Three-dimensional guidance law based on adaptive integral sliding mode control

For the terminal guidance problem of missiles intercepting maneuvering targets in the three-dimensional space, the design of guidance laws for non-decoupling three-dimensional engage-ment geometry is studied. Firstly, by introducing a finite time integral sliding mode manifold, a novel guidance law based on the integral sliding mode control is presented with the target acceler-ation as a known bounded external disturbance. Then, an improved adaptive guidance law based on the integral sliding mode control without the information of the upper bound on the target accel-eration is developed, where the upper bound of the target acceleration is estimated online by a designed adaptive law. The both presented guidance laws can make sure that the elevation angular rate of the line-of-sight and the azimuth angular rate of the line-of-sight converge to zero in finite time. In the end, the results of the guidance performance for the proposed guidance laws are pre-sented by numerical simulations. Although the designed guidance laws are developed for the con-stant speed missiles, the simulation results for the time-varying speed missiles are also shown to further confirm the designed guidance laws.     

A finite-time 3D guidance law based on fixed-time convergence disturbance observer

In order to achieve accurate interception of high-speed maneuvering targets, this paper presents a relative Line-of-Sight (LOS) velocity based finite-time three-dimensional guidance law design framework, and discusses the application of fixed-time convergence disturbance observer in this framework. Firstly, a simple Lyapunov function is provided to show that the coupled terms in the relative kinematics can be ignored in the proposed guidance law design framework. Secondly, the realizations of several classical guidance laws are analyzed with the proposed framework, including TPN guidance law, finite-time Input-to-State Stability (ISS) guidance law, and sliding mode guidance law. Thirdly, fixed-time convergence disturbance observers are introduced to design the composite finite-time 3D guidance law, and Lyapunov method is employed to show the stability of the guidance system. Numerical simulations with different scenarios show that the proposed generalized guidance law performs high interception accuracy.     

带有双闭环滤波器的有限时间稳定变结构制导律

 在末制导过程中,为了取得较高的命中精度,制导律必须使视线(LOS)角速率较快收敛。为了提高制导律的性能,在假设未知不确定时变项有界的前提下,对带有双闭环滤波器的变结构制导律进行了研究。提出的变结构制导律能够使视线角速率及其一阶导数在有限时间内收敛至滑动模态域内,得到更加精确的等效控制并有效克服干扰的影响。通过引入高阶滑动模态,对有关定理进行了重新证明,简化了证明过程,加强了定理的结论,弱化了定理成立的条件。最后利用数值仿真验证了所研究方法的有效性。     

基于Backstepping和扰动观测器的导引律

考虑目标机动和自动驾驶仪动态特性等情况,基于扰动观测器(DOB)技术及Backstepping的设计思想,提出了一种新型的三维导引律。运用Backstepping的设计思想,将包含驾驶仪动态特性的制导环路分为外环和内环两个环路。将目标机动及俯仰和偏航平面间的交叉耦合项当成外环扰动,将驾驶仪参数不确定当成内环扰动,分别设计内外扰动观测器将它们估计出来,利用估计值做前馈补偿得到的外环控制器可抑制目标机动对制导精度的影响及实现两个平面的解耦控制,内环控制器补偿驾驶仪动态特性对制导精度的影响。导引律的设计在于使得导弹的实际加速度跟踪上外环的虚拟控制。仿真结果表明:在目标做大机动、考虑驾驶仪动态特性的情况下,这种导引律仍然具有良好的制导精度。     

Review of control and guidance technology on hypersonic vehicle

Air-breathing hypersonic vehicle has great military and potential economic value due to its characteristics: high velocity, long range, quick response. Therefore, the development of hypersonic vehicle and its guidance and control technology are reviewed in this paper. Firstly, the development and classification of hypersonic vehicles around the world are summarized, and the geometric configuration and mission profile of typical air-breathing hypersonic vehicle are given.Secondly, the control dif...     

基于滑模控制的剖面跟踪制导律

针对高超声速飞行器滑翔段的高精度制导问题，考虑复杂多约束条件以及干扰和不确定因素的影响，设计了一种基于全局积分滑模控制的剖面跟踪制导方法。首先，将多重约束转化为阻力加速度-速度（D-V）平面内的再入走廊；然后，以终端精度和总吸热量为性能指标，采用分段函数的形式优化设计出一条标准D-V剖面；再基于简化的动力学模型，推导得到关于阻力加速度微分和速度的二阶非线性模型；最后，基于滑模控制理论，设计全局积分滑模面和指数趋近律，获得控制量幅值大小，并结合侧向方位误差走廊确定控制量符号，从而实现对标准剖面的有效跟踪。采用CAV-H滑翔再入模型进行数值仿真，分析验证了提出的基于滑模控制的剖面跟踪制导律具有较好的跟踪性能和精度。     

多约束条件下的制导律研究综述

随着导弹等制导武器机动能力的增强,制导精度的提高,多约束条件下的制导律研究成为精确制导研究的新热点。简要介绍了多约束条件下的制导问题,重点评述了近年来多约束条件下的制导律研究情况,对目前多约束条件下的制导律设计进行了比较详细的研究,系统分析了各种方法的优缺点,并分析了其可能的研究内容动态和方向,为精确制导技术的发展提供了参考和借鉴。     

舰载飞机纵向着舰自抗扰导引系统设计

为使舰载飞机沿着理想的下滑轨迹安全着舰,自动着舰系统必须具备跟踪甲板运动和抑制气流扰动的性能。因此,采用自抗扰控制器(ADRC)设计了纵向着舰导引系统。仿真结果表明,自抗扰导引系统不但对典型输入的跟踪性能令人满意,而且抑制突风扰动的能力较强;和PID导引律相比,系统响应的品质有较大的改善。     

一种新的空间飞行器再入制导律研究

基于阻力与能量关系的优化剖面,以该再入剖面作为基准轨迹,给出了跟踪这一基准轨迹的空间飞行器再入制导律与控制律,将基准轨迹转化为相应的迎角剖面和滚转角剖面,设计了相应的结构配置。仿真结果表明,基于阻力与能量关系剖面设计的制导律满足了各项约束条件,并能成功地控制飞行器到达所要求的位置。     

基于阻力加速度倒数剖面的再入轨迹规划与制导方法

针对升力式飞行器再入制导问题,提出了一种基于阻力加速度倒数剖面的在线解析规划与制导方法。首先将过程和终端约束转换成阻力加速度倒数形式的飞行走廊,采用三次样条函数描述倒数剖面。然后通过解析计算航程上下界,利用待飞航程在倒数剖面内的近似线性关系,以满足待飞航程为目标,迭代计算得到阻力加速度倒数剖面;在飞行过程中根据当前状态和实际待飞航程,周期性更新阻力加速度倒数剖面。通过对阻力加速度剖面的跟踪进行纵向制导,解算倾侧角指令;通过倾侧角反向来进行侧向制导,限制航向角偏差。实现了再入轨迹的在线快速生成与更新,并利用阻力加速度动态特性,将其与跟踪制导结合,提出的方法效率高,适应性强,有工程应用的潜力。     

混合动力复合翼应急迫降在线航迹规划与制导

针对混合动力复合翼飞行器巡航模式下空中停车后无动力应急迫降（VTOL）问题,提出在线航迹规划与制导方法。根据复合翼空中停车时初始位置/航向不确定散布,发展一套满足动力学约束、终端约束的三维航迹在线规划方法：利用几何规划方法快速生成扩展Dubins二维航迹,再根据下滑性能约束进行三维扩展。针对低速无动力下滑航迹跟踪更易受风干扰以及三维航线分段连接处曲率不连续的特性,发展一种基于非线性模型预测控制的三维制导算法。将纵横解耦的制导律嵌入到预测模型框架内,跟踪误差、外界风扰动、航迹曲率不连续等非线性因素则通过系统输出建立目标约束,其后利用滚动优化实时求解制导指令。最后对航迹在线规划方法与三维制导律的适用性进行仿真分析与验证,结果表明所提出的航迹规划方法适用于不确定初始位置/航向散布的应急迫降在线规划,所提的制导算法具备抵抗风扰、提高三维制导精度的能力。     

Finite-time composite guidance law with input constraint and dynamics compensation

Guidance laws are proposed for a near space interceptor with on–off type thrust as output. The target-interceptor engagement kinematics is integrated with the first-order dynamics of thruster to design guidance laws. The bang-bang type guidance law with linear sliding mode is proposed to deal with thruster dynamics, and the sufficient condition for finite time convergence is rigorously proved based on the finite-time convergence theory. According to the sufficient condition, a sliding mode guidance law with hysteresis-band switching is introduced to reduce the switching frequency of thruster. Then two guidance laws are combined into a composite guidance law to improve the guidance performance. Simulation results show that the line-of-sight angular rate can converge to a neighborhood of the equilibrium point before the final time of the guidance process, and the composite guidance law has better performance than typical guidance laws.     

STUDY OF OPTIMAL SLIDING-MODE GUIDANCE LAW

An optimal guidance law based on missile-target line-of-sight (LOS) angular rate is presented for intercepting a nonmaneuvering target. It is then integrated with sliding-mode control theory by using reaching-law of sliding-mode, in order to derive an optimal sliding-mode guidance law for intercepting a maneuvering target. The new guidance method's robustness against target maneuvers and good miss distance performance are proved by the second method of Lyapunov and simulation results. The presented guidance law is simple to implement in practical applications.     

考虑驾驶仪动态特性的固定时间收敛制导律

针对打击机动目标的制导问题,设计了一种同时考虑攻击角度约束、自动驾驶仪动态特性和固定时间收敛的新型制导律。首先,基于非奇异终端滑模控制和固定时间稳定性理论,采用反步递推方法设计制导律。在制导律设计过程中,设计了一种固定时间收敛的非奇异终端滑模面,基于固定时间控制和滑模控制,设计虚拟控制律,构造一种非线性一阶滤波器解决传统反步设计中的"微分膨胀"问题。基于超螺旋算法和固定时间稳定性理论,设计了一种固定时间收敛的滑模干扰观测器,用于估计目标机动等干扰。然后,基于Lyapunov稳定性理论,对制导律的固定时间稳定性进行了证明,并给出了收敛时间的表达式。最后,通过仿真分析,验证了所提制导律的有效性,和现有制导律相比,所提制导律具有较高的制导精度和角度约束精度、较快的系统收敛速度以及较少的能量消耗。     

Trajectory reshaping based guidance with impact time and angle constraints

This study presents a novel impact time and angle constrained guidance law for homing missiles. The guidance law is first developed with the prior-assumption of a stationary target, which is followed by the practical extension to a maneuvering target scenario. To derive the closed-form guidance law, the trajectory reshaping technique is utilized and it results in defining a specific poly-nomial function with two unknown coefficients. These coefficients are determined to satisfy the impact time and angle constraints as well as the zero miss distance. Furthermore, the proposed guidance law has three additional guidance gains as design parameters which make it possible to adjust the guided trajectory according to the operational conditions and missile’s capability. Numerical simulations are presented to validate the effectiveness of the proposed guidance law. ? 2016 Chinese Society of Aeronautics and Astronautics. Production and hosting by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).     

高速再入飞行器的制导与控制系统设计

 针对高速再入飞行器模型的快时变,强耦合,严重非线性的特点,采用反馈线性化方法,设计了自动驾驶仪;同时采用最优制导律设计与理想速度曲线相结合的方法,设计了能同时保证末端制导精度及速度方向、大小的制导律。最后,进行了六自由度仿真,结果表明 :设计的制导律及控制方案是合理、有效的,易于实现。     

Three-dimensional Large Landing Angle Guidance Based on Two-dimensional Guidance Laws

 Both the design process and form of the three-dimensional (3D) suboptimal guidance law (3DSGL) are very complex. Therefore, we propose the use of two-dimensional (2D) guidance laws to meet the guidance requirements of 3D space. By analyzing the relationship between the flight-path angle and its projections on OXY and OXZ planes, we obtain the ideal design requirements of the guidance laws. Based on the requirements, we design a 2D suboptimal guidance law used in the horizontal plane; combining the 2D vertical suboptimal guidance law, we create a whole ballistic simulation of six degree-of-freedom. The results are compared with those using other three guidance modes in the case of large windage of the initial azimuth angle. When the proportional navigation guidance (PNG) law is used in the horizontal planes, the landing angle will obviously decrease. With the proposed guidance mode, the large landing angle can be realized and meet the guidance precision requirements. Moreover, the required overload can decrease to meet the control requirement. The effects of the proposed guidance mode are close to that of 3DSGL despite its very simple form.     

Autonomous gliding entry guidance with geographic constraints

This paper presents a novel three-dimensional autonomous entry guidance for relatively high lift-to-drag ratio vehicles satisfying geographic constraints and other path constraints. The guidance is composed of onboard trajectory planning and robust trajectory tracking. For trajectory planning, a longitudinal sub-planner is introduced to generate a feasible drag-versus-energy profile by using the interpolation between upper boundary and lower boundary of entry corridor to get the desired trajectory length. The associated magnitude of the bank angle can be specified by drag profile, while the sign of bank angle is determined by lateral sub-planner. Two-reverse mode is utilized to satisfy waypoint constraints and dynamic heading error corridor is utilized to satisfy no-fly zone constraints. The longitudinal and lateral sub-planners are iteratively employed until all of the path constraints are satisfied. For trajectory tracking, a novel tracking law based on the active disturbance rejection control is introduced. Finally, adaptability tests and Monte Carlo simulations of the entry guidance approach are performed. Results show that the proposed entry guidance approach can adapt to different entry missions and is able to make the vehicle reach the prescribed target point precisely in spite of geographic constraints.     

二阶弹体特性下带终端角度约束的制导律

针对导弹要求限制终端攻击角度以发挥战斗部的最大效能,提出了一种适用于攻击地面固定目标的具有终端角度约束的最优制导律,并和已有的具有终端角度约束的最优制导律进行了比较。该制导律针对二阶弹体特性,采用最优控制方法,使导弹在命中目标的同时,满足终端角度约束。数字仿真结果表明,所提出的制导律能够实现终端角度约束条件,具有较高的制导精度。     

CLOS+IRTH composite guidance

A composite guidance scheme based on the command to line-of-sight (CLOS)+infrared terminal homing (IRTH) for a short-range surface-to-air missile system is proposed in an attempt to complement drawbacks of a single guidance law. Launch boundaries for a successful guidance handover are analyzed according to missile maneuverability and seeker gimbal angle limits. This paper also concentrates on developing practical guidance laws for the IRTH phase in the presence of inherent missile heading errors at the time of guidance handover and missile deceleration due to aerodynamic drag.