射频介质阻挡放电改善NACA 0015翼型气动性能的实验

介质阻挡放电(DBD)均匀稳定、易于敷设,是机翼/翼型等离子体流动控制(PFC)中最常用的激励方式。射频介质阻挡放电激励频率高、放电功率大,且能在流场中产生明显的加热,应用潜力大。采用射频电源驱动DBD激励器产生等离子体,分析放电的体积力、热特性和诱导流场特性,开展了射频介质阻挡放电改善NACA 0015翼型气动性能的实验,研究了占空比、调制频率、载波频率和电源功率等参数对流动控制效果的影响规律。结果表明:射频等离子体激励的体积力效应随激励电压的增大而增加;射频等离子体激励产生的热量在诱导的流场中进行传导,加速流场;当来流速度为20m/s,Re=3.36×10~5时,在翼型前缘施加激励,使翼型临界失速迎角推迟1°,最大升力系数增大6.43%,且在过失速迎角下仍具有流动控制效果,使升力下降变缓;调制频率越大,控制效果越好;存在最佳占空比、载波频率和功率,占空比对流场控制效果的影响最显著,最佳占空比、载波频率和功率分别为20%,460kHz和50W。射频等离子体激励以体积力效应、热效应和诱导壁面射流改善失速流场,使得NACA0015翼型气动性能极大改善,流动分离得到有效控制。     

等离子体对翼型流动分离控制历程的PIV试验研究

采用粒子图像测速（Particle Image Velocimetry,PIV）技术,研究了介质阻挡放电等离子体激励对NA—CA0015翼型表面流动分离的控制特性及控制效果随时间历程的变化规律。结果表明,激励电压存在一个阈值,当电压小于阈值时,控制无效或效果不明显;当电压接近阈值时,控制表现出不稳定性并最终趋于稳定;当电压大于阈值时,控制效果稳定且显著,气流能够很好地重附在翼型表面。     

表面介质阻挡放电等离子体体积力实验

采用粒子图像测速(PIV)技术,在2200,4800,7300,14600Pa空气压力条件下,测量了高频高压表面介质阻挡放电(surface dielectric barrier discharge,SDBD)等离子体诱导流场.根据速度场和N-S方程求解了等离子体体积力分布,分析了空气压力和激励器电压对等离子体体积力影响.实验结果表明:相同空气压力时,激励器电压越高体积力越大.相同激励器电压时,体积力随空气压力升高减小.在体积力分布区域,体积力方向一致,较大体积力区域分布于体积力方向线上游,流场高速流动区域紧挨较大体积力分布区域,位于体积力方向线下游.     

超临界机翼介质阻挡放电等离子体流动控制

为了进一步提高等离子体激励器可控雷诺数,采用测力以及粒子图像测速(PIV)等研究方法,从二维机翼到三维半模,从低雷诺数到高雷诺数,开展了对称布局式介质阻挡放电(DBD)等离子体激励器控制超临界机翼气动特性的试验研究,分析了控制机理,实现了等离子体"虚拟舵面"的功能。结果表明:在雷诺数为2×10⁶的情况下,对称布局式等离子体气动激励能较好地抑制超临界机翼绕流流场分离,使失速迎角推迟2°,最大升力系数提高8.98%。     

等离子体气动激励诱导空气流动的PIV研究

为了揭示等离子体气动激励与边界层相互作用的物理机制,作者进行了等离子体气动激励诱导空气流动的PIV研究。实验结果表明：毫秒、微秒等离子体气动激励诱导空气流动以“启动涡”和“壁面射流”的形式出现;当激励电压为12kV时,最大诱导速度约为3m／s;激励电压越大,“启动涡”和“壁面射流”的强度越大;脉冲激励的作用强度和作用范围要强于定常激励。该结论为提高等离子体流动控制的作用能力提供了指导。     

等离子体控制翼型流动分离实验

为了提高等离子体的流动控制能力,在常规大气环境,来流风速分别为20m/s、30m/s、40m/s条件下进行了介质阻挡放电抑制NACA0015翼型流动分离实验研究。结果表明：等离子体能有效的抑制分离,实现增升减阻,但随着来流风速增加,有效控制的起始和终止攻角均变大,攻角区域却逐渐变小;可以通过在翼型分离点附近布置等离子体激励器,在允许的范围内尽量提高输入功率,使控制效果达到最佳。     

介质阻挡放电等离子体对翼型流动分离控制的实验研究

在低速开口风洞中进行了等离子体激励器对NACA0015翼型流动分离控制的实验研究。采用PIV技术,对翼型绕流流场进行了测量,显示了施加等离子体激励后流场的变化。通过五分量天平对升力和阻力的测量,研究了激励电压和激励频率对翼型流动分离控制的规律。研究表明,低风速下在翼型前缘施加等离子体激励,能够有效地控制翼型流动分离,在来流为20m／s时,最大升力系数增加11％,失速迎角增加6°;在给定的流动状态下,激励电压和激励频率存在一个阈值,不同迎角下该阈值不同,迎角越大,分离越严重,对激励强度的要求也越高。     

PIV测定介质阻挡放电等离子体诱导的体积力

通过提高PIV测量速度场的空间分辨率,得到了精细的等离子体诱导速度场,给出了物面附近等离子体诱导流场的速度型,通过微分形式的N-S方程和积分形式的动量方程分别求解了介质阻挡放电诱导的等离子体体积力,得到了体积力的空间分布,分析了载波频率对等离子体诱导体积力的影响规律。计算结果表明：对于所采用的电极布置方式,等离子体激励器的诱导流场沿射流方向的体积力强于垂直射流方向的体积力;峰峰电压为12kV时,在10～45kHz的载波频率范围内,随着载波频率的升高,体积力呈先增大后减小的趋势。     

低速翼型分离流动的等离子体主动控制研究

为了研究等离子体激励器的放电形式及其诱导气流的规律,以及翼型迎角、自由来流速度分别对翼型流动分离抑制效果的影响。在低速、低雷诺数条件下利用介质阻挡放电等离子体激励器对NACA0015翼型进行了主动流动控制研究。结果表明：介质阻挡放电的形式为丝状放电;等离子体激励器诱导气流的方向由裸露电极指向覆盖电极,由电极的布置方式决定,与接线方式无关;当来流速度为25m／s,雷诺数为2．03×10^5时,等离子体气动激励可以有效地抑制翼型吸力面的流动分离,翼型最大升力系数增大约为9．7％,翼型l临界失速迎角由17．5°增大到20．5°;翼型失速延迟的真正原因并非单纯的气流加速;等离子体激励器的作用效果随着来流速度的提高而减弱,研究非定常激励或等离子体激励器与流场之间的耦合效应,也许更加具有潜力。     

纳秒等离子体激励控制翼型流动分离机理研究

为研究纳秒介质阻挡放电(NSDBD)等离子体控制翼型流动分离的物理机理,采用已建立的NSDBD唯象学模型耦合非定常Navier-Stokes方程模拟纳秒等离子体对流场的作用。使用非定常雷诺平均NavierStokes方程(URANS)和大涡模拟(LES)两种求解方法,研究纳秒等离子体激励对NACA0015翼型流动分离控制。结果表明:NSDBD等离子体激励促使边界层提前转捩,转捩对控制流动分离起重要作用;NSDBD激励开始时在翼型前缘形成展向涡,展向涡促使分离剪切层失稳并最终进入尾迹,展向涡贴近壁面运动,将外区的高能气流带入近壁区,使上翼面流场结构发生变化,然后翼型前缘流动提前转捩促使流动经过一个小层流分离泡后发生湍流再附,最终在上翼面形成稳定的附着流动。     

Leading-edge flow separation control over an airfoil using a symmetrical dielectric barrier discharge plasma actuator

In order to promote an in-depth understanding of the mechanism of leading-edge flow separation control over an airfoil using a symmetrical Dielectric Barrier Discharge(DBD) plasma actuator excited by a steady-mode excitation, an experimental investigation of an SC(2)-0714 supercritical airfoil with a symmetrical DBD plasma actuator was performed in a closed chamber and a low-speed wind tunnel. The plasma actuator was mounted at the leading edge of the airfoil.Time-resolved Particle Image Velocimetry(PIV) results of the near-wall region in quiescent air suggested that the symmetrical DBD plasma actuator could induce some coherent structures in the separated shear layer, and these structures were linked to a dominant frequency of f0= 39 Hz when the peak-to-peak voltage of the plasma actuator was 9.8 kV. In addition, an analysis of flow structures without and with plasma actuation around the upper side of the airfoil at an angle of attack of18° for a wind speed of 3 m/s(Reynolds number Re = 20000) indicated that the dynamic process of leading-edge flow separation control over an airfoil could be divided into three stages. Initially, this plasma actuator could reinforce the shedding vortices in the separated shear layer. Then, these vortical structures could deflect the separated flow towards the wall by promoting the mixing between the outside flow with a high kinetic energy and the flow near the surface. After that, the plasma actuator induced a series of rolling vortices in the vicinity of the suction side of the airfoil, and these vortical structures could transfer momentum from the leading edge of the airfoil to the separated region, resulting in a reattachment of the separated flow around the airfoil.     

合成双射流控制NACA0015翼型大攻角流动分离试验研究

设计了一种卧式合成双射流激励器(DSJA),并对其在翼展中段控制NACA0015翼型大攻角流动完全分离进行试验研究,分析了合成双射流激励器两射流出口位置及射流能量对控制机翼流动分离的影响规律。结果表明:合成双射流激励器对机翼大攻角流动分离具有很强的控制能力,可显著提高机翼流动分离攻角;合成双射流激励器两射流出口相对分离点的位置是影响控制效果的重要参数;合成双射流激励器两出口任一出口位于分离点之前,且越靠近分离点,其对边界层分离的控制效果越好,并且当分离点位于合成双射流激励器两出口之间,且离第一出口位置较近时,合成双射流"接力"控制机翼分离的效果更加明显;与合成射流"单射流"相比,合成双射流"两射流"对分离点位置的有效控制区域明显增大。此外,提高合成双射流激励器的射流能量,其控制机翼流动分离的能力提高。     

翼型动态失速等离子体流动控制试验

针对动态失速引起的翼型气动性能恶化的问题,利用小型化的激励电源和介质阻挡放电等离子体激励器,借助动态压力测量和外触发式粒子图像测速（PIV）等手段开展了翼型动态失速等离子体流动控制试验研究。结果表明,等离子体气动激励能够有效控制翼型动态失速,改善平均气动力,提高翼型气动效率,减小气动力随迎角变化的迟滞区域。等离子体诱导出前缘附近的贴体翼面涡,促进分离流再附;增加了上翼面0.2~0.4弦长区域的吸力,减小了升力系数功率谱密度（PSD）分布的二、三、四阶能量幅值,在研究工况下实现了平均升力系数增加7.1%、失速迎角推迟1.3°和迟滞区域减小4.5%的明显控制效果;4°~9°迎角段,等离子体使得翼型平均阻力系数减小40%。此外,振荡频率增加使翼型绕流的非定常性增强,较高雷诺数下的翼型动态分离涡更加难以被抑制,均需要增加等离子体激励强度才能达到较好的控制效果。     

高速风洞等离子体流动控制实验技术研究

针对开展等离子体高速流动控制研究的技术需求,通过专用模型及实验机构设计、绝缘密封走线、多层电磁屏蔽等技术手段,建立了一套适用于高速风洞的等离子体流动控制系统,提出了等离子体高速流动控制风洞实验的技术规范和运行策略,并初步探索了等离子体激励对二元翼型绕流的控制规律。采用该技术后,解决了高压电缆的绝缘、密封走线问题,模型与实验机构的感应电压减小90％以上。风洞实验结果表明：实验系统运行稳定,实验数据可靠,等离子体激励对犕犪＝0．2的流动可实现有效控制;施加等离子体激励后,NACA0012翼型的流动分离明显减弱,升力增大,阻力减小,临界失速迎角增大2＆#176;,最大升力系数增大4％,总体气动性能得到显著提升。     

Numerical research on airfoil transition delay by alternative current dielectric barrier discharge actuation

A Dielectric Barrier Discharge (DBD) plasma actuator can create a body force which locally accelerates the base flow leading to an attenuation of broadband disturbance to delay the transition. In this study, numerical simulation on an NLF0416 airfoil is conducted to investigate transition delay and drag reduction by a DBD plasma actuator. To simulate plasma’s effect more accurately, boundary-layer data is acquired from Reynolds Averaged Navier Stocks (RANS) equations instead of laminar boundary layer equations, although RANS equations need a much finer boundary-layer grid, and the linear stability analysis method is used to analyze the boundary layer and get the transition point. In this study, the influences of different actuation intensities and positions are investigated, and results show that if the actuation intensity is stronger and the actuation position is closer to the base transition point, more drag reduction can be obtained. However, the efficiency of plasma transition delay is really low. For example, when the actuation voltage is 16 kV, the actuation frequency is 1 kHz, and the main Mach number is 0.1, the saved power due to drag reduction is about 5.09 W, but the power consumed is about 32.61 W, and the efficiency is just 15.6%.     

Experimental study of an anti-icing method over an airfoil based on pulsed dielectric barrier discharge plasma

Aircraft icing has long been a plague to aviation for its serious threat to flight safety. Even though lots of methods for anti-icing have been in use or studied for quite a long time, new methods are still in great demand for both civil and military aircraft. The current study in this paper uses widely used Dielectric Barrier Discharge(DBD) plasma actuation to anti-ice on a NACA0012 airfoil model with a chord length of 53.5 cm in a closed-circuit icing wind tunnel. An actuator was installed at the leading edge of the airfoil model, and actuated by a pulsed low-temperature plasma power source. The actuator has two types of layout, a striped electrode layout and a meshy electrode layout.The ice accretion process or anti-icing process was recorded by a CCD camera and an infrared camera. Instantaneous pictures and infrared contours show that both types of DBD plasma actuators have the ability for anti-ice under a freestream velocity of 90 m/s, a static temperature of -7℃,an Median Volume droplet Diameter(MVD) of 20 lm, and an Liquid Water Content(LWC) of 0.5 g/m~3. The detected variations of temperatures with time at specific locations reveal that the temperatures oscillate for some time after spraying at first, and then tend to be nearly constant values.This shows that the key point of the anti-icing mechanism with DBD plasma actuation is to achieve a thermal equilibrium on the model surface. Besides, the power consumption in the anti-icing process was estimated in this paper by Lissajous figures measured by an oscilloscope, and it is lower than those of existing anti-icing methods. The experimental results presented in this paper indicate that the DBD plasma anti-icing method is a promising technique in the future.