Photoelectron Counting Statistics and Error Performance of m-Distributed Optical Signal

By the term "m-distributed optical signal" we mean a noise-like optical signal whose envelope (or intensity) fluctuation probability is modeled by Nakagami's "m-distribution." Using the m-distribution which has been widely used as an analytical model of the fading envelope in radio communications, it is shown that one can generally analyze the statistical properties such as the photoelectron count probabilities and error probabilities for the wider class of noise-like optical signals; some numerical results are also given.     

Early studies on target models in China

The introduction of the concept of radar target modeling to Chinese engineers in the early 1960s is described. Their reactions to Swerling's models are discussed     

Expressions in Closed Form for the Angular Accuracy of a Scanning Radar

Closed-form expressions are given for the standard deviation of the error in estimating angle (usually azimuth) in a scanning radar. The formulas apply to Swerling's lower bound and to the error using a pulse-to-pulse two-pole filter. They apply to non-fluctuating and Swerling II targets and hold for all signal-to-noise ratios. Comparison with graphical results in the literature shows that the average deviation obtained using the formulas is less than 4 percent.     

Detection probability for partially correlated chi-square targets

The probability of detection of the sum of N square-law-detected pulses is derived for the case where the signal fluctuation obeys chi-square statistics with four degrees of freedom. P. Swerling's (1960) case III and IV represent the cases where the signal is completely correlated and completely decorrelated, respectively, from pulse to pulse. An exact expression for probability of detection is derived for the condition of partial signal correlation. The results given are compared with the approximate technique commonly used to handle partial signal correlation     

双峰应力谱密度雨流幅值分布

为了在频域内解决双峰应力谱密度下的结构疲劳寿命估算问题,提出了双峰应力谱的雨流幅值分布模型,并给出了参数估算方法。假设雨流幅值分布为两个双参数Weibull分布的组合,权重系数反映了两个谱密度峰值对雨流幅值分布的贡献;雨流幅值分布模型中的参数均是随机过程谱参数的函数。数值模拟结果表明：两个Weibull分布的组合能够很好地描述双峰应力谱的雨流幅值分布,模型中的参数能够根据双峰应力谱密度的谱参数计算得出。     

Matched subspace CFAR detection of hovering helicopters

A constant false alarm rate (CFAR) strategy for detecting a Gaussian distributed random signal against correlated non-Gaussian clutter is developed. The proposed algorithm is based on Scharf's matched subspace detector (MSD) and has the CFAR property with respect to the clutter amplitude probability density function (apdf), provided that the clutter distribution belongs to the compound-Gaussian family and the clutter covariance matrix is known to within a scale factor. Analytical expressions of false alarm and detection probabilities are derived. An application to the problem of detecting hovering helicopters against vegetated ground clutter is reported     

Incoherent radar detection in compound-Gaussian clutter

The detection of incoherent pulse trains in compound-Gaussian disturbance with known spectral density is dealt with here. Two alternative approaches are investigated, The first, assuming perfect knowledge of the signal fluctuation law and implementing the Neyman-Pearson test on the observed waveform, turns out to be not applicable to the radar problem. The second, instead, relying on the generalized likelihood ratio optimization strategy, leads to a canonical detector, whose structure is independent of the clutter amplitude probability density function. Interestingly, this detector turns out to be constant false-alarm rate in the sense that threshold setting does not require any knowledge as to the clutter distribution, Moreover, since such a processor is not implementable in real situations, we also present an FFT-based (fast Fourier transform) suboptimum structure. Finally, we give closed-form formulas for the detection performance of both receivers, showing that both of them largely outperform the square-law detector, especially in the presence of very spiky clutter     

Interference Effects of Pseudo-Random Frequency-Hopping Signals

When a pseudo-random frequency-hopping signal is intercepted by a conventional receiver operating within the same frequency band, the interfering signal has the form of a pulse-amplitude modulated signal. Each pulse amplitude is dependent upon the hopping frequency and the selectivity characteristic of the victim receiver. The probability density function for the interfering pulse amplitude prior to demodulation is determined when the probability density function for the hopping frequency is uniform and the victim-receiver characteristic is 1) ideal flat bandpass, 2) single tuned, and 3) Gaussian shaped. It is shown that the average interfering pulse amplitude and interference power decrease as the frequency-hopping bandwidth increases with respect to the victim-receiver bandwidth. Fast Fourier transform computer techniques are used to obtain the probability density function of the interference amplitude in a Gaussian receiver when several (from 2 to 10) pseudo-random frequency-hopping systems are simultaneously using the same frequency band. The probability that the interference exceeds a prescribed threshold value is computed from the derived probability density functions. This probability may be used in signal-to-interference ratio calculations, to describe the capture effect, or to compute the expected number of clicks produced in an FM discriminator.     

非线性二元机翼气动弹性近似解析研究

 建立了不可压流动中多项式迟滞非线性二元机翼的气动弹性运动方程,然后利用谐波平衡法进行了求解。与数值积分结果比较分析表明,在系统发生二次分叉以前,谐波平衡法可以准确地预测极限环振荡的频率和振幅,通过频谱分析与时间响应历程讨论了谐波平衡法产生误差的原因。另外还研究了弹性轴位置对颤振特性的影响,随着弹性轴不断靠近翼弦中点,俯仰振幅不断增大,而沉浮振幅则存在一个极小值点。     

基于阵元激励幅度分档的赋形波束方向图综合

提出了一种新型的基于幅度分档的赋形波束方向图综合算法。该算法共分为3步。首先,使用传统方向图综合方法如交替投影得到波束的无幅值限制的阵元激励;然后,使用概率密度理论对得到的阵元激励幅度进行处理得到量化的阵元激励幅度,最后,通过量化阵元激励幅度,使用半正定松弛（SDR）方法得到阵元激励的相位分布。上述步骤中,如何使用概率密度理论得到量化的阵元激励幅度是3步中较为重要的一步。将阵元激励幅度用概率密度变量进行替代,通过事先设定的阵元激励幅度档位个数,以及每个阵元激励幅度落在相应档位时取值的概率,可以得到含有概率密度变量的综合方向图表达式。最小化含有概率密度变量的综合方向图与理想方向图的功率之差即可得到量化的阵元激励幅度。使用概率密度理论得到量化阵元激励幅度的优势在于,可以根据任意形状的阵面和阵元栅格排布来划分幅度的档位区间,从而有着更广泛的适用性。在例证部分,通过多组算例的仿真,以及与一些对算法性能的分析,所提算法验证了其在综合效果上的优越性。     

方波幅度的测量不确定度

介绍了用众数法评价方波幅度时的不确定度分析和评价过程；讨论了主要的不确定度来源，包括众数判别区间的影响、波形测量系统幅度测量误差的影响等等；给出了减小不确定度的主要措施，并结合一个实例，给出了方波幅度的不确定度评价结果。     

脉冲波形占空比的数字化测量及不确定度分析

介绍了脉冲波形占空比的3种数字化测量方法，它们分别是直接脉宽测量法、幅值统计测量法和平均值测量法。讨论了主要的不确定度来源，包括众数判别区间的影响、波形测量系统幅度测量误差的影响等等，给出了不确定度分析与评价过程．并结合一个实例，给出了脉冲波形占空比的不确定度评价结果。     

跨声速多级压气机中的非定常流场频域分析

基于三维定常Denton程序发展了三维非定常计算程序,对三维跨声速多级压气机近失速点进行了定常与非定常数值模拟,并在此基础上对典型径向截面的非定常流场进行了频域分析。结果表明:通过对非定常频域图谱的研究,从一个全新的视角来分析非定常流场,可以看到一些在时域流场中很难直观看到的现象;轴向速度受尾迹的影响非常大,且在沿流向发展过程中,随着谐波阶次增加,幅值沿轴向的振荡幅度降低,幅值衰减的速度也加快;各叶排进口1阶谐波幅值在S3面内的分布受到下游叶排的势干扰,周向最大值点沿径向的走势与叶型的径向弯曲一致;气流密度、静压和总压受尾迹的影响较小,而气流静温、总温受尾迹的影响较大。     

Coherent detection of radar targets in a non-gaussian background

The problem of detecting radar targets against a background of coherent, correlated, non-Gaussian clutter is studied with a two-step procedure. In the first step, the structure of the amplitude and the multivariate probability density functions (pdfs) describing the statistical properties of the clutter is derived. The starting point for this derivation is the basic scattering problem, and the statistics are obtained from an extension of the central limit theorem (CLT). This extension leads to modeling the clutter amplitude statistics by a mixture of Rayleigh distributions. The end product of the first step is a multidimensional pdf in the form of a Gaussian mixture, which is then used in step 2. The aim of step 2 is to derive both the optimal and a suboptimal detection structure for detecting radar targets in this type of clutter. Some performance results for the new detection processor are also given     

Statistical description of monopulse parameters for trackingRayleigh targets

The conditional probability density function (pdf) is developed for each monopulse measurement of a Rayleigh target by conditioning the pdf of the complex monopulse ratio on the measured amplitude of the sum signal. The conditional pdf is used to develop the conditional Cramer-Rao Lower Bound (CRLB) for any unbiased estimator of the direction-of-arrival (DOA). Conditional maximum likelihood (CML) and conditional method of moments (CMM) estimators of the DOA are developed along with estimates of the variances associated with the monopulse ratio and DOA estimate. Using simulation results, the performances of the CML and CMM estimators of the DOA are compared with the performance of standard monopulse ratio and the performances of the variance estimators are also studied     

Detection Probabilities for Log-Normally Distributed Signals

The amplitude and power of a large family of radio signals are observed to have log-normal probability density functions. Among these are signals propagated through random inhomogeneous media, a notable example being low frequency atmospheric radio noise. Of greater importance are certain radar targets that have been observed to have essentially log-normal density functions. Both ships and space vehicles may fall into this category. Curves of probability of detection vs. signal-to-noise ratio for the case of log-normal signals in Gaussian noise have been computed and are presented in this paper. The curves apply for square-law detection with varying degrees of postdetection linear integration. Both fully correlated and completely uncorrelated fluctuating signals are considered. It is shown that for log-normal signal distributions having large variances, the probability of detection differs significantly from that obtained using curves based on an assumed Rayleigh signal distribution.     

Synthetic Aperture Radar System Design for Random Field Classification

The optimum design of synthetic aperture radar (SAR) systems intended to classify randomly reflecting areas, such as agricultural fields, characterized by a reflectivity density spectral density is studied. Assuming areas of known shape and location, the binary case, and a certain Gaussian signal field property, and ignoring interfield interference, the problem solution is given. The optimum processor includes conventional matched filter processing, but is nonlinear; a coherent optical system realization is outlined. The performance is approximated using a x2 assumption and bounded by the Cernov bound. A fundamental design problem involves the system bandwidth analogously, in a special case, as in diversity communication systems; a solution is given based on the Cernov bound. A set of summary design curves is given and exemplified by a satellite SAR system design. Also discussed is the measurement of reflectivity spectral density amplitude with imaging sidelooking (synthetic or ?brute-force?) radars and the maximum likelihood estimator's accuracy and realization with a coherent optical system. It is also shown that a CW modulation is useable if the random reflectivity is, effectively, isotropic. Finally, the reflectivity density spectral density amplitude, when constant over the spatial bandpass of the measuring system, is related to the scattering cross-section density commonly measured.     

An Upper Bound on Detection Probability for Fluctuating Signals

In the theory of signal detectability, the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), defined as the quotient of the average received signal energy and the spectral density of the white Gaussian noise, is a fundamental parameter. For a signal which is exactly known, or known except for a random phase, this ratio uniquely defines the detection performance which can be achieved with a matched filter receiver. However, when the signal amplitude is a random parameter, the detection performance is changed and must be determined from the probability density function (pdf) of the amplitude. Relative to the case of a constant signal amplitude, such signal amplitude fluctuation usually degrades performance when a high probability of detection (Pd) is required, but improves performance at low values of Pd; the corresponding change in the required SNR is the so-called signal fluctuation loss Lf. Thus, since Lf in some cases represents an improvement in performance for low values of Pd, a question of at least theoretical interest is: how large might this improvement be, when the class of all signal amplitude pdf's is considered. The solution, presented here, results in a lower bound on the signal fluctuation loss Lf as a function of Pd, or equivalently an upper bound on Pd as a function of SNR. The corresponding most favorable pdf was determined using the Lagrange multiplier technique and results of a numerical maximization are included to provide insight into the general properties of the solution.     

指尖密封动态性能分析与泄漏量计算

指尖密封作为一种新型密封技术,不平衡力激励条件产生的动态迟滞泄漏以及动态磨损是制约其性能提高和应用的两个重要因素.为此,对指尖密封动态工作条件下的激励形式和装配过盈进行了技术处理,构建了指尖密封系统的动力学分析模型,获得了指尖密封在转子激励下的位移响应以及动态条件下指尖靴与转子之间的接触压力分布,并根据位移响应结果得到了指尖密封的动态泄漏间隙,建立了指尖密封动态泄漏率计算方法.以某型发动机转子为实际算例进行了分析计算,结果表明:适当设计装配过盈可以降低指尖密封响应幅值,缩小与转子激励的相位差,减小迟滞,提高跟随性,改善密封效果;指尖靴与转子之间的接触压力随转子的激励做周期性变化,无论是过盈量还是密封上下游压差的增加都会增大接触压力,并且使一个运动周期内指尖靴与转子的接触时间变长;转子位移激励的幅值受到支承轴承游隙的约束,当转子达到"特定"转速以后受到轴承游隙的限制而等于游隙.通过与参考文献中试验结果的对比分析验证了计算结果的合理性.     

指尖密封动态性能分析与泄漏量计算

指尖密封作为一种新型密封技术,不平衡力激励条件产生的动态迟滞泄漏以及动态磨损是制约其性能提高和应用的两个重要因素。为此,对指尖密封动态工作条件下的激励形式和装配过盈进行了技术处理,构建了指尖密封系统的动力学分析模型,获得了指尖密封在转子激励下的位移响应以及动态条件下指尖靴与转子之间的接触压力分布,并根据位移响应结果得到了指尖密封的动态泄漏间隙,建立了指尖密封动态泄漏率计算方法。以某型发动机转子为实际算例进行了分析计算,结果表明：适当设计装配过盈可以降低指尖密封响应幅值,缩小与转子激励的相位差,减小迟滞,提高跟随性,改善密封效果;指尖靴与转子之间的接触压力随转子的激励做周期性变化,无论是过盈量还是密封上下游压差的增加都会增大接触压力,并且使一个运动周期内指尖靴与转子的接触时间变长;转子位移激励的幅值受到支承轴承游隙的约束,当转子达到“特定”转速以后受到轴承游隙的限制而等于游隙。通过与参考文献中试验结果的对比分析验证了计算结果的合理性。