Nanofillers modification of Epocast 50-A1/946 epoxy for bonded joints

Epocast 50-A1/946 epoxy was primarily developed for joining and repairing of composite aircraft structural components. The objective of the present work is to modify the Epocast epoxy resin by different nanofillers infusion. The used nanofillers include multi-walled carbon nanotubes（MWCNTs）, SiC and Al2O3 nanoparticles. The nanofillers with different weight percentages are ultrasonically dispersed in the epoxy resin. The sonication time and amplitude for MWCNTs are reduced compared to Al2O3 and SiC nanoparticles to avoid the damage of MWCNTs during sonication processes. The fabricated neat epoxy and twelve nanocomposite panels were characterized via standard tension and in-plane shear tests. The experimental results show that the nanocomposites materials with 0.5wt% MWCNTs, 1.5wt% SiC and 1.5wt% Al2O3 nanoparticles have the highest improvement in the tensile properties compared to the other nanofiller loading percentages.The improvements in the shear properties of these nanocomposite materials were respectively equal to 5.5%, 4.9%, and 6.3% for shear strengths, and 10.3%, 16.0%, and 8.1% for shear moduli. The optimum nanofiller loading percentages will be used in the following papers concerning their effect on the bonded joints/repairs of carbon fiber reinforced composites.     

Determination of thermal expansion coefficients for unidirectional fiber-reinforced composites

In the present work, the coefficients of thermal expansion（CTEs） of unidirectional（UD）fiber-reinforced composites are studied. First, an attempt is made to propose a model to predict both longitudinal and transverse CTEs of UD composites by means of thermo-elastic mechanics analysis. The proposed model is supposed to be a concentric cylinder with a transversely isotropic fiber embedded in an isotropic matrix, and it is subjected to a uniform temperature change. Then a concise and explicit formula is offered for each CTE. Finally, some finite element（FE） models are created by a finite element program MSC. Patran according to different material systems and fiber volume fractions. In addition, the available experimental data and results of other analytical solutions of CTEs are presented. Comparisons are made among the results of the cylinder model,the finite element method（FEM）, experiments, and other solutions, which show that the predicted CTEs by the new model are in good agreement with the experimental data. In particular, transverse CTEs generally offer better agreements than those predicted by most of other solutions.     

THE IMPACT PROPERTIES OF HYBRID COMPOSITES

In this paper an experimental investigation on the impact behaviour of hybrid composites is conducted by instrumental Charpy impact test. The variation of impact strength and impact toughness index of C/K and C/G hybrid composites of different matrices with hybrid ratio and interface number is revealed. The dynamic hybrid effect is also investigated from different aspects. Meanwhile, the estimating model for impact strength is established and the estimated values are in good agreement with experimented ones. The hybrid effect coefficients based on different definitions are organically related by the model. This provides a basis for the further study of the impact constitutive equation of hybrid composites.     

Analytical Solution for Predicting In-plane Elastic Shear Properties of 2D Orthogonal PWF Composites

This paper proposes a new analytical solution to predict the shear modulus of a two-dimensional(2D) plain weave fabric(PWF) composite accounting for the interaction of orthogonal interlacing strands with coupled shear deformation modes including not only relative bending but also torsion,etc.The two orthogonal yarns in a micromechanical unit cell are idealized as curved beams with a path depicted by using sinusoidal shape functions.The internal forces and macroscopic deformations carried by the yarn families,together with macroscopic shear modulus of PWFs are derived by means of a strain energy approach founded on micromechanics.Three sets of experimental data pertinent to three kinds of 2D orthogonal PWF composites have been implemented to validate the new model.The calculations from the new model are also compared with those by using two models in the earlier literature.It is shown that the experimental results correlate well with predictions from the new model.     

Damping of Ni-Mn-Ga epoxy resin composites

By combining the advantages of effcient damping and high mechanical properties,Ni-Mn-Ga particle composites have a very good prospect for applications in damping structure design.In this paper,a ferromagnetic shape memory alloy Ni-Mn-Ga composite is prepared.Ni-Mn-Ga particle/bisphenol-A epoxy composite cantilever beam vibration tests under a magnetic feld and without the magnetic feld are conducted to analyze the structural damping ratios n.Meanwhile,the damping characteristics of the Ni-Mn-Ga composite are studied through the axial loading-unloading method and the acoustic emission signals method.The damping coeffcient of the composite for different Ni-Mn-Ga volume fractions is obtained.The interface properties of the composite are discussed by micro examination and axial loading.The relationships between the damping of the composite and that of the component materials are discussed.The specifc damping capacity（SDC）and acoustic emission counts diagram of different specimens with different Ni-Mn-Ga volume fractions are analyzed.     

Efficient schedulability analysis for mixed-criticality systems under deadline-based scheduling

Safety-critical avionics systems which become more complex and tend to integrate multiple functionalities with different levels of criticality for better cost and power efficiency are subject to certifications at various levels of rigorousness. In order to simultaneously guarantee temporal constraints at all different levels of assurance mandated by different criticalities, novel scheduling techniques are in need. In this paper, a mixed-criticality sporadic task model with multiple virtual deadlines is built and a certification-cognizant dynamic scheduling approach referred as earliest virtual-deadline first with mixed-criticality（EVDF-MC） is considered, which exploits different relative deadlines of tasks in different criticality modes. As for the corresponding schedulability analysis problem, a sufficient and efficient schedulability test is proposed on the basis of demand-bound functions derived in the mixed-criticality scenario. In addition, a modified simulated annealing（MSA）-based heuristic approach is established for virtual deadlines assignment. Experiments performing simulations with randomly generated tasks indicate that the proposed approach is computationally efficient and competes well against the existing approaches.     

Static Analysis of Functionally Graded Sandwich Plates Using an Efficient and Simple Refined Theory

In this paper, a new displacement based high-order shear deformation theory is introduced for the static response of function-ally graded sandwich plate. Unlike any other theory, the number of unknown functions involved is only four, as against five in case of other shear deformation theories. The theory presented is variationally consistent, has strong similarity with classical plate theory in many aspects, does not require shear correction factor, and gives rise to transverse shear stress variation such that the transverse shear stresses vary parabolically across the thickness satisfying shear stress free surface conditions. Two common types of functionally graded sandwich plates, namely, the sandwich with functionally graded facesheet and homogeneous core and the sandwich with homogeneous facesheet and functionally graded core, are considered. Governing equations are derived from the principle of virtual displacements. The closed-form solution of a simply supported rectangular plate subjected to sinu-soidal loading has been obtained by using the Navier method. The validity of the present theory is investigated by comparing some of the present results with those of the classical, the first-order and the other higher-order theories. It can be concluded that the proposed theory is accurate and simple in solving the static bending behavior of functionally graded sandwich plates.     

Flow field and pressure loss analysis of junction and its structure optimization of aircraft hydraulic pipe system

The flow field in junction is complicated due to the ripple property of oil flow velocity and different frequencies of two pumps in aircraft. In this study, the flow fields of T-junction and Y-junction were analyzed using shear stress transport (SST) model in ANSYS/CFX software. The simulation results identified the variation rule of velocity peak in T-junction with different frequencies and phase-differences, meanwhile, the eddy and velocity shock existed in the corner of the T-junction, and the limit working state was obtained. Although the eddy disappeared in Y-junction, the velocity shock and pressure loss were still too big. To address these faults, an arc-junction was designed. Based on the flow fields of arc-junction, the eddy in the junction corner disappeared and the maximum of velocity peak declined compared to T-and Y-junction. Additionally, 8 series of arc-junction with different radiuses were tested to get the variation rule of velocity peak. Through the computation of the pressure loss of three junctions, the arc-junction had a lowest loss value, and its pressure loss reached the minimum value when the curvature radius is 35.42 mm, meanwhile, the velocity shock has decreased in a low phase.     

Fuzzy adaptive robust control for space robot considering the effect of the gravity

Space robot is assembled and tested in gravity environment, and completes on-orbit service（OOS） in microgravity environment. The kinematic and dynamic characteristic of the robot will change with the variations of gravity in different working condition. Fully considering the change of kinematic and dynamic models caused by the change of gravity environment, a fuzzy adaptive robust control（FARC） strategy which is adaptive to these model variations is put forward for trajectory tracking control of space robot. A fuzzy algorithm is employed to approximate the nonlinear uncertainties in the model, adaptive laws of the parameters are constructed, and the approximation error is compensated by using a robust control algorithm. The stability of the control system is guaranteed based on the Lyapunov theory and the trajectory tracking control simulation is performed. The simulation results are compared with the proportional plus derivative（PD） controller, and the effectiveness to achieve better trajectory tracking performance under different gravity environment without changing the control parameters and the advantage of the proposed controller are verified.     

Damage characteristics and constitutive modeling of the 2D C/SiC composite: Part Ⅱ–Material model and numerical implementation

In this work, a macroscopic non-linear constitutive model accounting for damage, inelastic strain and unilateral behavior is proposed for the 2D plain-woven C/Si C composite. A set of scalar damage variables and a new thermodynamic potential expression are introduced in the framework of continuum damage mechanics. In the deduced constitutive equations, the material's progressive damage deactivation behavior during the compression loading is described by a continuous function, and different deactivation rates under uniaxial and biaxial compression loadings are also considered. In damage evolution laws, the coupling effect among the damage modes and impediment effect of compression stress on the development of shear damage in different plane stress states are taken into account. Besides, the general plasticity theory is applied to describing the evolution of inelastic strain in tension and/or shear stress state. The Tsai–Wu failure criterion is adopted for strength analysis. Additionally, the material model is implemented as a user-defined material subroutine(UMAT) and linked to the ABAQUS finite element software, and its performance is demonstrated through several numerical examples.     

复合材料断口形貌与性能

本文用扫描电镜分析复合材料断口形貌的方法,研究了基体性能、固化过程中的加压时机对复合材料力学性能的影响。并分析了断口形貌与力学性能的内在联系。研究结果可供设计复合材料参考。     

碳纤维表面状态对C/C复合材料性能影响的研究

用两种经高温处理的碳纤维织物,以酚醛树脂作为基体先驱体,制备了二维C／C复合材料。通过扫描电镜（SEM）,X－射线光电子能谱（XPS）研究了两种碳纤维（TCF和JCF）的表面状态,测试了C／C复合材料（TCC和JCC）的层间剪切强度,拉伸性能,SEM观察表明,TCF及JCF表面都有沟槽,但TCF横断面呈腰子形非圆形,XPS分析表明TCF表面含氧官能团数量多,力学测试结果为：TCC层间剪切强度（ILSS）高于JCC,达到16．1MPa;TCC拉伸强度,模量均高于JCC,而JCC断裂延伸率达1．1％,是TCC的3倍,拉伸断口SEM分析表明,TCC断口平整,无纤维拔出,呈脆断,JCC断口有纤维拨出,是纤维控制的多层基体断裂。     

溶剂对RTM石英／酚醛复合材料溶液浸润过程影响研究

研究了不同溶剂对于RTM石英/酚醛复合材料溶液浸润过程的影响.采用X光电子能谱(XPS)和原位电子顺磁共振(EPR)研究了石英纤维表面硅烷偶联剂和不同酚醛树脂溶液组分间的界面化学反应.采用TGA和层间剪切强度(ILSS)测试方法研究了溶剂对酚醛树脂分布和材料界面结合强度的影响.结果表明,溶剂能够与酚醛树脂在石英纤维表面形成竞争性吸附,从而影响树脂在RTM模具内部不同位置的分布和复合材料的力学性能.随着溶剂形成氢键能力的增强,其影响程度依次为四氢呋喃＜丙酮＜乙醇.     

高性能PBO纤维复合材料成型工艺参数研究

研究了PBO纤维与环氧树脂复合成型工艺参数如树脂配方、浸渍张力、缠绕张力对PBO纤维缠绕成型复合材料力学性能的影响,同时优化了这些工艺参数。研究结果表明,PBO纤维复合材料的拉伸性能很好,但其纤维表面呈惰性,对树脂系统的拉伸性能、韧性和弯曲性能均要求较高,缠绕张力大约占其股纱强力的3 5%左右时,PBO纤维的NOL环层间剪切强度达到最高（29MPa）,才能发挥PBO纤维的高强特性。     

环氧涂层处理高模量碳纤维/ 氰酸酯复合材料

采用表面预涂环氧E51树脂的方法制备了具有层间柔性缓冲层的M40增强双酚A型二氰酸酯(BADCy)复合材料单向板。FT-IR、SEM及力学性能分析表明,高温下(180℃)环氧E51与BADCy反应形成柔性好且线胀系数(CTE)较低的五元噁唑烷酮环能有效地松弛复合材料界面间的层间应力。当E51处理液的浓度为10%时,M40/BADCy复合材料的层间剪切和弯曲强度分别由原来的69.8和1 080 MPa增加到78.1和1 110 MPa,提高了约12%和3%。     

改性聚芳基乙炔树脂性能研究

通过添加改性剂得到了改性聚芳基乙炔树脂，对树脂和树脂固化物分别进行了差热扫描热分析(DSC)和热重分析(TG)。通过对复合材料的纤维单丝界面剪切强度和层间剪切强度测试，研究了树脂与碳纤维的界面结合性能，并对编织织物增强的改性聚芳基乙炔树脂基体复合材料进行了烧蚀试验。结果表明，改性聚芳基乙炔树脂固化放热减小，而基本不影响其树脂传递模塑(RTM)工艺性和耐高温性能，明显改善了与碳纤维的界面性能，复合材料的界面剪切强度提高了40％-50％，层间剪切强度提高了将近一倍；烧蚀性能与未改性树脂基本相当。     

高温处理对液相气化沉积碳/碳复合材料微观组织结构及力学性能的影响

 对用快速液相气化法制备的碳 /碳复合材料进行了石墨化处理;用 X-ray衍射技术和扫描电子显微镜对高温处理前后材料的微观组织结构及断口形貌进行了研究观察;分析了影响石墨化前后微观结构、力学性能变化及断裂失效模式的因素及机理。结果表明 :经石墨化处理后,d₀₀₂ 值降低,L_c 值升高,弯曲强度σ_f大幅度降低,层间剪切强度 ILSS升高,但随热处理温度提高,ILSS值有降低趋势。     

高性能M40J/BADCy复合材料的研究

对E51环氧树脂改性双酚A型氰酸酯(BADCy)体系的力学性能及热性能进行了研究,发现当E51环氧树脂的质量含量为5%时,改性体系的弯曲强度和冲击强度分别由原来的95.6MPa和9.24kJ/m²提高到了117.8MPa和12.6kJ/m²,而热变形温度仅下降8℃。以该改性体系为基体制作的M40J复合材料,其弯曲强度、模量和剪切强度分别高达:1270MPa,172GPa,68 9MPa。消泡剂BYK141能提高M40J/BADCy复合材料的力学性能,层间剪切强度可提高到77.1MPa。M40J/BADCy复合材料还具有良好的耐环境能力,是一种理想的航空航天结构材料。     

聚合物基复合材料中孔隙率及层间剪切性能的实验表征

在不同固化压力条件下制作孔隙含量不同的层合板.将层合板进行超声C扫描以识别孔隙率分布不同的区域,然后再将孔隙率分布相对均匀的区域进行超声波二次穿透反射法检测以精确测量孔隙的含量,并取试样测量孔隙的体积含量和测试层间剪切性能(ILSS).结果表明,在孔隙率低于4%时,孔隙率与层间剪切性能基本成线性关系,并且孔隙率每增加1%,层间剪切性能约下降8%.从而建立起层合板中孔隙率与层间剪切性能的定量表征关系.     

超高分子量聚乙烯纤维/碳纤维混杂复合材料研究

研究了在层内和层间两种混杂方式下,T300与表面处理前后的超高分子量聚乙烯（UHMWPE）纤维混杂复合材料的弯曲强度和ILSS的变化,结果表明层间混杂复合材料的黏结性比层内混杂好。在相同的混杂方式下,采用未处理的DC88纤维、合成的VE树脂,混杂复合材料的ILSS比E 51体系提高25%以上。采用VE树脂和处理后DC88/T300层间混杂,控制含胶质量在40%时,ILSS达到42.5MPa,是未处理的DC88/E 51体系的ILSS的5倍。混杂复合材料密度在1.12～1.24g/cm³之间,在航空航天结构材料减重上有良好的应用前景。