空间目标表面包覆材料褶皱对光散射特性的影响

空间目标表面包覆材料的不规则褶皱对其光散射特性具有显著影响.对空间目标表面褶皱进行分类并分析不规则褶皱形成的主要原因.以金聚酰亚胺薄膜样片为研究对象,搭建样片辐射亮度测量系统,获取不同褶皱程度样片的辐射亮度数据.将辐射亮度转换为星等进行分析发现,理论计算与实验测量得到的星等曲线趋势存在较大差异,主要表现为:平面材料的单一镜面反射现象消失;样片在多个角度上出现分散的较强散射点;褶皱程度越高,分散的强散射点越多.结果表明,在对空间目标的光散射特性进行数值计算时,必须充分考虑表面包覆材料褶皱的影响,根据褶皱情况修正数值计算模型,这对空间目标的探测和识别具有重要意义.      

Rocket studies of atmospheric scattering and the aerosol size distribution in the troposphere and lower stratosphere over Thumba

Measurements have been made of the atmospheric scattering in the ultraviolet (λ = 0.31 μm) during the 16 February 1980 solar eclipse rocket campaign. The amplitude of the scattered fluxes as well as the angular distribution could be measured from ground up to an altitude of about 24 km. The Rayleigh scattering component was estimated using standard atmospheric models and the observations have been used to study the scattering due to aerosols at tropospheric and lower stratospheric altitudes.     

基于流动显示的翼尖涡不稳定频率测量

翼尖涡涡核振荡频率的准确测量是翼尖涡控制技术得以有效实施的重要前提。采用流动显示方法,研究了椭圆机翼翼尖涡在低雷诺数条件下的不稳定特性。分别采用单点谱分析和动力学模态分解技术,从流动显示图像序列中提取了涡核振荡的短波不稳定模态的频率,2种方法得到的频率相对误差最大不超过5%。研究结果表明:涡对的空间运动通常展现出长波与短波模态的耦合,涡核的高频短波振荡耦合在低频长波摆动中,以前者为主要含能模态;短波不稳定性的无量纲振荡频率随雷诺数的增大而增大、随机翼攻角的增大而减小。      

翼形几何参数对机翼散射特性的影响

系统地揭示了翼形几何参数对机翼的空间散射特性、极化散射特性的影响规律.研究发现,在垂直极化状态下用理论尖劈公式计算机翼后缘绕射的计算结果与实验结果相差甚远.提出在垂直极化状态下机翼后缘绕射的计算必须将后缘厚度考虑在内的见解.对于水平极化,前缘散射波峰只与前缘半径有关;而对于垂直极化,前缘散射波峰与翼形最大厚度以及最大厚度位置有关.给出前后缘散射波峰的工程估算公式,为低雷达散射截面( RCS )机翼设计提供依据.     

Cold gas contents of galaxies and its relation to fueling: Gas dynamics and related phenomena in bar-driven evolution of disk galaxies

The distribution and the dynamics of the cold gas in the circumnuclear regions (r ≲ [1 − a few] kpc) of disk galaxies have been observed at high resolutions of a few arcsec in λ2.6 mm CO (J=1→0) line emission. Distinct CO features are commonly found in the observed disk galaxies and they are different from galaxy to galaxy. They are explained by means of orbit-resonance theories and dynamical evolution. The evolutionary sequence in time is constructed based on the studies of dynamics in theoretical works and numerical simulations in the literature. Not only the behavior of the cold gas but also the starburst, outbreaks of the active galactic nucleus, and the evolution of global structures in disk galaxies are discussed in the bar-driven evolution scenario.     

基于MEMD和ELM的飞机机翼健康状态预测技术

复合材料在现代飞机结构中的应用越来越广泛,为了有效地对飞机机翼健康状态进行预测,提出了基于多元经验模态分解(MEMD)和极限学习机(ELM)的飞机机翼健康状态预测方法。以某型飞机复合材料机翼盒段为具体研究对象,对其进行冲击与疲劳加载试验,利用光纤传感器及其采集系统募集飞机复合材料机翼盒段的原始应变信息,对其健康状态予以表征。对所采集的原始应变信息进行MEMD分解,提取分解后各频带信号的能量熵作为表征飞机复合材料机翼盒段健康状态的特征信息,采用动态主元分析法(DPCA)将所提取的能量熵特征信息进行融合,采用融合后所得到的能量熵构建ELM预测模型,对某型飞机复合材料机翼盒段健康状态进行预测。试验研究表明,本文方法可以有效实现飞机机翼的健康状态预测,具有很好的应用前景。     

机翼的雷达散射截面计算

飞机雷达散射特性是影响飞机生存力的重要因素之一。在镜面反射得到控制后，机翼成为影响飞机雷达散射特性的重要散射源。利用物理光学和物理绕射理论计算翼的雷达散射截面。在计算中不仅考虑了机翼表面和后缘尖劈的散射，而且也考虑了由于面分块造成翼面不连续而形成的尖劈散射。     

Global cloud water distribution derived from special sensor microwave imager/sounder and its comparison with GCM simulation

An SSM/I algorithm is developed for measuring cloud liquid water of raining and non-raining clouds. Cloud ice water corresponding to precipitation sized ice particles is obtained from the SSM/I scattering index which is calibrated against radar- derived ice water content. Smaller ice particles in upper level clouds are detected using scattering index based on SSM/T2 183±3 and 183±1 GHz channels which allow for removing water vapor emission. It is shown that SSM/I derived cloud liquid water distribution agrees well with GCM simulations, particularly in tropical latitudes.     

Hydrodynamical evolution of AGN driven by radiation from circumnuclear starbursts

We explore the hydrodynamical evolution of dusty gas around active galactic nuclei (AGN) driven by the radiation from circumnuclear starbursts. For this purpose, we calculate the temporal equilibrium states between the radiation force by starburst regions and the gravity in galactic nuclei. As a result, we find that the equilibrium patterns between the radiation force and the gravity are roughly characterized by three types. The first is the situation where the starburst luminosity is larger than the Eddington luminosity. In this case, the dusty gas is blown out like a wind. We may detect intense infrared (IR) radiation from the starburst regions screened by blown-out dusty gas. The second is the situation when the radiation force is comparable to the gravity. In this case, the equilibrium surface surrounds the nuclear regions as well as starburst regions. Since the dusty gas absorbs UV or soft X-rays from the center and re-emits IR radiation, we may recognize it as a Seyfert 2 galaxy. The last is the situation where the starburst luminosity is small. In this case, the dusty wall of equilibrium would be built up only in the vicinity of starburst regions. The radiation from central regions is rarely obscured, because the dusty regions have only small angular extension. So, it would look like a Seyfert 1 galaxy which is characterized by intense soft X-rays. When we consider the stellar evolution in starburst regions, the starburst luminosity decreases with time. Therefore, we can recognize the above three types as time evolution; a starburst galaxy (first stage), a Seyfert 2 galaxy (second stage), and a Seyfert 1 galaxy (third stage). Note that we present here an alternative scenario for explaining the relation between Sy 1's and Sy 2's to the standard “Unified Scheme”.     

Modeling Pulsar Wind Nebulae

In the last few years, new observations by CHANDRA and XMM have shown that Pulsar Wind Nebulae present complex but similar inner features, with the presence of axisymmetric rings and jets, which are generally referred to as a jet-torus structure. Due to the rapid growth in accuracy and robustness of numerical schemes for relativistic fluid-dynamics, it is now possible to model the flow and magnetic structure of the relativistic plasma responsible for the emission. Recent results have clarified how the jet and rings are formed, suggesting that the morphology is strongly related to the wind properties, so that, in principle, it is possible to infer the conditions in the unshocked wind from the nebular emission. I will review here the current status in the modeling of Pulsar Wind Nebulae, and, in particular, how numerical simulations have increased our understanding of the flow structure, observed emission, polarization and spectral properties. I will also point to possible future developments of the present models.     

军用飞机,发动机战技性能评估研究

飞机、发动机战技性能的评估,无论对于改型论证工作,或者对于新机论证和初步设计都有极其重要的意义。本文介绍了由北航研究发展的飞机/发动机一体化评估系统(简称为AEAS),以及利用AEAS对军用飞机/发动机(涡喷或涡扇发动机)组合方案战技性能评估研究的一些结果。还讨论了利用AEAS具有的优选功能,根据飞机飞行任务和战技性能要求,分别或同时对飞机/发动机系统主要设计变量(如飞机起飞推重比,翼载,机翼外形几何参数和发动机循环参数等)的各种组合进行优选,求得最佳方案的算例。使用AEAS的初步经验表明,计算结果合理,计算精度和所需CPU时间适合于飞机/发动机系统方案论证和初步设计阶段工作的需要。     

鸭翼/边条对融合体型机身大攻角气动特性影响

通过对融合体型机身进行表面测压和PIV(Particle Image Velocimetry)流动显示实验,研究了大攻角下鸭翼/边条对机身气动特性的影响规律.结果表明:加装鸭翼后攻角小于50°时机头区流动变化不大,超过50°攻角后,机头区法向力显著下降,并且随着攻角增加受影响区域向头部方向扩大;加装鸭翼致使鸭翼区截面法向力大幅增加.加装边条改善了边条区流动,边条涡对机头涡产生有利诱导,增大了边条区法向力.加装边条/鸭翼时,对机头区及鸭翼区流场的影响由鸭翼起主控作用,对边条区流场的影响由边条起主控作用.     

大展弦比柔性复合材料机翼的气动弹性剪裁

在考虑结构几何非线性、气动非线性影响的基础上,由气动弹性问题的最普遍方程,获得大展弦比柔性复合材料机翼颤振问题的非线性稳定性分析方程.使用解析方式推导得到机翼的临界颤振速度、颤振频率对于设计变量的灵敏度表达式.展示了复合材料机翼的铺设构型和铺层角对气动弹性特性的影响,指出产生负弯扭耦合效果的机翼截面构型有利于机翼的气动弹性性能.以机翼颤振速度作为目标函数,复合材料铺层角为设计变量进行了气动剪裁优化设计,在得到最优化的铺层构型和铺层角的同时,也比较了本文解析敏度和数值差分敏度得到的优化结果.      

复杂电磁环境辐射-散射耦合场快速预估方法

针对复杂电磁环境中目标散射体和干扰辐射源同时存在,影响目标回波散射场的问题,提出了一种基于辐射源方向图和极化散射矩阵数据的耦合场快速预估方法。利用可提前独立获取和加载的辐射源方向图及目标各个方向的散射数据,实现了辐射-散射耦合场景下空间总电磁场的近实时快速预估。仿真计算了辐射源与散射体不同距离和相对强度下场景的总电场变化情况,验证了辐射-散射耦合效应对目标回波场存在显著影响。无需使用电磁计算方法对场景进行重新计算,满足复杂电磁环境内场仿真试验对实时提供数据的需求,具有工程应用价值。      

Greenhouse gases and recovery of the Earth’s ozone layer

A numerical 2-D zonally averaged dynamical radiative-photochemical model of the ozonosphere including aerosol physics is used to examine the role of the greenhouse gases CO₂, CH₄, and N₂O in the recovery of the Earth’s ozone layer after reduction of anthropogenic discharges of chlorine and bromine compounds into the atmosphere. A weakness in efficiencies of all catalytic cycles of the ozone destruction due to cooling of the stratosphere caused by greenhouse gases is shown to be a dominant mechanism of the impact of the greenhouse gases on the ozone layer. Numerical experiments show that the total ozone changes caused by greenhouse gases will be comparable in absolute value with the changes due to chlorine and bromine species in the middle of the 21st century. Continuous anthropogenic growth of CO₂ will lead to a significantly faster recovery of the ozone layer. In this case, the global total ozone in the latitude range from 60°S to 60°N will reach its undisturbed level of 1980 by about 2040. If the CO₂ growth stops, the global total ozone will reach this level only by the end of the century.     

倾转旋翼机巡航状态旋翼滑流影响

倾转旋翼机由于需要兼顾垂直起降和高速平飞2种典型工况下的动力需求，采用大直径旋翼作为推进装置会使机翼大部分处于旋翼滑流区内，这与常规螺旋桨飞机存在较大差异。为评估不同数值计算方法并研究旋翼滑流对倾转旋翼机气动特性的影响，针对选取两叶旋翼的某倾转旋翼机方案，利用激励盘模型、多参考系（MRF）模型、滑移网格模型分别进行了巡航状态下旋翼滑流对全机气动特性影响的数值模拟研究。结果表明:相对于无滑流状态，滑流定常影响使全机阻力增大，最大升阻比降低了7.5%，尾翼产生的升力增大，纵向静稳定度增加了17.1%，全机低头力矩增大；当迎角较小时，滑流虽然改变了机翼表面的升力分布，但是全机升力变化不大；滑流非定常影响会使全机气动特性产生周期性波动，升力系数波动幅度为9.0%，阻力系数波动幅度为10.8%，并且随着迎角的增大，波动幅度也越大。      

基于波动光学的显微光场成像点扩散函数

光场Micro-PIV通过Lucy-Richardson（L-R）算法对光场图片进行反卷积重建,从而获得示踪粒子的三维坐标信息,准确的点扩散函数（PSF）是L-R算法完成重建的前提,而现有PSF模型不适用于光场Micro-PIV系统。为此,建立了基于波动光学的显微光场成像PSF模型,进行了数值仿真,获得了模拟PSF图像,并通过结构相似性算法计算了模拟PSF图像与实际PSF图像的相似度,进一步利用L-R算法结合PSF对单个粒子和不同浓度下示踪粒子的流场进行了三维重建。结果表明:模拟PSF图像与实际PSF图像相似度大于0.94,表明PSF模型具有较高的准确性;单个粒子的三维坐标误差在一个像素以内,并可准确地获得不同浓度下示踪粒子的三维坐标信息,进一步验证了模型的准确性,为光场Micro-PIV实现瞬时三维速度场测量奠定了基础。      

Advances in auroral imaging from space

Space imaging of the aurora provides unique quantitative information on the instantaneous global distribution and pattern of the aurora - a direct result of particle acceleration and precipitation processes occurring throughout the magnetosphere. Techniques for imaging from space have usually involved systematically scanning a detector across the earth using some combination of satellite motion and spin, scanning mirrors, and/or electronic scanning. The recent advent of CCD image sensor arrays opens up possibilities for vastly improved sensitivity and resolution in satellite imagers, although scanning systems retain significant advantages in situations where scattered light is a problem and where narrow band optical interference filters are needed.A new type of imaging instrument being built in Canada for the Swedish Viking satellite will employ a two-dimensional CCD array detector which is fibre-optically coupled to a micro-channel plate intensifier. It will produce images of low light level auroral emissions at the rate of one image per spin of the satellite (20 seconds). The instrument operates in the vacuum ultraviolet and uses a fast inverse Cassegrain optical system. Charge is shifted in the CCD imaging array in synchronism with the moving image so that exposure times of approximately one second will be achieved.     

SAR图像超分辨与点扩展函数扰动校正算法

推出基于贝叶斯概率公式的SAR(合成孔径雷达)图像超分辨的最大估计(EM)算法,实现SAR图像雷达截面积的重建.本算法成功地将图像场景的先验知识纳入到图像的重建过程之内,有效提高了图像的分辨力,并采用点扩展函数参数化模型,通过估计该模型的参数,抑制点扩展函数扰动的影响.二者结合,有效地实现了SAR图像的超分辨.本算法的关键是构造合理的点扩展函数模型,能够同时拟合SAR图像数据和成像系统参数的相关信息.