Fast alignment and calibration algorithms for inertial navigation system

Algorithms for fast estimating the azimuth misalignment angle and calibrating gyro drift rates are approached from the point of view of control theory. By introducing the Lyapunov transformation, the equivalence of Strapdown Inertial Navigation System (SINS) and Gimbaled Inertial Navigation System (GINS) is discussed, and it shows that the analysis results of GINS can be applied to SINS directly by using such kind of equivalence. A similar transformation that based on physical essence is introduced, so that the true states can be replaced by the so-called pseudo-states, and then the observable states of INS can be dynamically decoupled with the unobservable states. Consequently, the best completely observable subsystem model of INS can be obtained. Based on the simplified subsystem model of INS, the algorithms for fast estimating the azimuth misalignment angle and calibrating gyro drift rates are proposed. The proposed algorithms show that the azimuth misalignment angle and gyro drift rates can be estimated from the rates of leveling misalignment angles without using the gyro output signals.     

传递对准的一种方位估计方法

以往的速度匹配方法通常水平失准角估计精度很高,对准时间快而方位失准角估计不理想,为了克服这个问题,本文推导了一种新的方位估计方法。首先由新的速度匹配方法估计出两个水平失准角,然后把这两个失准角信息当做已知量,计算出了方位失准角。并且根据理论推导进行了仿真,结果表明,该方法估计方位失准角精度高,有很好的实用性。     

Exact Target Angular Coordinates from Biased Radar Measurements

Exact and simplified expressions are derived for the calibration of raw target coordinate measurements obtained from a tracking radar, The measured target position in angle is indicated by the displacement of the antenna boresight. The true target position, however, deviates from this measured value because of such system biases as tilt (leveling error), nonorthogonality of axes, collimation error, dynamic lag, etc. These and other biases are accounted for in this paper. The pedestal configuration assumed is an elevation over azimuth mount. A noise-free environment is also assumed.     

Integration of GPS and low cost INS for pedestrian navigation aided by building layout

In outdoor environments, GPS is often used for pedestrian navigation by utilizing its signals for position computation, but in indoor or semi-obstructed environments, GPS signals are often unavailable. Therefore, pedestrian navigation for these environments should be realized by the integration of GPS and inertial navigation system （INS）. However, the lowcost INS could induce errors that may result in a large position drift. The problem can be minimized by mounting the sensors on the pedestrian＇s foot, using zero velocity update （ZUPT） method with the standard navigation algorithm to restrict the error growth. However, heading drift still remains despite using ZUPT measurements since the heading error is unobservable. Also, tbot mounted INS suffers from the initialization ambiguity of position and heading from GPS. In this paper, a novel algorithm is developed to mitigate the heading drift problem when using ZUPT. The method uses building lay- out to aid the heading measurement in Kalman filter, and it could also be combined for the initial- ization. The algorithm has been investigated with real field trials using the low cost Microstrain 3DM-GX3-25 inertial sensor, a Leica GS10 GPS receiver and a uBlox EVK-6T GPS receiver. It could be concluded that the proposed method offers a significant improvement in position accuracy for the long period, allowing pedestrian navigation for nearly40 min with mean position error less than 2.8 m. This method also has a considerable effect on the accuracy of the initialization.     

在示波器校准中是否使用有源探头

测试工作的目标是把校准波形忠实地传送到被测示波器的输入端。多年来,人们已经开发了各种传送的方法来克服ＶＳＷＲ和其它的误差来源,其中一些方法较之其它方法更加实用,经济。概括介绍了一系列的实验并通过这些实验,我们对传统的的、比较复杂的使用脉部有源探头的方法和更加实用的同轴电缆的方法用示波器进行校准的情况做了比较。     

Constant-speed target tracking via bearings-only measurements

The observability properties of the constant-speed target tracking problem via bearings-only measurements are investigated. It is shown that there exists a one-dimensional unobservable foliation which is computed. Explicit formulas are given to recover the observable part. It is shown that the direction of target trajectory is observable and that the whole state is observable if either the norm of the velocity or the distance is also known. A nonlinear observer which has a parallel structure and tolerates faults on distance measurements is presented. Finite-dimensional filters for the approximating models in the case of noisy measurements are given on the basis of output function polynomial approximations     

一种基于输出误差观测的冗余MEMS-IMU标定技术研究

针对传统六位置标定存在标定步骤复杂、标定时间长等问题，同时随着MEMS器件冗余数目增加和冗余配置结构复杂化，利用分立标定技术实现器件误差参数辨识的难度进一步增大，且不同配置结构所采用的标定方法存在通用性较差的问题。因此提出了一种基于Kalman滤波的冗余MEMS-IMU分立标定方案。该方案首先采用小角度建模法实现安装误差的精确建模；然后针对直接以转台三轴角速率为观测值，导致部分状态量不可观的问题，提出了以器件的输出误差值作为观测量、以器件误差参数作为状态量设计Kalman滤波器；最后设计了高精度三轴转台转位编排方式，并利用四陀螺冗余结构进行标定仿真试验。仿真结果表明：该标定方法与六位置标定方案相比，标定精度平均提高了11.37%，可实现MEMS器件误差参数的快速辨识，对实际工程实践具有一定参考价值。     

推进剂药浆流平性研究

用真空喷淋浇注和流变参数测定的方法,研究了ＨＴＰＢ、ＣＴＰＢ推进剂药浆的流平性,探索红浆屈服值、表观粘度与流平性的关系。实验结果表明：药浆屈服值与流平性相关,并对多种推进剂具有普遍适用性;提出用实测屈服值作推进剂药浆流平性判据参数。     

Observability Criteria for Bearings-Only Target Motion Analysis

The observability requirements for bearings-only target motion analysis (TMA) are rigorously established by solving a third-order nonlinear differential equation. Closed form expressions are developed and subsequently used to specify necessary and sufficient conditions on own-ship motion that insure a uniquetracking solution. It is shown that for certain types of maneuvers the estimation process remains unobservable, even when the associated bearing rate is nonzero. Such maneuvers are frequently overlooked in heuristic discussions of TMA observability, which may account for some common misconceptions regarding the characteristics of acceptable own-ship motion.     

Leveling of Analytic Platforms

Use of an analytic platform or strapdown system requires that the system em be initially leveled just as a conventional multigimbaled platform must be leveled. The process of leveling involves the determination of the orientation between the local vertical and an instrumented reference nce frame. With a conventional platform it is quite common to use a pair of servo loops to precess the inner gimbal until gravity signals are nulled on two orthogonally mounted accelerometers. The input axes of these two accelerometers thus define the horizontal plane and the platform is said to be leveled. A strapdown system, however, lacks the physical entity of the inner gimbal and consequently cannot be physically precessed into verticality. The method of leveling is nonetheless analogous if we consider the computational reference frame of the analytic platform to be the "alter ego" or counterpart of a physical inner gimbal. In general, strapdown leveling techniques can be divided into two categories: closed-loop leveling and open-loop leveling. These two techniques are quantitatively developed and discussed in this paper.     

High-Resolution, Radar Coherent Linear FM Microwave Source

The microwave CLFM study was directed to generating 14 ?s S-band pulses of 1000 MHz bandwidth and an rms phase error of a few degrees. Over 972 MHz bandwidth, the sampled phase error relative to the reference was 7 degrees rms and 17 degrees peak, with a maximum Fourier component of 4 degrees. The FM pulse train is generated by a gated BWO driven by a stable linearizing waveform. Phase coherency during each pulse is obtained by a sampling technique, where the phase is corrected at intervals of 1/6 ?s, the RF phase having changed an integral number of cycles in each interval. Multiplication of the BWO signal by the sampling pulse train results in band-limited phase error pulses which are applied in a feedback loop. Pulse-to-pulse coherency is obtained by phase lock of the BWO starting frequency to the crystal reference. Feedback leveling holds the output constant to 0.3 dB. The basic MITRE technique was originally demonstrated at 10 MHz in 1964. Range results measured with the X-band model radar using the CLFM generator are given and confirm the phase errors of the CLFM.     

Passive tracking scheme for a single stationary observer

While there are many techniques for bearings-only tracking (BOT) in the ocean environment, they do not apply directly to the land situation. Generally, for tactical reasons, the land observer platform is stationary; but, it has two sensors, visible and infrared, for measuring bearings and a laser range finder (LRF) for measuring range. There is a requirement to develop a new BOT data fusion scheme that fuses the two sets of bearing readings, and together with a single LRF measurement, produces a unique track. This paper first develops a parameterized solution for the target speeds, and then heading, prior to the occurrence of the LRF measurement, when the track is unobservable. At, and after the LRF measurement, a BOT, formulated as a least squares (LS) estimator, then produces a unique LS estimate of the target states. Bearing readings from the other sensor serve as instrumental variables in a data fusion setting to eliminate the bias in the BOT estimator. The result is an unbiased and decentralized data fusion scheme. Results from two simulation experiments have corroborated the theoretical development and show also that the scheme is optimal.     

民用飞机定水平设施研究综述

中国民航适航规章第25部第871条款要求必须有确定飞机在地面处于水平位置的设施,以方便实现飞机姿态的调平。针对民用航空主流机型的定水平设施进行了归纳和分类,并逐类进行了分析研究,为国产民用飞机定水平设施的设计提供了重要参考。     

Fast automatic leveling subject to abrupt deterministic input

This investigation applies a modified Kalman filter with a recursive generalized M estimator (GME) of input to a class of leveling problems, that are subject to abrupt environmental disturbances and high noise levels. A least-squares estimator (LSE) based hypothetical testing scheme is also devised to detect the onset and presence of the input. Simulation results demonstrate that the leveling speed of convergence and accuracy is markedly higher than the original unmodified one     

A Tracking Filter in Spherical Coordinates Enhanced by De-noising of Converted Doppler Measurements

Tracking problem in spherical coordinates with range rate (Doppler) measurements, which would have errors correlated to the range measurement errors, is investigated in this paper. The converted Doppler measurements, constructed by the product of the Doppler measurements and range measurements, are used to replace the original Doppler measurements. A de-noising method based on an unbiased Kalman filter (KF) is proposed to reduce the converted Doppler measurement errors before updating the target states for the constant velocity (CV) model. The states from the de-noising filter are then combined with the Cartesian states from the converted measurement Kalman filter (CMKF) to produce final state estimates. The nonlinearity of the de-noising filter states are handled by expanding them around the Cartesian states from the CMKF in a Taylor series up to the second order term. In the mean time, the correlation between the two filters caused by the common range measurements is handled by a minimum mean squared error (MMSE) estimation-based method. These result in a new tracking filter, CMDN-EKF2. Monte Carlo simulations demonstrate that the proposed tracking filter can provide efficient and robust performance with a modest computational cost.     

大型平台的惯性稳定与地理坐标系姿态跟踪

介绍了一种大型两轴稳定平台的惯性稳定和地理系姿态跟踪原理,建立了稳定平台俯仰框架和横滚框架的运动学模型和动力学模型,进行了稳定平台横滚通道的角速度回路和角位置回路设计,仿真分析了姿态角测量误差作用下的稳定平台姿态跟踪性能,与利用加速度计反馈实现调平的两轴阻尼稳定平台进行对比,比对结果验证了本文设计的控制系统在水平姿态跟踪速度和抗干扰能力上的优势.平台样机进行了姿态跟踪测试,结果验证了结合定位定向系统(POS)的稳定平台惯性稳定和姿态跟踪控制方法可行.     

一种水平式自动调节吊具控制方法

针对传统吊具可操作性不强、安全性差的特点设计了一种可自动调节水平式吊具。该吊具可根据被吊物当前姿态自动调整主吊点运动趋势,实现被吊物调平;也可以自动计算被吊产品质心,并根据计算结果调整主吊点最终位置,实现被吊物的调平。最后,基于以上两种控制策略,对该吊具控制系统进行了设计。     

激光跟踪仪在全机水平测量的应用

简要介绍了传统飞机全机水平测量方法的优缺点,以及激光跟踪仪系统(Laser Tracker System)测量的基本原理,并对水平测量的可行性进行了讨论。     

带源项的守恒系统时间分裂算法定常解的收敛性研究

时间分裂算法很难获得带源项的守恒系统的定常解,本文中,考虑使用基本的隐式方法积分线性、二次和三次源项,研究了时间分裂算法不能收敛到数值定常态的原因.采用一个刚性参数的方式预测定常态的误差,刚性参数依赖于特定的源项.当源项是解的线性函数时,不存在定常态误差;当源项是解的非线形函数时,发现定常状态的误差是刚性参数的单调增加函数.定常态误差的分析将推广到标准k-epsilon双方程湍流模型计算的情况.     

Position and Velocity Estimation Via Bearing Observations

The problem of performing target motion analysis using noisy bearing measurements derived from multiple observation platforms or from a single moving observer is addressed. For the latter case, the properties of an estimator based on a Cartesian model of the process are detailed. Methods of providing estimates both before an observer maneuver, when the process is unobservable, and following an observer maneuver are developed. The results of an experimental study are presented.