尖拱弹身横向喷流数值模拟

本文通过数值求解层流Navier—Stakes方程来模拟超声速流场中横向超声速喷流的干扰流场，采用分块对接网格和“O”型网格技术，精确模拟喷口截面形状并生成高质量的贴体计算网格，对尖拱弹身的横向超声速喷流的干扰流场进行了数值模拟，研究了喷口附近的流场结构、涡系结构、波系结构及流动分离等流场特性，得到喷流流场的干扰效应，计算结果与实验值吻合较好。     

超声速和高超声速横向喷流数值模拟

为了解横向喷流的干扰影响和喷口附近的流场结构,采用分块对接网格和“0”型网格技术,数值求解N—S方程来模拟超声速和高超声速流场中横向喷流的干扰流场。对两种尖拱弹身外形的超声速和高超声速喷流干扰流场进行了数值计算,计算结果与风洞实验数据吻合一致。在此基础上,开展了某型导弹多喷构型干扰流场的数值模拟,得出一些横向喷流数值模拟的结论。     

超声速底部喷流干扰流场数值模拟

数值模拟了不同马赫数,不同喷流压比下的轴对称超声速底部喷流干扰流场,采用LU隐式算法进行数值求解并引入了Baldwin-Lomax代数湍流模型.采用分区网格将弹身与底部区域合为一个整体进行计算,得到了清晰的流场结构和弹体表面及底部的压力分布,并与试验结果进行了比较.数值模拟结果表明超声速底部喷流干扰流场结构复杂,有、无喷流时底部流场有很大不同, 喷流对底压分布有明显影响,进而对轴向力系数影响显著.     

超声速侧向多喷流干扰特性数值模拟

为了研究多个喷流喷管对导弹控制力的干扰影响,本文通过数值求解N-S方程来模拟超声速外流场中横向喷流的干扰流场,采用分块对接网格和"O"型网格技术,精确模拟喷口截面及弹翼形状,生成高质量的贴体计算网格。通过对多种喷管控制组合的超声速横向喷流干扰流场的数值模拟,研究和分析了喷口附近流场的涡系结构和波系结构,并将喷管几种排列组合对导弹喷流干扰力放大因子的影响进行了分析研究,得出一些多喷流干扰的结论。     

超声速横喷干扰湍流场数值模拟

本文探讨了超声速平板横向喷流干扰湍流流场的数值模拟方法。分别采用Roe、Harten-Yee及AUSM 格式对三维雷诺平均Navier-Stokes方程进行离散,湍流模拟应用Baldwin-Lomax代数模型,讨论了B-L模型中Fy最大值的不同选取方式。分析了数值格式、网格划分对计算结果的影响。将来流马赫数为5、喷流马赫数为3的实验结果与计算结果进行比较,选择了与实验符合较好的数值模拟方法,为进一步利用数值计算方法研究喷流干扰流场特性奠定基础。     

氢/碳氢燃料超声速燃烧的数值模拟

采用隐式上、下三角分解（Lower-Upper Decomposition）的算法，结合对组分连续方程中化学反应源项的点隐式处理，求解了多组分的N－S方程组，得到了二维和三维条件下的超声速掺混及燃烧的数值模拟结果，通过与水平喷射氢气及预燃煤油等算例的验证，计算结果与实验数据基本符合。在此基础上进行了垂直喷射氢气的三维超声速燃烧的数值模拟，计算结果显示了氢气在超声速空气中掺混、燃烧的过程，该程序可进一步用来模拟超燃冲压发动机燃烧室内的复杂流场。     

甲烷超声速燃烧过程的数值模拟

提出了一种CH4／O2在超声速气流中燃烧的6方程化学反应模型，并且用在超声速高温空气中横向喷射的二维流场进行了数值模拟验证，特别模拟了不同来流条件和壁面条件对燃烧效率的影响及CH4和空气中的氧气混合燃烧的过程。数值方法采用二阶精度的Harten-Yee隐式TVD格式，计算结果表明6方程反应模型能较好地反映CH4／O2的燃烧过程。     

高分辨率格式与钝舵绕流数值模拟

 采用Beam-Warming/TVD格式，Roe二阶、三阶以及四阶通量差分分裂格式数值计算雷诺平均Navier-Stokes方程，湍流附加粘性采用Baldwin-Lomax模型计算，针对超声速绕钝圆舵流动进行了数值模拟比较研究，计算给出了流场的详细结构，物面压力分布与实验值符合良好，尤其是Roe三阶格式给出了较好的计算结果，两个超声速回流区以及湍流边界层分离也得到了很好的数值模拟。     

横向喷流对鸭式导弹滚转特性影响研究

通过数值方法求解三维可压缩雷诺平均N-S方程,对导弹横向喷流的干扰流场进行了数值模拟,计算结果与实验数据吻合较好,基本验证了计算方法在横向喷流复杂流场数值模拟方面的有效性。在此基础上,对固定尾翼鸭式布局导弹亚、跨、超声速流场进行了数值模拟,并且计算分析了横向喷流对鸭式布局导弹滚转控制特性的影响,计算结果表明,横向喷流可以有效提高鸭式布局导弹的滚转控制能力。     

裙后向台阶超声速绕流特性数值研究

本文研究了在中部带有裙体后向台阶的轴对称体的超声速绕流特性。采用空间推进法数值模拟超声速无粘流场，对于轴对称后向台阶的分离区采用Ｃｈａｐｍａｎ－Ｋｏｒｓｔ理论模型进行处理，计算结果给出了与实验值吻合的物面压力分布以及超声速流场的流动图画。     

Application of focused laser differential interferometer to hypersonic boundary-layer instability study

Accurate prediction of hypersonic boundary-layer transition plays an important role in thermal protection system design of hypersonic vehicles. Restricted by the capability of spatial diagnostics for hypersonic boundary-layer study, quite a lot of problems of hypersonic boundary-layer transition, such as nonlinearity and receptivity, remain outstanding. This work reports the application of focused laser differential interferometer to instability wave development across hypersonic boundary-layer on a flared cone model. To begin with, the focused laser differential interferometer is designed and set up in a Mach number 6 hypersonic quiet wind tunnel with the focal point in the laminar boundary-layer of a 5 degree half-angle flared cone model. Afterwards, instability experiments are carried out by traversing the focal point throughout the hypersonic boundary-layer and the density fluctuation along the boundary-layer profile is measured and analyzed. The results show that three types of instability waves ranging from 10 kHz to over 1 MHz are co-existing in the hypersonic boundary-layer, indicating the powerful capability of focused laser differential interferometer in dynamic response resolution for instability wave study in hypersonic flow regime; furthermore, quantitative analyses including spectra and bicoherence analysis of instability waves throughout the hypersonic boundary-layer for both cold and heated cone models are performed.     

楔—后掠柱激波干扰流场和热流的工程算法

本文针对航天飞机机翼前缘的简化模型,即楔-后掠柱模型,在大后掠、高超声速条件下,提供了一种计算柱体前缘激波干扰流场和热流的工程计算方法。在中国科技大学流体力学实验室的激波风洞中取得了激波干扰的流场显示结果。计算的结果与国内外实验数据的比较表明,这是一种有效的方法。     

A quasi-one-dimensional model for hypersonic reactive flow along the stagnation streamline

This study proposes a quasi-one-dimensional model to predict the chemical non-equilibrium flow along the stagnation streamline of hypersonic flow past a blunt body. The model solves reduced equations along the stagnation streamline and predicts nearly identical results as the numerical solution of the full-field Navier-Stokes equations. The high efficiency of this model makes it useful to investigate the overall quantitative behavior of related physical-chemical phenomena. In this paper two important properties of hypersonic flow, shock stand-off distance and oxygen disso-ciation, are studied using the quasi-one-dimensional model with the ideal dissociating gas model. It is found that the shock stand-off distance is affected by both chemical and thermal non-equilibrium. The shock stand-off distance will increase when the flow conditions are changed from equilibrium to non-equilibrium, because the average density of the shock-compressed gas will decrease as a result of the increase in translational energy. For oxygen dissociation, the maximum value of its dis-sociation degree along the stagnation line varies with the flight altitude. It is increased at first and decreased thereafter with the altitude, which is due to the combination effect of the equilibrium shift and chemical non-equilibrium relaxation. The overall variation of the maximum dissociation is then plotted in the speed and altitude coordinates as a reference for engineering application.     

Interaction of single-pulse laser energy with bow shock in hypersonic flow

Pressure sensing and schlieren imaging with high resolution and sensitivity are applied to the study of the interaction of single-pulse laser energy with bow shock at Mach 5. An Nd:YAG laser operated at 1.06 lm, 100 mJ pulse energy is used to break down the hypersonic flow in a shock tunnel. Three-dimensional Navier–Stokes equations are solved with an upwind scheme to simulate the interaction. The pressure at the stagnation point on the blunt body is measured and calculated to examine the pressure variation during the interaction. Schlieren imaging is used in conjunction with the calculated density gradients to examine the process of the interaction. The results show that the experimental pressure at the stagnation point on the blunt body and schlieren imaging fit well with the simulation. The pressure at the stagnation point on the blunt body will increase when the transmission shock approaches the blunt body and decrease with the formation of the rarefied wave. Bow shock is deformed during the interaction. Quasi-stationary waves are formed by high rate laser energy deposition to control the bow shock. The pressure and temperature at the stagnation point on the blunt body and the wave drag are reduced to 50%, 75% and 81% respectively according to the simulation. Schlieren imaging has provided important information for the investigation of the mechanism of the interaction.     

高超声速计算中的气体动理学格式

回顾了高超声速连续流部分的计算流体力学(CFD)方法,总结了近些年兴起的气体动理学格式。阐述了该格式的构造机制,强调了将物理规律直接用于构造数值方法的思路。结合一些应用实例,例如激波相互作用、激波边界层相互作用以及边界层分离等高超声速问题,说明了这种构造思路给数值模拟带来的优点。从高超声速的发展历程来看,气体动理学格式的构造过程包含了更基础的物理规律,而且具有多尺度的特性。这些特性有助于研究复杂的高超声速问题。介观或者微观角度直接构造数值方法的发展趋势为高超声速计算工具指出了可能的发展方向。     

Transitional wave configurations between Type III and Type IV oblique-shock/bow-shock interactions

The interactions of oblique/bow shock waves are the key flow phenomena restricting the design and aerothermodynamic performance of high-speed vehicles. Type III and Type IV Shock/Shock Interactions(SSIs) have been extensively investigated, as such interactions can induce abnormal aerodynamic heating problems in hypersonic flows of vehicles. The transition process between these two distinct types of shock/shock interactions remains unclear. In the present study, a subclass of shock/shock interaction configuration is revealed and defined as Type IIIa. Type IIIa interaction can induce much more severe aerodynamic heating than a Type IV interaction which was ever reported to be the most serious in literature. The intense aerodynamic heating observed in this configuration highlights a new design point for the thermal protection system of hypersonic vehicles. A secondary Mach interaction between shock waves in the supersonic flow path of a Type III configuration is demonstrated to be the primary mechanism for such a subclass of shock/shock interaction configuration.     

Mechanisms of plasma actuators for hypersonic flow control

A summary of recent research progress in hypersonic plasma actuators for flow control is attempted. It is found that the most effective plasma actuator is derived from an electromagnetic perturbation and amplifies by a subsequent viscous–inviscid interaction. Computational efforts using drift-diffusion theory and a simple phenomenological plasma model, as well as experiments in a hypersonic plasma channel, have shown the effectiveness of using electro–aerodynamic interaction as a hypersonic flow control mechanism. In principle, the plasma actuator based on magneto–aerodynamic interaction should have an added mechanism in the Lorentz force, making it even more effective as a flow control mechanism. However, this approach also incurs additional challenges and complications due to the Hall effect.

Magneto–aerodynamic interactions have also been demonstrated for separated flow control, albeit in a very limited scope. Numerical simulations based on a simple phenomenological plasma model have shown the feasibility of separated flow suppression in shock-boundary-layer interaction over a compression ramp at a hypersonic flow of Mach 14.1. The control mechanism relies on the Lorentz force to energize the retarded shear layer in the viscous interacting region, but the effectiveness of momentum transfer via inelastic collision requires further validation.     

考虑分子转动自由度的离散统一气体动理学格式

离散统一气体动理学格式（DUGKS）是一种适用于全流域模拟的有限体积方法。之前的研究考虑了分子平动自由度,验证了DUGKS在多尺度问题中的准确性及稳定性。本文基于Rykov模型方程构造了离散统一气体动理学格式,并采用Landau-Teller-Jeans转动能量松弛模型,可用于双原子气体从连续流动到稀薄流动的多尺度问题计算。测试了激波结构、超声速平板绕流以及超声速圆柱绕流等非平衡流动问题,计算结果显示出双原子气体分子中存在平动自由度与转动自由度对应的能量交换过程,并与统一气体动理学格式（UGKS）、直接蒙特卡罗（DSMC）方法的解以及实验值吻合较好。     

高马赫数下横/逆向喷流干扰流场数值研究

横向喷流和逆向喷流广泛用于高超声速飞行器气动力与气动热控制。采用格心型非结构有限体积法求解基于三温度热化学非平衡模型的全Navier-Stokes方程,对高空、高马赫数来流条件下二维圆柱状构型飞行器的喷流干扰流场进行数值模拟,研究了仅存在横向或逆向喷流以及横/逆向喷流同时存在时的复杂流场结构以及喷流降低热流、减阻、改善升力的具体效果。通过控制变量的方法,探究了不同参数（马赫数、静压）的喷流对流场结构及飞行器的气动力、气动热的影响规律。结果表明：在一定条件下,当逆向喷流与横向喷流同时存在时,下游的横向喷流可以影响到上游的逆向喷流流场结构;逆向喷流可以显著减小高超飞行器阻力,并降低头部壁面热流峰值,而横向喷流对高超飞行器的升力特性有一定提高;在横向喷流已用于飞行器姿态控制的情况下,一定条件下可以同时使用逆向喷流,既可以减阻、又可以降低热流峰值,还可以提升升力。     

球双锥外形稀薄过渡流区气动特性研究

采用风洞试验和工程计算相结合的方法,对球双锥类外形的稀薄过渡流区气动特性进行了研究。风洞试验在高超声速低密度风洞中进行,设计了高灵敏度的外式微量天平,解决了温度防护和高精度校准的问题,得到了球双锥外形在高度65km~75km、高超声速流动的气动力数据。在此基础上,结合球双锥细长体外形绕流的特点和DSMC数值模拟结果,从连续流粘性干扰模型、关联参数选取、过渡流搭桥函数等三个方面对现有工程计算方法进行了改进。研究结果表明:稀薄效应对球双锥外形的气动特性,尤其是轴向力系数和升阻比产生非常大的影响;计算与试验结果的对比表明,计算模型的改进效果显著,大幅度提高了预测值的准度。