高动态信号模拟器中的多普勒模拟算法

 为了测试卫星定位系统接收机的性能,须用信号模拟器来模拟各种条件下真实的卫星发射信号。卫星信号模拟器由软件、硬件和上位机三部分组成。系统主要包含目标运动轨迹计算、误差计算、导航电文生成及信号调制发射等功能模块。中频信号处理中的多普勒频移模拟是高动态卫星信号模拟器要解决的一项关键技术。为此,提出了一种全相参的多普勒模拟算法,基于真实的高动态运动模型解算出伪码和载波的频率字,在现场可编程门阵列（FPGA）中通过数控振荡器(NCO)设计产生真实的动态卫星信号。通过实际测试并与理论数据进行了比对验证,模拟出的动态特性与真实卫星信号的多普勒特性一致。     

406 MHz ELT signal spectra for SARSAT

The signal format and spectral properties of the 406-MHz emergency locator transmitter (ELT) used in the search and rescue satellite aided tracking (SARSAT) system are examined. The ELT improves location estimate accuracies and can relay information about the particular aircraft and its problem, by means of the digitally modulated message fields. It is shown that due to the RF signal frequency characteristics and the Doppler shift, processing must be performed over a frequency band of approximately 25 kHz. Through the use of the fast Fourier transformation (FFT), the frequency spectrum of the ELT is analyzed, taking account of effects due to noise, multiple simultaneously received signals, and Doppler shift. It is demonstrated that the FFT provides an effective means for detecting and recognizing the presence of one or more ELT signals over this 25-kHz frequency band. Some recommendations are made to improve the spectral characteristics and the performance of the ELT     

全球卫星导航系统兼容性分析方法研究

根据全球卫星导航系统信号捕获、载波跟踪和数据解调的原理,优化了等效载波功率与噪声密度比模型。针对有多普勒频率时的情况,提出了C/A码自干扰时的捕获-频谱隔离系数。结果显示,随着多普勒频率的变化,频谱隔离系数有着明显的变化。通过对仿真结果的分析,验证了模型的有效性,也为后续卫星导航信号的优化设计提供了支持。     

Argos海洋浮标多普勒定位原理与方法

通过对海洋浮标进行定位,Argos系统在海洋科学方面得到较为广泛的应用。但Argos系统卫星过顶弧段甚短,加之信号发射周期较长,测量资料甚为稀疏,给海洋浮标的定位造成很不利的影响,容易出现矩阵奇异情况,造成定位失败。文章给出了有效的基于多普勒测量的用于数据收集发射平台的定位算法,并利用参考椭球面约束定位目标,从而改进定位算法,计算结果显示如果能有效的使用约束条件,可以使：①原先定位失败的情形成功解算;②原先定位成功的情形定位精度得到改进。文章还给出了针对海洋目标信标运动以及卫星星历误差等因素对定位结果造成的误差影响的统计分析。     

基于Starlink机会信号/INS的组合导航方法

针对全球卫星导航系统(GNSS)因频点单一、落地功率低、易受电磁干扰以及存在覆盖较差区域等潜在的被拒止或被干扰导致的导航系统性能降低甚至失效的问题,提出了一种基于星链(Starlink)机会信号融合惯性导航系统(INS)的飞行器动态组合导航方法。首先分析了星链信号体制,建立了基于星链星座卫星下行机会信号的瞬时多普勒定位观测模型,设计了一种基于频率细分的快速最大似然多普勒频率估计方法,然后建立了基于扩展卡尔曼滤波(EKF)的Starlink机会信号/INS的组合导航模型,并对该导航方法进行了实验及分析。结果表明,该方法可为飞行器提供长航时、连续、高精度的导航。动态飞行情况下,该方法可实现平均优于25 m的三维定位精度和平均优于0.1 m/s的速度估计精度,比相同观测时间下的惯导精度提高了1～2个数量级,显著提高了飞行器的导航精度,可为战略导航提供方法和技术支撑。     

Frequency-Dependent Ionospheric Refraction Effects on the Doppler Shift of Satellite Signals

Analysis of four-frequency satellite Doppler data has allowed the separation and measurement of frequency-dependent ionospheric contributions to the Doppler shift, providing information useful in the study of errors incurred when tracking radio signals through the ionosphere. These refraction errors affect the accuracy of navigational position fixes obtained by Doppler satellite tracking systems. Some measured ionospheric refraction errors reported here are of interest because their magnitudes are significantly greater than those heretofore predicted from theoretical considerations.     

基于非导航随机信号的组合导航技术研究

目前,卫星导航系统已成为无处不在的导航和授时信息源,但是其自身存在固有的缺陷,如信号功率低、易被敌方压制或欺骗等.为了弥补卫星导航系统的不足,开展了基于地面数字电视广播(DTMB)和接收信号强度指示(RSSI)移动终端等非导航随机信号的导航信息提取技术研究和组合导航技术研究.根据DTMB时域PN帧头序列的良好时域相关性...     

基于Doppler估计的弹载接收机抗欺骗干扰研究

GNSS接收机在军用方面尤其是高精度制导武器中的应用日益增强.针对卫星信号易受敌方欺骗信号干扰的问题,设计一种基于Doppler频率估计的弹载接收机抗欺骗干扰的方法.首先分析了欺骗干扰和真实信号的Doppler变化特点;然后在捕获阶段利用残留信号检测存在欺骗干扰的卫星编号;最后根据弹载的高动态特性,在跟踪阶段采取扩展 Kalman 滤波器(EKF)进行载波Doppler频率估计,并根据Doppler变化的相似性提取出欺骗信号.通过仿真实验验证,该方法可以有效排除欺骗信号的干扰.     

Orbit Determination from Passive Range Observations

An experiment is described by which the ephemeris of a near-synchronous satellite was determined from passive range observations. The data consist of the measured times of reception at ground tracking stations of electromagnetic signals which are radiated from the satellite at regular intervals. A comparison of the ephemeris to one obtained from Doppler tracking indicates an accuracy of better than 4.9 mrad rms.     

一种基于参数控制的低轨星载接收机载波跟踪算法CSCD

低轨星座接收机面临大多普勒频移及频繁快速换星等设计约束,对其载波跟踪环路设计提出了较高的动态适应性与跟踪精度要求。针对以上问题,提出了一种基于参数控制的载波跟踪算法。该算法引入环路控制因子参数,将环路滤波器分为牵引和跟踪两阶段。基于理论建模推导环路控制因子的最优参数配置原则,指导实现牵引和跟踪两种状态滤波器的协同配合,在牵引阶段有效引导大多普勒信号快速入锁,在跟踪阶段精确估计载波频移参数,实现基于低轨星载平台的GNSS信号快速准确跟踪。理论与仿真结果均表明基于参数控制的载波跟踪算法能够有效提升环路的动态适应性与跟踪精度,满足低轨星载接收机的设计需求。与传统算法相比,该算法在保证信号跟踪精度的同时,能够将收敛时间缩短78%,且环路设计简单,易于硬件实现。     

Improved COSPAS-SARSAT locating with geostationary satellite data

The COSPAS-SARSAT system locates distress beacons via Doppler analysis of beacon transmissions as observed by low Earth orbiting (LEO) satellites. By contrast, the 406 MHz search and rescue transponder on the geostationary satellites can measure only the transmitted frequency of the beacon, which is not currently being used in location determination. This report shows that a combined data approach can significantly improve the locating success rate, the time delay to the first solution, and the accuracy of location estimates     

一种高动态低信噪比下载波快速捕获跟踪方法

针对高动态、低信噪比的接收信号,首先对整个多普勒频率范围进行分段,并在每一段内利用本地产生的带有多普勒频率变化率的复信号来抵消接收信号中多普勒频率变化率的影响,然后在每一段内利用FFT（FastFourierTransform,快速傅里叶变换）进行载波频率并行捕获,从而同时完成载波多普勒频率及其变化率的初步估计。利用载波多普勒频率及其变化率估计信息辅助锁频环快速入锁,进而利用锁频环辅助三阶锁相环完成载波信号的锁频锁相跟踪。使用这种方法,可以快速获取信号的多普勒频率及其变化率信息,并且在极短时间内完成载波的稳定跟踪,使接收设备具备快速捕获跟踪大动态弱信号的能力。     

一种基于信道模拟的测速精度评估方法

为了评估单向多普勒测速动态测量精度,构建了一种基于卫星信道模拟器的测速精度评估系统,通过在卫星信道模拟器装订卫星飞行轨迹,利用卫星信道模拟器对上行信号加入传播时延、多普勒频率,对卫星在轨飞行状态下的单向多普勒测速进行场景仿真,并对场景仿真获取的测速数据进行O-C残差序列分析,得到动态测量条件下的测速精度。给出了O-C残差序列的计算方法,分析了单向多普勒测速体制下时钟偏差对测速结果的影响,并给出了一种简单的时钟误差修正方法。     

增益幅度不同时信号二维方向角和多普勒频率的盲估计

 在各阵元增益幅度不一致的条件下,提出了一种起伏目标的二维方向角和多普勒频率盲估计的新方法。此方法在各阵元增益幅度不一致的条件下,仍可获得很好的估计性能,并能应用于各个信号的频率相同的场合。且具有对噪声不敏感,不需进行谱峰搜索,适用范围广等特点。仿真结果表明了此算法的有效性。     

Satellite inclination effects on UHF Satcom operation

The cause, magnitude, and time variance of satellite inclination are examined in light of the effects on military UHF SATCOM operation. The effects on required demodulator acquisition range, earth coverage footprint, and user terminal antenna pointing accuracy are considered. It is shown that the allowable satellite inclination to maximize on-orbit lifetime is not based on earth-terminal antenna pointing accuracy, but on allowable loss of high-latitude satellite coverage area. Worst-case Doppler shift for a UHF military satellite is 85-Hz uplink and 67-Hz downlink for a 5° SATCOM user elevation angle and 10° of satellite inclination. This amount of inclination is a reasonable allowance for station-keeping, to minimize thruster fuel and thus maximize satellite life. It is also shown that uplink Doppler frequency shift due to satellite inclination may be corrected based on satellite ephemeris data and rough user terminal location data     

Theoretical Bounds on Random Errors in Satellite Doppler Navigation

Analytic expressions of the random errors in a satellite Doppler navigation system are developed. The errors in the along-track and across-track coordinates are expressed as functions of the geometry (range and angle), pass-length, and signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). Such an analytic result becomes possible due to an explicit solution to a simplified rectilinear model of the satellite pass over a flat Earth. It is shown that the explicit solution performance in the presence of noise is identical to that of the iterative solution, used in the real navigation problem.     

Two Methods of Spectral Estimation for SARSAT Signals

Search and rescue satellite aided tracking (SARSAT) depends on the processing of emergency locator transmitter (ELT) signals which are received by a satellite in low polar orbit. Since the signal from a distressed vehicle is normally immersed in a background of other ELT signals (false alarms), interference, and noise, different methods of spectral estimation can provide advantages in estimating carrier frequency. A comparison between average spectrum and minimum spectrum for several real signals is provided here.     

空间飞行器的多普勒实时自主定轨精度分析

空间飞行器需要实时的高精度轨道信息来完成对栽荷的指令操作和遥感数据的实时处理。除了星栽GPS技术,星载多普勒无线电定轨定位系统（DORIS,Doppler Orbitography and Radio—positioning Intergrated by Satellite）是仅有的有能力提供分米级精度的实时在轨轨道确定技术,它可通过测量星地相对多普勒频移,在星上完成实时定轨和预报,目前该技术已在国外多个卫星上实现,达到了较好的效果,而我国还没有建立这样实时自主定轨系统。为此,结合我国高分辨率空间对地观测系统的建设需求和我国航天器对实时自主定轨及其精度的要求,利用扩展卡尔曼滤波算法对多普勒测量进行了实时自主定轨仿真计算,分析了频率偏差估计与否、初轨误差、地面信标站地理分布以及观测精度等对实时自主定轨的滤波收敛时间和定轨精度的影响,为我国利用DORIS技术进行实时在轨轨道确定提供方案和软件原型。仿真计算表明,基于28个全球分布的地面站,对于高度为800km的卫星,在忽略其动力学模型误差的假设下,若初轨三维位置、速度误差分别为100m（或差至1km）、1m／S（1d）,2h后滤波可以达到稳定收敛,收敛后的实时定轨误差可以达到0．1m（1d）。滤波估计参数除了6个卫星轨道状态参数,还估计了地面信标相对于卫星超稳定振荡器的频率偏差;     

数字卫星电视授时方法及其研究进展

为丰富和完善国家时间频率体系建设,提高现有定位导航与授时(PNT)体系的服务能力,中国科学院国家授时中心开展了基于数字卫星电视信号的授时方法研究,并搭建了一套数字卫星电视授时系统,实际测试结果表明其定时精度优于50ns(均方根).首先综述了数字卫星电视授时方法中的理论框架及其若干关键技术问题,然后介绍了在提高授时精度方...     

在无线电干涉仪中实现高准确的非相干多普勒跟踪

非相干多普勒跟踪系统中，星载主振器与地面跟踪站的频率基准不相干。就测速准确度而言，非相干多普勒跟踪的性能低于相干多普勒跟踪，但实现起来比较容易。导频单音法可以消除星载主振器的频率漂移对测速准确度的影响。本文结合无线电干涉仪介绍其工作原理。