多孔板水升华器在恒热流条件下的试验研究

探索了多孔板的制造方法,设计了水升华器试验组件和试验装置,对不同的多孔板升华器在恒热流条件下进行了试验研究.试验重点研究了不同热流密度、多孔板物理参数、给水室压力及升华器放置情况对升华器性能的影响,并对水升华器的击穿特性进行了讨论.试验结果证明文中提出的升华器基本的设计概念是可行的,粉末烧结多孔板可以满足升华器的试验要求.最后,给出了关于水升华器进一步设计的一些有益的结论.     

热负荷及给水压力对水升华器启动和使用策略影响

热负荷、给水压力等参数的匹配设计,对水升华器启动及运行过程中内部气 固 液相变界面的位置具有重要影响,从而影响其运行稳定性和使用策略。开展了水升华器分别在低热负荷低给水压力、高热负荷高给水压力工况下的启动试验研究,及水升华器在低热负荷低给水压力下启动运行至稳定后调整为高热负荷高给水压力运行的响应特性研究。阐明了热负荷及给水压力对水升华器启动和稳定运行策略的影响。试验结果表明：水升华器在较高热负荷及较高给水压力工况下启动,可以在更短时间内建立稳定状态,但发生“击穿”风险大;水升华器需在高热负荷、高给水压力下运行时,采用在低热负荷、低给水压力下启动,然后在高热负荷和高给水压力下运行的方式,可以减小启动过程的“击穿”风险,且不影响其稳态散热能力。     

APS星敏感器太阳照射影响分析及试验验证

针对APS星敏感器在轨过程中太阳照射问题进行了研究,分析了太阳照射对星敏感器功能和性能的影响,设计了太阳照射相关的试验及验证方案,最后给出了相关试验过程和试验验证结果,明确了分析及试验结论.通过分析和试验结果表明:紫外辐照试验对光学系统透过率无明显影响,且影响在APS星敏感器灵敏度余量范围内;在轨太阳照射对APS星敏感器探测器及整机的功能和性能无影响.相关分析和试验数据可作为星敏感器后续改进设计的依据和参考.     

无人机飞行安全控制与安控器设计

针对无人机飞行安全问题,介绍了提高任务飞行安全的技术、方法和措施,提出了基于GPS卫星接收机,独立于飞控系统的无人机安控器设计思路。在研究安控策略的基础上,设计了无人机安控器,并结合某型无人机进行了安控仿真试验,结果表明安控器有效、方案可行。     

一种单喷嘴推力室燃烧内流场的方法

为了方便开展单喷嘴气气喷注器燃烧试验研究,设计了一种燃烧室壁面测温,并结合推力室燃烧流场的非稳态数值模拟的方法,以考察燃烧室内流场的发展和燃烧完成情况.应用试验数据对不同的湍流模型和燃烧模型进行了对比研究,得到与试验结果较为吻合的计算模型.并应用该方法开展了同轴剪切式喷注器氢/氧喷注动量比、燃烧室压力变化的试验研究.试验结果表明喷注器掺混燃烧效果随氢/氧喷注动量比增加而增强,而不随燃烧室压力的变化而变化.     

空间挠性作动器的可靠性验证试验方法

为了对空间挠性作动器在轨运行的可靠性进行评估,针对作动器在轨工况复杂、小子样、长寿命的特点,给出了作动器可靠性验证试验方法。首先,在分析作动器结构组成及工作原理的基础上,确定了作动器可靠性特征量。然后,以寿命型可靠性试验为基本思路,针对挠性元件在轨疲劳断裂失效这一主要故障模式,根据在轨典型工况载荷数据进行疲劳试验载荷谱设计,采用试验载荷谱开展挠性元件加速疲劳寿命试验,基于试验结果给出作动器的可靠性评估结果。最后,以某型号空间挠性作动器为例,基于挠性元件加速疲劳试验进行可靠性试验验证,得到作动器可靠性评估结果。研究结果表明,该作动器可靠度满足指标要求,评估结果符合工程实际。运用所提出的可靠性验证试验方法,可为空间挠性作动器在轨运行可靠性的定量评估提供有效的技术途径,可为航天器运动机构的可靠性验证提供参考。     

微重力环境下蓄液器流体蓄留特性的试验研究

为验证板式贮箱蓄液器的蓄液性能,搭建了蓄液器模型试验系统,针对蓄液器模型的蓄液性能和流体传输行为进行微重力落塔试验研究,得到微重力环境下蓄液器的流体蓄留和传输规律.试验结果表明,相对于楔形蓄液器,双圆锥形蓄液器具有更好的蓄液能力,对于双圆锥形蓄液器,承受侧向加速度时仍具有良好的蓄液能力,合理设计蓄液器结构可有效地蓄留液体并控制液体传输速度.该试验成果不仅为新型板式流体管理部件设计优化提供参考,同时也为空间环境下流体控制提供了一种新方法.     

微重力环境下蓄液器流体蓄留特性的试验研究

为验证板式贮箱蓄液器的蓄液性能,搭建了蓄液器模型试验系统,针对蓄液器模型的蓄液性能和流体传输行为进行微重力落塔试验研究,得到微重力环境下蓄液器的流体蓄留和传输规律.试验结果表明,相对于楔形蓄液器,双圆锥形蓄液器具有更好的蓄液能力,对于双圆锥形蓄液器,承受侧向加速度时仍具有良好的蓄液能力,合理设计蓄液器结构可有效地蓄留液体并控制液体传输速度.该试验成果不仅为新型板式流体管理部件设计优化提供参考,同时也为空间环境下流体控制提供了一种新方法.     

飞机结构试验用加载作动器设计与效率分析

针对飞机结构试验尤其是静力试验中加载速度低、系统流量低的特点,设计了一种新型的基于阀控的飞机结构加载试验用的电液一体化作动器,阐述了其系统组成和工作原理,分析了阀控系统的效率问题,提出降低油源压力设计值来提高系统效率的方案,并通过AMESim高级建模仿真平台,对该电液一体化作动器系统进行建模仿真,验证了降低油源压力设计值方案对提高系统效率的有效性.其仿真结果表明所设计的电液一体化作动器能够满足设计要求,在飞机结构加载试验中具有很好的应用前景.     

基于STM32的可重复使用运载器闭环仿真系统

针对验证可重复使用运载器关键控制技术的需求,提出了一套基于STM32的可重复使用运载器闭环仿真系统。基于该套平台,对系统的总体方案、硬件平台设计、软件开发及设计进行了重点论述,实现了对箭上测量单元、计算机单元、执行单元及地面测发控单元的模拟。通过仿真试验,完成了可重复使用运载器制导、导航及姿控算法等关键控制技术的验证。结果表明：所开发的闭环仿真系统设计合理,实时性好,可靠性高,可为大型可重复使用运载器试验奠定基础,缩短研制周期。     

First-order feasibility analysis of a space suit radiator concept based on estimation of water mass sublimation using Apollo mission data

Thermal control of a space suit during extravehicular activity (EVA) is typically accomplished by sublimating water to provide system cooling. Spacecraft, on the other hand, primarily rely on radiators to dissipate heat. Integrating a radiator into a space suit has been proposed as an alternative design that does not require mass consumption for heat transfer. While providing cooling without water loss offers potential benefits for EVA application, it is not currently practical to rely on a directional, fixed-emissivity radiator to maintain thermal equilibrium of a spacesuit where the radiator orientation, environmental temperature, and crew member metabolic heat load fluctuate unpredictably. One approach that might make this feasible, however, is the use of electrochromic devices that are capable of infrared emissivity modulation and can be actively controlled across the entire suit surface to regulate net heat flux for the system. Integrating these devices onto the irregular, compliant space suit material requires that they be fabricated on a flexible substrate, such as Kapton film. An initial assessment of whether or not this candidate technology presents a feasible design option was conducted by first characterizing the mass of water loss from sublimation that could theoretically be saved if an electrochromic suit radiator was employed for thermal control. This is particularly important for lunar surface exploration, where the expense of transporting water from Earth is excessive, but the technology is potentially beneficial for other space missions as well. In order to define a baseline for this analysis by comparison to actual data, historical documents from the Apollo missions were mined for comprehensive, detailed metabolic data from each lunar surface outing, and related data from NASA’s more recent “Advanced Lunar Walkback” tests were also analyzed. This metabolic database was then used to validate estimates for sublimator water consumption during surface EVAs, and solar elevation angles were added to predict the performance of an electrochromic space suit radiator under Apollo conditions. Then, using these actual data sets, the hypothetical water mass savings that would be expected had this technology been employed were calculated. The results indicate that electrochromic suit radiators would have reduced sublimator water consumption by 69.0% across the entire Apollo program, for a total mass savings of 68.5 kg to the lunar surface. Further analysis is needed to determine the net impact as a function of the complete system, taking into account both suit components and consumable mass, but the water mass reduction found in this study suggests a favorable system trade is likely.     

金属氢化物热泵及其在载人航天生保系统中的应用

介绍了金属氢化物热泵系统的工作原理和研究现状，分析了该系统在载入航天生命保障系统，特别是出舱航天服生命保障系统中应用的可能性，着重从系统体积，重量、物质消耗，再生时间和技术成熟度等方面比较了水升华器，相变储热，金属氢化物热泵等几种冷源各自的优缺点，说明了金属氢化物热泵系统在载入航天生命保障系统中应用的巨大潜力和需要研究的关键性技术问题。     

真空条件下多孔平板发汗冷却试验研究

发汗冷却是解决高速飞行器关键部位热防护问题的有效途径。以不同材料的多孔平板为研究对象,以水为冷却剂,利用自行设计搭建的试验平台对多孔平板发汗冷却过程进行瞬态试验测量,得到了不同热流加热环境下不同材料多孔平板内外壁温度变化,并分析冷却剂对不同材料的冷却效果。结果表明:发汗冷却极大降低了多孔平板内外壁温度,起到了有效的主动热防护作用。对于镍、铜金属多孔平板,保持冷却剂水流量约3.5 g/s,在热流密度小于120 kW/m2的条件下,多孔平板内外壁温度稳定在30~50℃。对于陶瓷多孔平板,保持冷却剂水流量约0.32 g/s,在热流密度小于220 kW/m2的条件下,多孔平板内外壁温度基本稳定在30~40℃。在高热流密度315 kW/m2的条件下,对于镍、铜金属和陶瓷多孔平板,发汗冷却时平板内壁温度变化不大,外壁温度分别稳定在约260℃、110℃和130℃。外壁冷却剂处于完全汽化状态,且冷却剂汽化相变位置在多孔平板内部。若无发汗冷却,多孔平板内外壁温度快速升高,其平衡温度较有发汗冷却时大幅提高,进一步表明发汗冷却的巨大应用潜力。      

A capillary-driven root module for plant growth in microgravity.

A new capillary-driven root module design for growing plants in microgravity was developed which requires minimal external control. Unlike existing systems, the water supply to the capillary-driven system is passive and relies on root uptake and media properties to develop driving gradients which operate a suction-induced flow control valve. A collapsible reservoir supplies water to the porous membrane which functions to maintain hydraulic continuity. Sheet and tubular membranes consisting of nylon, polyester and sintered porous stainless steel were tested. While finer pore sized membranes allow greater range of operation, they also reduce liquid flux thereby constraining system efficiency. Membrane selection should consider both the maximum anticipated liquid uptake rate and maximum operating matric head (suction) of the system. Matching growth media water retention characteristics to the porous membrane characteristics is essential for supplying adequate liquid flux and gas exchange. A minimum of 10% air-filled porosity (AFP) was necessary for adequate aeration. The capillary-driven module maintained hydraulic continuity and proper gas exchange rates for more than 80 days in a plant growth experiment.     

微吹减阻技术影响因素的数值模拟

以NASA格伦中心的PN3和PN23型微孔壁板为原形建立"1排微孔"、"4排微孔"、"8排微孔"和"16排微孔"4种计算模型,针对不同的几何、物理参数进行了微吹技术MBT(Micro-Blowing Technique)降低平板摩擦阻力的数值模拟参数研究.结果显示:微量吹气使主流边界层近壁面流动减速,从而改变了壁面局部摩擦力的分布;不同几何、物理参数对MBT技术减阻能力的影响满足一定的规律.参数研究的结果可为该技术的减阻应用提供一定的指导.     

Optimization of moisture content for wheat seedling germination in a cellulose acetate medium for a space flight experiment.

The Porous Tube Plant Nutrient Delivery System (PTPNDS), a hydrophilic, microporous ceramic tube hydroponic system designed for microgravity, will be tested in a middeck locker of the Space Shuttle. The flight experiment will focus on hardware operation and assess its ability to support seed germination and early seedling growth in microgravity. The water controlling system of the PTPNDS hardware has been successfully tested during the parabolic flight of the KC-135. One challenge to the development of the space flight experiment was to devise a method of holding seeds to the cylindrical porous tube. The seed-holder must provide water and air to the seed, absorb water from the porous tube, withstand sterilization, provide a clear path for shoots and roots to emerge, and be composed of flight qualified materials. In preparation for the flight experiment, a wheat seed-holder has been designed that utilizes a cellulose acetate plug to facilitate imbibition and to hold the wheat seeds in contact with the porous tube in the correct orientation during the vibration of launch and the microgravity environment of orbit. Germination and growth studies with wheat at a range of temperatures showed that optimal moisture was 78% (by weight) in the cellulose acetate seed holders. These and other design considerations are discussed.     

Water movement on the convex surfaces of porous media under microgravity

A plant growth system for crop production under microgravity is part of a life supporting system designed for long-duration space missions. A plant growth in soil in space requires the understanding of water movement in soil void spaces under microgravity. Under 1G-force condition, on earth, water movement in porous media is driven by gradients of matric and gravitational potentials. Under microgravity condition, water movement in porous media is supposed to be driven only by a matric potential gradient, but it is still not well understood. We hypothesized that under microgravity water in void spaces of porous media hardly moved comparing in void spaces without obstacles because the concave surfaces of the porous media hindered water movement. The objective of this study was to investigate water movement on the convex surfaces of porous media under microgravity. We conducted parabolic flight experiments that provided 20–25?s of microgravity at the top of a parabolic flight. We observed water movement in void spaces in soil-like porous media made by glass beads and glass spheres (round-bottomed glass flasks) in the different conditions of water injection under microgravity. Without water injection, water did not move much in neither glass beads nor glass spheres. When water was injected during microgravity, water accumulated in contacts between the particles, and the water made thick fluid films on the particles surface. When the water injection was stopped under microgravity, water was held in the contacts between the particles. This study showed that water did not move upward in the void spaces with or without the water injection. In addition, our results suggested that the difficulty of water movement on the convex (i.e. particle surfaces) might result in slower water move in porous media under microgravity than at 1G-force.     

薄板钢构件火灾下的变形能力和承载能力分析

钢结构塑性设计和抗震设计中都要求组成钢结构的板件有足够的局部变形能力,以防止板件局部的屈曲而降低钢板件的承载能力.结合常温状态下钢板件变形和承载能力分析的基本原理和方法,用非线性有限元法,对钢结构中常用的四边支撑钢板件在高温下的屈曲性能进行分析,着重考虑了板件宽厚比、边界约束和初始缺陷等因素对板件变形能力和承载能力的影响.此外,通过参数的分析,还给出了板件宽厚比与变形能力和承载力的相关关系.