Summary of radiation dosimetry results on U.S. and Soviet manned spacecraft.

Measurements of the radiation environment aboard U.S. and Soviet manned spacecraft are reviewed and summarized. Data obtained mostly from passive and some active radiation detectors now exist for the case of low Earth-orbit missions. Major uncertainties still exist for space exposure in high altitude, high inclination, geostationary orbits, in connection with solar effects and that of shielding. Data from active detectors flown in Spacelabs 1 and 2 suggest that a variety of phenomena must be understood before the effects of long-term exposure at the space-station type of orbit and shielding can be properly assessed.     

磁屏蔽装置与磁场模拟器的耦合分析

地磁导航半实物仿真是地磁导航从理论走向工程应用的关键环节,而地磁场环境仿真技术是地磁导航由计算机仿真过渡到半实物仿真的桥梁。针对地磁场环境仿真系统中磁屏蔽装置与其内部磁场模拟器的耦合问题,采用仿真分析与实验验证相结合的方法,利用Ansoft Maxwell仿真软件设计仿真实验对二者的耦合关系进行了探索性研究,并基于小型地磁场环境仿真系统对仿真得到的结论进行了实验验证。仿真和实验结果均表明:磁场模拟器在大电流强磁场的工作情况下会对磁屏蔽装置造成严重的磁化,进而会影响其屏蔽效果;磁屏蔽装置不会影响磁场模拟器的线性度和均匀性,但是会增大轴线中心点附近的磁场值;磁屏蔽装置会使磁场模拟器的电感增大,从而使实时性变差。研究结论可以为地磁场环境仿真系统的设计提供理论依据。      

屏蔽材料对木星轨道卫星内部介质充电效应的影响研究

在木星轨道的空间辐射环境中,占主导地位的粒子是能量大于1MeV（甚至高于100MeV）的高能电子,这可能会产生卫星内部介质充电效应。在卫星的防辐射设计中,通常需要一定厚度的材料来屏蔽这些电子,使得进入卫星内部的电子通量达到安全的水平。利用所建立的GEANT4-RIC（radiation induced conductivity）方法,研究了运行于木星轨道的卫星对高能电子的最佳屏蔽材料设计。研究了铝、钛、铁、铜、钽和铅作为卫星屏蔽材料的可能性。研究结果表明,在木星探测任务中,为了减轻卫星内部介质充电效应,高原子序数材料比低原子序数材料在相同质量下提供的屏蔽效果更好。因此,用钛、铁、铜、钽或铅代替地球轨道卫星上常用的屏蔽材料铝,可以节省屏蔽质量。     

Effective radiation reduction in Space Station and missions beyond the magnetosphere.

Presented are results from a parametric study of the shielding effectiveness of low and high atomic number shields on biological dose equivalent for low-earth-orbit and interplanetary manned missions.     

电离总剂量复合屏蔽模拟仿真及验证试验

空间环境中辐射粒子的电离总剂量效应对卫星电子器件危害严重,需要采用合适的材料进行屏蔽防护.本文采用蒙特卡罗方法模拟材料对电子的屏蔽,将双层复合屏蔽方法与单质屏蔽方法进行对比,结果表明对电子而言,复合屏蔽在屏蔽厚度足够大时比单质屏蔽效果更好.利用90Sr-90Y电子放射源进行了复合屏蔽效果的验证试验,试验结果与模拟结果规律相符,研究结果可为辐射防护的优化设计提供参考.      

Adaptive response studies may help choose astronauts for long-term space travel.

Long-term manned exploratory missions are planned for the future. Exposure to high-energy neutrons, protons and high charge and energy particles during a deep space mission, needs protection against the detrimental effects of space radiation. It has been suggested that exposure to unpredictable extremely large solar particle events would kill the astronauts without massive shielding. To reduce this risk to astronauts and to minimize the need for shielding, astronauts with highest significant adaptive responses should be chosen. It has been demonstrated that some humans living in very high natural radiation areas have acquired high adaptive responses to external radiation. Therefore, we suggest that for a deep space mission the adaptive response of all potential crew members be measured and only those with high adaptive response be chosen. We also proclaim that chronic exposure to elevated levels of radiation can considerably decrease radiation susceptibility and better protect astronauts against the unpredictable exposure to sudden and dramatic increase in flux due to solar flares and coronal mass ejections.     

温度对磁屏蔽霍尔推力器磁场构型的影响研究

霍尔推力器磁路设计主要通过常温静态磁场仿真得到，并实测推力器非工作状态常温磁场进行复核。大功率霍尔推力器将面临更为严峻的热问题，推力器工作时磁路系统受高温影响，因此在常温下仿真得到的磁场位形会因温度升高而产生偏移，不能反映推力器真实工作时的磁场情况。为研究霍尔推力器工作时热量对磁路系统的影响，通过热磁耦合仿真对10kW磁屏蔽霍尔推力器的热态磁场分布进行研究，并对热态、常温仿真结果进行了对比，发现在阳极附近的径向磁感应强度Br的差异比放电室出口更大。常温设计的磁屏蔽构型在热态时偏离磁屏蔽，磁场和壁面最大不符合度达到13%，通过陶瓷出口型面修正后重新获得磁屏蔽效果，使最大不符合度降低到4.8%以下。合理热设计有助于降低热载荷，热仿真得到磁路系统最高温度低于500℃，低于0.78倍的居里温度Tc磁性急剧转变点，不会出现磁性能急剧下降，但热量对磁屏蔽霍尔推力器磁场构型的影响是应该考虑的。     

载人深空探测磁场主动辐射防护技术研究

基于单粒子轨道理论和蒙特卡洛方法建立了一种磁场主动屏蔽防护分析方法,针对理想磁场构型分析了屏蔽磁场强度、厚度和结构对屏蔽效果的影响。研究结果表明：屏蔽效率随磁刚度BL增大且当磁刚度BL一定时,增加磁场强度B比增加磁场厚度L更有效;对于有限长屏蔽磁场构型,端盖区需加强防护;桶状区与端盖区采用直线型屏蔽磁场的构型防护效果最好,能够对典型银河宇宙线能谱屏蔽90%的高能粒子。     

双层防护屏结构的正撞击研究

以惠普尔（Whipple）防护屏结构为例， 通过实验研究了铝合金柱状弹体以第一门槛值附近的速度正撞击LY12合金防护屏的特点；研究了在不同速度下防护屏损伤随速度的变化规律；对于速度在第一门槛值附近的速度正撞击，得到了撞击速度、防护屏及靶体厚度、防护距离的变化地防护屏及靶体作用的影响效果。     

Experiment "Seeds" on Biokosmos 9. Dosimetric part.

The aim of the experiment "Seeds" on the Sowjetic satellite Biokosmos 9 was the observation of mutagenic effects caused at special loci of seeds of Arabidopsis thaliana and assigned to particles of the Cosmic radiation. Two types of exposure units were flown: A low-shielding unit Type I, mounted at the surface of the satellite (1.4 g/cm2 shielding) and, for comparison, an identical item inside (16 g/cm2 shielding), using nuclear emulsion as track detectors. A Type II unit, flown inside (18g/cm2 shielding) was mounted with AgCl track detectors. The layout will be briefly described. A first set of dosimetric data from the physical evaluation of the experiment will be presented. The subdivision into charge- and LET-groups shows a rather high contribution of the intermediate LET-group (350-1000 MeV/cm) due to medium heavy particles (Z = 6-10) and to enders of light (p, alpha) particles.     

A Novel Magnetic Configuration for Space Radiation Active Shielding

Space radiation has been identified as the main health hazard to crews involved in manned Mars missions. Active shielding is more effective than passive shielding to the very energetic particles from cosmic rays. Particle motion in a magnetic field is studied based on the single-particle theory and Monte Carlo method. By comparing the shielding efficiency of different magnetic field configurations, a novel active magnetic shielding configuration with lower mass cost and power consumption is proposed for manned Mars missions. The new magnetic configuration can shield 92.8% of protons and 84.4% of alpha particles with E < 4 GeV·n-1, when considering the passive shielding contribution of 10.0 g·cm-2 Al Shielding, the required magnetic stiffness can be reduced from 27 Tm to 16 Tm. The detailed analysis of mass cost and power consumption shows that active shielding will be a promising means to protect crews from space radiation exposure in manned Mars missions.      

航天器空间碎片防护方案的评价方法

在综述国际上已采用和研究的航天器防护空间碎片超高速撞击防护方案评价方法的基础上,对航天器防护方案的评价方法进行了分析与探讨,给出了各种防护方案的撞击极限曲线和撞击极限方程。     

三同轴屏蔽效能测试装置的研制

对国内外射频同轴连接器的屏蔽效能测试方法进行了对比研究,通过仿真、设计,研制加工了活塞式三同轴法测量屏蔽效能的测试装置,对测试系统进行了测量结果比对。通过搭建的三同轴法测试系统,建立了射频至微波频段射频同轴连接器的屏蔽效能参数测试平台。     

Neutron yields from interactions of GCR-like beams in stopping targets.

In order to accurately determine the radiation risk to astronauts from GCR, the nature of the secondary radiation field created by the fragmentation of GCR in shielding and tissue must be understood. Due to the their high penetrabilities, neutrons are an important component of the secondary radiation field, especially for astronauts protected by thick shielding on lunar or Martian bases. Neutron yields from 435A MeV and 272A MeV Nb stopping in Nb and Al targets are presented, along with some preliminary analysis of neutron yields from 155A MeV C stopping in Al. Energy spectra and angular distributions are shown for neutron energies above 20 MeV. The data provides some information about the dependence of the neutron yield on projectile energy and target mass. Comparisons of the data with BUU calculations are also shown.     

DNA fragmentation induced by Fe ions in human cells: shielding influence on spatially correlated damage.

Outside the magnetic field of the Earth, high energy heavy ions constitute a relevant part of the biologically significant dose to astronauts during the very long travels through space. The typical pattern of energy deposition in the matter by heavy ions on the microscopic scale is believed to produce spatially correlated damage in the DNA which is critical for radiobiological effects. We have investigated the influence of a lucite shielding on the initial production of very small DNA fragments in human fibroblasts irradiated with 1 GeV/u iron (Fe) ions. We also used gamma rays as reference radiation. Our results show: (1) a lower effect per incident ion when the shielding is used; (2) an higher DNA Double Strand Breaks (DSB) induction by Fe ions than by gamma rays in the size range 1-23 kbp; (3) a non-random DNA DSB induction by Fe ions.     

强γ射线参考辐射场散射影响研究

采用蒙特卡罗程序MCNP对强γ射线参考辐射场的散射特性进行了模拟,确立了辐射场实验空间内的剂量率和能谱分布。通过多种角度对屏蔽墙散射和在束散射体散射进行了细致的分析,为校准实验室钴源辐射场的实验应用和屏蔽设计提供参考。     

An update about recent developments of the PHITS code

PHITS (Particle and Heavy-Ion Transport code System) is a general-purpose three-dimensional Monte Carlo code, developed and maintained by RIST, JAEA and KEK in Japan together with Sihver et al. at Chalmers in Sweden. PHITS can deal with the transports of all varieties of hadrons and heavy ions with energies up to around 100 GeV/nucleon, and in this paper the current status of PHITS is presented. We introduce a relativistically covariant version of JQMD, called R-JQMD, that features an improved ground state initialization algorithm, and we will present the introduction of electron and photon transport in PHITS using EGS5, which have increased the energy region for the photon and energy transport from up to around 3 GeV to up to several hundred GeV depending on the atomic number of the target. We show how the accuracy in dose and fluence calculations can be improved by using tabulated cross sections. Benchmarking of shielding and irradiation effects of high energy protons in different materials relevant for shielding of accelerator facilities is also presented. In particular, we show that PHITS can be used for estimating the dose received by aircrews and personnel in space. In recent years, many countries have issued regulations or recommendations to set annual dose limitations for aircrews. Since estimation of cosmic-ray spectra in the atmosphere is an essential issue for the evaluation of aviation doses, we have calculated these spectra using PHITS. The accuracy of the atmospheric propagation simulation of cosmic-ray performed by PHITS has been well verified by experimental cosmic-ray spectra taken under various conditions. Based on a comprehensive analysis of the simulation results, an analytical model called “PARMA” has been proposed for instantaneously estimating the atmospheric cosmic-ray spectra below the altitude of 20 km. We have also performed preliminary simulations of long-term dose distribution measurements at the ISS performed with the joint ESA-FSA experiment MATROSHKA-R (MTR-R) led by the Russian Federation Institute of Biomedical Problems (IMBP) and the ESA supported experiment MATROSHKA (MTR), led by the German Aerospace Center (DLR). For the purpose of examining the applicability of PHITS to the shielding design in space, the absorbed doses in a tissue equivalent water phantom inside an imaginary space vessel has been estimated for different shielding materials of different thicknesses. The results confirm previous results which indicate that PHITS is a suitable tool when performing shielding design studies of spacecrafts.     

Galactic cosmic ray abundances and spectra behind defined shielding.

LET spectra have been measured for lunar missions and for several near Earth orbits ranging from 28 degrees to 83 degrees inclination. In some of the experiments the flux of GCR was determined separately from contributions caused by interactions in the detector material. Results of these experiments are compared to model calculations. The general agreement justifies the use of the model to calculate GCR fluxes. The magnitude of variations caused by solar modulation, geomagnetic shielding, and shielding by matter determined from calculated LET spectra is generally in agreement with experimental data. However, more detailed investigations show that there are some weak points in modeling solar modulation and shielding by material. These points are discussed in more detail.     

Comparison of measured cosmic ray LET spectra with models and predictions.

Radiation effects of cosmic ray nuclei are generally described as a function of the particle LET. For a large number of space missions LET spectra have been measured and models have been developed to calculate these spectra that include the effects of geomagnetic shielding and shielding provided by material. In this paper we compare measured and calculated LET spectra. For low earth orbits events with high local energy deposition, i.e., short range secondaries, contribute significantly to the measured spectra. These events are produced by nuclear interactions, mainly induced by protons from the south atlantic anomaly. The technique to include these contributions in the models depends on the size of radiation sensitive volumes. For sizes comparable to or larger than the range of target secondaries it is essential to separate contributions by target interactions from those of cosmic rays. This separation is possible in experiments which use stacks of plastic nuclear track detectors. The yield of short range events generated by protons and measured in the detector can be calibrated from accelerator experimental data. We present first results for CR-39 detectors.     

稻城太阳射电望远镜（DSRT）天线遮挡效应仿真

稻城太阳射电望远镜（DSRT）由313面6 m直径抛物面天线组成。天线接收信号幅值和相位的精确修正是决定DSRT成像质量的关键因素。然而DSRT阵列可能会出现邻近天线相互遮挡的问题，从而改变接收信号的幅值和相位，影响其成像质量。利用电磁仿真软件计算了接收频率为300 MHz（波长λ=1 m）时的相邻两单元与相邻三单元两种情况。三元系统中遮挡效应的影响仅比双元系统中相关影响略为显著。在本文考虑的最严重的遮挡情况（天线边缘的投影间距D = –1λ）下，对于双/三元系统，相对于单天线系统水平和垂直增益分别降低了0.6/0.6 dB和 0.3/0.4 dB，相位偏差分别为–3.3o/–3.871o和–1.744o/–2.244o。此外还分析了其他遮挡情况。研究表明DSRT系统中的天线遮挡效应分析可由双元系统充分描述，在后期数据处理时应适当考虑该效应，尽量提升DSRT数据的利用效率和成图质量。