半展长襟翼梯形翼构型数值模拟技术研究

基于雷诺平均的 Navier-Stokes 方程和拼接结构网格技术,采用 MUSCL 格式和 SST 湍流模型,研究了网格密度对半展长襟翼梯形翼高升力构型的数值模拟结果的影响。相应的风洞试验是1998年在 NASA Ames 12英尺增压风洞(PWT)中完成的,试验结果包括了总体气动特性、压力分布。研究内容主要包括网格密度对收敛历程、气动力特性、压力分布和表面流线的影响,以及气动力特性随迎角的变化。研究表明,Ma=0.15,α=16.7°时,网格密度对收敛历程、典型站位压力分布和表面流态基本没有影响,气动力特性随网格密度单调变化;采用不同密度的网格,典型剖面的压力分布与试验结果吻合良好;与修正后的试验数据相比较,数值模拟得到的失速迎角前的气动力系数与试验结果吻合良好。     

X—38飞行器无粘绕流的非结构网格模拟

本文采用非结构网格，利用DLR所发展的计算软件TAU对X－38飞行器高超声速无粘绕流进行数值计算。为了生成有效的计算网格及提高对流场细节的分辨率，在求解过程中应用了网格自适应,并研究了网格密度对气动力的影响程度；同时与现有的实验结果和用结构网格得到的结果进行了比较，符合程度令人满意。     

复合材料层合板三点弯曲损伤失效数值研究

建立了一种基于实体单元的损伤计算模型，利用该模型可以对基体失效、纤维断裂和层间分层三种基本损伤形式进行分析。对复合材料层合板三点弯曲失效过程进行数值研究，通过与相关试验结果进行对比，证明该损伤计算方法是合理的。通过分析网格密度和计算步长对最终载荷-位移响应的影响，可以发现网格密度在达到一定水平后。继续细化网格对最终载荷位移曲线不会产生影响；而迭代步长对最终载荷位移响应的影响比较大。     

三维分块非结构化网格上的可压缩流计算方法

提出了分块非结构化网格生成方法,通过子块划分、子块网格划分、整体网格拓扑连接生成可局部加密的分块非结构化网格,既具备了非结构化网格对复杂区域的处理能力,又避免了分块结构化网格块间信息传递的复杂计算过程.通过将密度修正值引入压力修正方程,发展了非结构化网格上可压缩流动的SIMPLE算法.对孤立翼型及透平叶栅的流动进行了数值计算,压力系数、速度、折转角的数值结果与已有的实验值吻合较好,验证了数值方法的精度.      

复合材料帽形加筋结构稳定性研究

建立了复合材料帽形加筋结构的参数化有限元模型,给出了两种进行层板结合处的模拟计算方法,通过计算得到了模型的屈曲载荷并总结了加筋结构几何参数对结构稳定性的影响,给出了模型的收敛性分析,对比了模型网格密度对于计算结果的影响,找到最佳的网格密度,提高了模型计算的效率和准确性,为实际的结构设计提供了重要参考,为结构分析提供了依据。     

带冲击-气膜双层壁结构的涡轮导叶冷却特性源项法数值研究

为了降低由于大量冷却孔导致的计算资源消耗,采用源项法对带冲击-气膜双层壁冷却结构的Mark II涡轮导叶传热进行了简化数值模拟,并与不采用源项法的结果进行了对比。分析了冷却孔网格密度以及流量系数经验关系式对源项法模拟精度的影响。结果表明,采用源项法能够基本准确地模拟叶片表面温度分布并且缩短75%的计算时间。当冷却孔进出口面网格最小尺度小于孔径的1/10时,数值模拟结果将不随面网格密度改变。影响模拟精度的主要因素是经验关系式能否准确模拟总冷气流量以及横流对流量系数的影响。     

HyperFLOW 软件数值模拟TrapWing 高升力外形北大核心CSCD

采用High-Lift研讨会提供的梯形翼外形(TrapWing),利用自主研发的基于结构、非结构网格的通用CFD软件HyperFLOW进行了数值计算,以评估其对复杂外形低速流的模拟能力。分别采用了三套不同拓扑结构的计算网格,包括两套非结构/混合网格和一套多块结构网格,每套网格又分为粗、中、细三种密度不同的网格数量以考察其网格收敛性。利用Richardson插值法,对计算结果开展了可信度分析。结果表明,不管是结构网格还是非结构网格,HyperFLOW均建立了可接受的可信度;对于高升力外形数值模拟,SA湍流模型要比SST湍流模型模拟的更准确;在失速迎角附近,现有的二阶精度解算器仍需持续改进。     

真实飞行器无粘绕流直角切割网格数值模拟

本文采用直角切割网格，利用MGAERO无粘绕流解算器对三角翼真实飞行器带或不带有外挂物气动特性进行数值计算。计算马赫数为0．6～1．2。研究了网格密度对飞行器气动力特性的影响，同时与风洞实验结果进行了比较，符合程度令人满意。     

一种基于自适应碰撞距离的DSMC虚拟子网格方法

为提高DSMC方法的计算效率及其对较高密度稀薄流问题的模拟能力,针对其碰撞对抽样环节,发展了基于自适应碰撞距离的虚拟子网格方法,并通过平板、钝锥等典型算例验证了该方法的正确性。结果表明:虚拟子网格技术放宽了DSMC方法对网格尺度的要求,可以在较大的网格尺度下得到满足计算精度要求的结果。     

基于嵌套网格的CHN-T1标模数值模拟

为响应第一届航空CFD可信度研讨会(AeCW-1),对CHN-T1标模翼身-尾翼组合体构型采用两种RANS求解器进行了基于结构化嵌套网格的网格收敛性研究和抖振特性计算,并与对接网格结果进行了对比分析。参考AeCW-1网格生成指南自主研发了一族以约3.3倍规模增长的稀-中等-密-特密嵌套网格系列。相比于分区点对接网格,融合了贴体网格和笛卡尔网格优势的嵌套网格从根本上降低了网格生成难度,单块网格拓扑形式更为合理且正交性较好,同时能够有效地平衡近场和远场的网格量。对于跨音速运输机构型,同等规模下嵌套网格的物面网格密度较对接网格更大,能够对激波和分离等复杂流动进行更理想的预测。对比计算过程中,自研求解器OFS3D表现出了较高的嵌套网格计算效率和可靠性,而NASA CFL3D求解器的嵌套网格计算能力有待进一步挖掘和验证。计算还发现,不同湍流模型得到的表面压力分布、分离区大小以及最大升力系数存在差别,而风洞模型支撑和机翼静气弹变形对飞行器力矩特性预测影响较大。     

Density and Temperature in Wind Tunnels Using Electron Beams

In a paper presented at the last meeting of the International Congress on Instrumentation in Aerospace Simulation Facilities, a method of measuring gas density by radiation scattering was presented. Since that time, the method has been further developed using scattering of 50-keV electrons and has been applied in a wind tunnel using air as a test gas. Test section temperature and density were in the neighborhood of 150°K and 6×10-8 g/cm3. In this application, accuracies better than 1.0 percent appear to be attainable, together with excellent spatial and temporal resolution. The application is described, and comprehensive design data are presented. In addition, the density measurements have been supplemented by measurements of the local rotational temperature, utilizing nitrogen molecular band radiation excited by a second electron beam. Comparisons between the density and temperature measurements and flow properties obtained by standard gas-dynamic calculations are made.     

激波风洞流场密度测量的聚焦纹影技术

在激波风洞试验中发展了聚焦纹影显示技术,对流场的密度进行了定量测量。聚焦纹影显示具有对流场区域聚焦显示的特点,可获得流场某个聚焦测试区域的密度变化信息。依据聚焦纹影成像原理建立了密度计算数学模型,对试验中获得的带窗口模型流场聚焦纹影图像与试验前获得的流场图像灰度变化处理后,得到了流场聚焦区域的密度定量值。试验测量密度值与数值计算结果进行了比较,结果表明试验获得的密度值变化规律与数值模拟吻合较好,证实了利用聚焦纹影技术开展流场密度测量是可行的。     

弹塑性梯度材料热机耦合分析的有限元方法

陶瓷/金属功能梯度材料(FGMs)的组份及性能梯度分布,在航空航天高温热结构中有重要应用。材料性能在空间上的连续变化给这类结构强度设计的有限元分析造成了一定困难,针对上述问题,提出一种热弹塑性梯度有限元方法。该方法通过编写有限元软件ABAQUS的材料用户子程序(UMAT)来实现,在UMAT中将FGMs的弹塑性本构模型参数定义为空间坐标的函数;用热弹塑性梯度有限元方法对陶瓷-FGMs-金属典型的三明治板结构进行热机械分析。结果表明:FGMs组分布函数对其热应力分布有很大的影响,特别是在三明治结构的界面上,影响更为突出,这和现有文献的实验结果相符。     

Static Frame Model Validation with Small Samples Solution Using Improved Kernel Density Estimation and Confidence Level Method

An improved method using kernel density estimation (KDE) and confidence level is presented for model validation with small samples. Decision making is a challenging problem because of input uncertainty and only small samples can be used due to the high costs of experimental measurements. However, model validation provides more confidence for decision makers when improving prediction accuracy at the same time. The confidence level method is introduced and the optimum sample variance is determined using a new method in kernel density estimation to increase the credibility of model validation. As a numerical example, the static frame model validation challenge problem presented by Sandia National Laboratories has been chosen. The optimum bandwidth is selected in kernel density estimation in order to build the probability model based on the calibration data. The model assessment is achieved using validation and accreditation experimental data respectively based on the probability model. Finally, the target structure prediction is performed using validated model, which are consistent with the results obtained by other researchers. The results demonstrate that the method using the improved confidence level and kernel density estimation is an effective approach to solve the model validation problem with small samples.     

Observations of Vertical Reflections from the Topside Martian Ionosphere

The Martian ionosphere has for the first time been probed by a low frequency topside radio wave sounder experiment (MARSIS) (Gurnett et al., 2005). The density profiles in the Martian ionosphere have for the first time been observed for solar zenith angles less than 48 degrees. The sounder spectrograms typically have a single trace of echoes, which are controlled by reflections from the ionosphere in the direction of nadir. With the local density at the spacecraft derived from the sounder measurements and using the lamination technique the spectrograms are inverted to electron density profiles. The measurements yield electron density profiles from the sub-solar region to past the terminator. The maximum density varies in time with the solar rotation period, indicating control of the densities by solar ionizing radiation. Electron density increases associated with solar flares were observed. The maximum electron density varies with solar zenith angle as predicted by theory. The altitude profile of electron densities between the maximum density and about 170m altitude is well approximated by a classic Chapman layer. The neutral scale height is close to 10 to 13 km. At altitudes above 180 km the densities deviate from and are larger than inferred by the Chapman layer. At altitudes above the exobase the density decrease was approximated by an exponential function with scale heights between 24 and 65 km. The densities in the top side ionosphere above the exobase tends to be larger than the densities extrapolated from the Chapman layer fitted to the measurements at lower altitudes, implying more efficient upward diffusion above the collision dominated photo equilibrium region.     

A new resonant link aircraft power generating system

A 400 Hz aircraft power generating system which has been designed to achieve significant improvements in power density and reliability is introduced. Design targets for this exploratory development program include system (generator-plus-converter) power density of 1 kVA/lb and mean-time-between-failure (MTBF) of 500 h. At the heart of the new variable-speed constant-frequency (VSCF) configuration is a high-frequency resonant link inverter designed so that all inverter switching occurs under zero-voltage conditions. Advantages include minimization of switching losses and significant reductions in power device switching stresses and electromagnetic interference (EMI) generation. Inverter losses are further reduced by using MOS-controlled thyristors (MCTs) as the power switches in order to take advantage of their low forward voltage. A 60 kVA breadboard version of the system has been constructed, and test results which confirm its key performance characteristics are presented     

阳极层霍尔推力器内轮辐效应不稳定性研究

为研究圆柱形阳极层霍尔推力器内轮辐效应的不稳定性,利用高速相机和静电探针得到1-2-1模式、1-2-3-1模式和1-2-3-2-1模式的轮辐分裂与合并现象。随着磁感应强度由205Gs增加到225Gs,轮辐个数m由1增加到3。轮辐的分裂与合并模式增多,且轮辐的旋转频率随之由25kHz提高到40kHz～50kHz。轮辐效应的存在是电子密度分布函数的宏观体现,动理论方程中力F的波动引起了轮辐的分裂,随着轮辐个数m的增加,电子分布的低频大幅度波动逐渐演变为小幅度高频率的波动。电子密度分布函数的波动引起的轮辐效应产生了角向分布的电场强度与磁场共同作用,增强了电子轴向漂移运动。     

基于光纤传感技术的油液污染度软测量研究

采用基于Mie理论的激光散射法测量油液污染度时,油液污染度与监测参数——入射光强、散射光强、出射光强以及颗粒参数之间存在着复杂的非线性关系,给油液颗粒污染度的准确测量带来困难。利用支持向量机优良的非线性映射和强大的泛化能力,建立了一个基于最小二乘支持向量机的油液污染度软测量模型,给出了相应的系统结构和算法;仿真和实际运行结果表明基于LS-SVM的油液污染度软测量模型具有较高的估算精度与泛化能力,为油液污染度的在线测量提供了一种简单、可靠的新方法。     

稀颗粒群双流体模型应用于底部排气弹减阻性能研究

依据稀颗粒群假定下的双流体简化模型，采用NND和Mac Cormack方法，本文对底部排气弹底减阻性能进行了研究。分析了非平衡气－粒两相流中颗粒相浓度变化对底排弹减阻性能的影响。和实验比较，稀颗粒群条件下的数值研究更接近实际结果。     

基于遗传算法的起落架缓冲器变截面油针优化设计研究

提高飞机起落架着陆性能,需要探索设计缓冲器油针形状的有效方法。利用平面多体动力学建立起落架数学模型,并利用NSGA-Ⅱ遗传算法,以油针轴向不同位置的截面直径为设计变量,以起落架过载系数和缓冲效率为目标函数,进行起落架着陆性能双目标优化设计。结果表明:本文的方法有效提高了缓冲效率并降低了过载系数,改善了轮胎载荷环境同时提升了起落架着陆性能;该方法同样适用于特定缓冲器高性能油针的设计。