响,在其作用下,吸力面边界层提前转捩,分离得到明显的抑制,利用尾迹与边界层相互作用的非定常效应可以明显提高低压涡轮叶栅气动负荷.