载人航天器舷窗玻璃的强度特性

通过对玻璃强度理论的综述，分析了舷窗玻璃的强度特性。指出舷窗玻璃强度设计必须以玻璃的断裂机理为依据，而不能仅按传统上的杭张强度或抗折强度等指标作为选材标准。舷窗玻璃的强度受表面微裂纹影响很大，要保证舷窗玻璃强度达到设计和使用要求，必须对玻璃表面的裂纹进行严格的控制和检测。考虑到玻璃的亚临界裂纹生长，舷窗玻璃使用前应避免在大气环境中长时间受力。在舷窗结构设计时还应避免使处于张应力的表面与水分接触。     

路由算法在LEO通信星座构型优化中的应用

低轨(LEO,Low Earth Orbit)通信星座的特殊功能决定了其构型优化需要综合考虑成本、覆盖和路由性能等因素.以往的研究往往忽略了路由性能,导致优化得到的构型不能很好的满足要求.首先给出了两个意义明确的星座路由性能的评价指标,然后通过将它们作为目标函数进行仿真,验证了其优化必要性和评价有效性.最后利用多目标遗传算法实现了星座的构型优化.仿真结果显示,将路由算法加入到星座的构型优化中,在仅对星座构型参数进行微调的前提下,不仅满足了成本、覆盖等基本要求,而且星座的路由性能大大提高.     

一种基于卷积神经网络的地磁基准图构建方法

地磁匹配导航技术是一种重要的辅助导航制导方法，地磁基准图的构建精度对地磁匹配制导的精准度起着决定性作用。针对现有地磁基准图构建精度难以满足实际地磁匹配导航需求的问题，提出了一种基于卷积神经网络的地磁基准图构建方法。首先，利用卷积层提取低分辨率基准图中的特征图像块；然后，利用基于学习的阈值收缩算法（LISTA）实现图像块的稀疏表示；最后，利用三通道的地磁信息得到重建后的高分辨率基准图。实验结果表明:所提方法对地磁基准图具有更高的构建精度，同时对噪声有更好的鲁棒性，各种客观评价指标均高于现有的超分辨率重建方法。      

红外测温系统中电路性能对工作波长选择的影响

红外测温中需要选择合适的工作波长。在一定的测温范围和准确度的要求下 ,根据测温系统中电路性能可以确定工作波长的选择范围 ,这对于测温时红外滤波片的选择具有一定的指导意义。     

基于稀疏表示和字典学习的地磁基准图构建方法

地磁匹配导航在导航制导领域具有重要作用，地磁基准图的构建精度决定了地磁匹配导航的有效性。针对现有地磁基准图构建精度难以满足实际应用需求的问题，提出了基于稀疏表示和字典学习的高精度地磁基准图构建方法。首先，利用矩谐分析(RHA)进行稀疏字典的初始化；其次，利用K-SVD算法对稀疏字典进行训练；最后，利用低分辨率和高分辨率基准图具有相同稀疏系数的特点重建高分辨率地磁基准图。实验结果表明:所提方法对地磁基准图具有更高的构建精度，对训练所需的数据集有更低的需求，同时对噪声有更好的鲁棒性。与PSO-Kriging插值法相比，在4倍放大倍数下峰值信噪比(PSNR)由26.31 dB提高至26.73 dB，结构相似度(SSIM)由0.498提高至0.524，均方根误差(RMSE)由14.96 nT减小至13.78 nT。      

星载GNSS海洋反射信号建模与仿真

星载GNSS反射信号建模与仿真对GNSS反射信号正逆问题的研究及接收机算法和性能的评估非常重要。从几何、信号和信息的角度建立了星载GNSS反射信号分层建模方法。详细论述了星载GNSS反射信号的双基几何关系,建立了海风、涌浪和降雨驱动的线性组合海浪谱,并基于此计算了GNSS反射信号双基散射系数,基于各散射单元独立散射的假设推导了反射信号模型,通过仿真产生了星载GNSS反射信号及时延-多普勒相关功率,并与UK TDS-1卫星实测相关功率进行了对比分析。结果显示,通过先产生反射信号后处理得到的相关功率和直接端对端产生的相关功率与UK TDS-1卫星实测的相关功率的余弦相似度分别为0.97和0.94,所提架构和方法可正确对星载GNSS反射信号进行建模和仿真。同时,通过所建平台分析了涌浪和降雨形成的海浪谱对星载GNSS反射信号的影响。结果发现,涌浪主要影响低风速探测而对高风速无影响,降雨对星载GNSS反射信号无明显影响。      

亚大地区F2电离层预测方法和CCIR方法的比较

本文将“国际参考电离层”所采用的CCIR频率预测方法和亚大地区F_2电离层预测方法预测的f_0F_2和M(3000)F_2,分别与第21太阳活动周的我国实测数据进行了比较。结果表明,从总体上看,在中国区域内亚大地区F_2电离层预测方法优于CCIR方法。文章建议,在没有更好方法的情况下,未来的“中国参考电离层”可以采用亚大地区F_2电离层预测方法。     

Application of sunlight and lamps for plant irradiation in space bases.

The radiation sources used for plant growth on a space base must meet the biological requirements for photosynthesis and photomorphogenesis. In addition the sources must be energy and volume efficient, while maintaining the required irradiance levels, spectral, spatial and temporal distribution. These requirements are not easily met, but as the biological and mission requirements are better defined, then specific facility designs can begin to accommodate both the biological requirements and the physical limitations of a space based plant growth system.     

基于模型的民机验证需求捕获及应用技术

针对当前验证工作顶层规划性不强、研制单位与承试单位接口不清晰、验证活动充分性不确定等问题,基于系统工程的民机研制过程,结合验证场景建模,形成以验证需求为核心的验证工作技术流程。承接产品设计需求,开展验证场景利益关联方识别、验证场景活动建模及时序建模研究;定义验证需求的内涵要素,基于模型开展验证需求捕获,形成设计需求到验证方法到验证需求的映射追溯;在此基础上,研究基于验证场景模型的验证计划及验证程序定义方法。结合某型飞机起落架系统案例,形成一套从设计需求到验证需求再到验证程序的完整技术方法。所提技术方法能够充分保证从产品设计需求到验证活动开展的完整追溯,有效促进民机研制验证过程与产品研制有机融合,为民机研制早期对验证活动的规划提供重要借鉴。     

深空探测推进技术发展趋势

推进技术是制约深空探测能力的重要因素,由于深空探测航天器自身特点和任务需求的多样性,对推进系统类型的要求也不尽相同,需要在推力、比冲、功率、重量等关键指标选择方面进行综合衡量。对当前和未来适用于深空探测任务需求的几种典型空间推进技术的发展情况进行了阐述,包括混合模式推进技术、太阳能电推进技术、空间核电推进技术、帆类推进技术等,介绍了这些技术的研究进展和应用情况,并对后续应用进行了展望,为我国深空探测推进技术发展提供参考。     

基于IRI背景场的单站电离层TEC地图重构技术

为了有效解决电离层TEC观测数据稀疏时重构问题, 引入IRI-2007作为背景场, 利用反距离加权法和克里格方法重构了电离层TEC地图, 使用交叉检验方法检验了引入背景场前后的重构精度. 结果表明, 引入背景场后, 一方面有效地控制了边缘地区的发散现象, 另一方面重构网格点上绝对误差在 -0.25~0.25 TECU之间的比例分别提高了约70 %和100 %, 误差统计基本呈正态分布. 可以通过引入更加精确的背景场或使用逐步订正方法进一步提高重构精度.      

Numerical simulations of the regional characteristics of dust transport on Mars

Using a Martian general circulation model (GCM), regions favorable for expansion of dust storms on Mars are identified. Dust transport simulations for the northern fall provide global maps of dust expansibility. These global maps show that dust injected from certain areas in the northern mid-latitudes tends to spread widely within a few days. The high expansibility of dust in such areas results from thermal tides, baroclinic waves, and quasi-stationary disturbances. Dust injected into the vast regions around Tharsis and the Sirenum–Aonia regions also tends to spread extensively. However, dust expansion around these two regions largely depends on the local time of dust injection. On the other hand, dust injected at high latitudes in either hemisphere does not spread extensively. Such global maps indicating regions favorable for dust storm expansion are a clue to understanding the expansion processes and climatology of great dust storms on Mars.     

Visual thematic mapping from Landsat and collateral data in support of mineral development

Over the past ten years, the authors and their associates have used Landsat images and collateral data to prepare visual thematic maps. The data are used in a projection-compositor (Procom) system that enlarges Landsat images and other data to scales as great as 1:15 000. Revisions of existing maps for simple themes (e.g. topographic maps) can be completed quickly, accurately and inexpensively. Complex themes, such as geological formations and structures, can be mapped through the optical merging of collateral data sets (e.g. Landsat, geophysics, geology) at a common scale. Such mapping has led to the recognition of a non-parallactic means of obtaining whole image stereo-models with large vertical exaggerations using Landsat images.     

Application of space sciences to hydrology and water resources: The potential and practical use as reflected by WMO experience

Observations from spacecraft have already proved their worth in a number of fields and much work has been undertaken to develop their use in studies of hydrology and water resources. The ability to obtain areal estimates of parameters over large areas as opposed to only point values and the inherent computer-compatibility of the data obtained are only two of the many advantages which may be stressed. However, any new technology requires the expenditure of scarce financial resources, not only on the system itself but also on associated activities. A full use of space observations in hydrology and water resources will require major changes in existing data collection, storage and processing systems. The net benefits to be gained from such changes must first be demonstrated to those responsible for these systems. A dialogue should therefore be established between those supplying the data and investigating their potential uses, and those actually engaged in the assessment and management of water resources. Examples are offered of projects in which space observations are being used and information is given on requirements for work in hydrology and water resources for data acquired by space observation.     

通信卫星技术要求

本文给出了通信卫星技术要求应考虑的十五个要素,并以国内商用通信卫星为例说明这些要素与各条技术要求的关系。     

Compensation of time-variable magnetic moments for a precise attitude control in nano- and micro-satellite missions

Theses days, many nano- and micro-satellites are applied to several astronomy and remote sensing missions. In order to achieve mission requirements, these satellites must control the attitude precisely. A magnetic disturbance is one of the dominant sources of attitude disturbances. Therefore, this disturbance should be canceled in-orbit or on the ground to achieve the attitude strict requirements. This paper presents the effect of the magnetic disturbance to the attitude in nano- and micro-satellite missions and the sources of the residual magnetic moment of the satellites, which causes the magnetic disturbance. Then, the paper proposes a method to compensate the residual magnetic moment both in-orbit and in the design phase of the satellites. The research also focused on a time-varying residual magnetic moment. Finally, the method is applied to a micro-astrometry satellite as an example.     

MHD simulation of magnetic field configuration above the active region NOAA 10365

The current sheet (CS) creation before a flare in the vicinity of a singular line above the active region NOAA 10365 is shown in numerical experiments. Such a way the possibility of energy accumulation for a solar flare is demonstrated. These data and results of observation confirm the electrodynamical solar flare model that explains solar flares and CME appearance during CS disruption. The model explains also all phenomena observed in flares. For correct reproduction of the real boundary conditions the magnetic flux between spots should be taken into account. The full system of 3D MHD equations are solved using the PERESVET code. For setting the boundary conditions the method of photospheric magnetic maps is used. Such a method permits to take into account all evolution of photospherical magnetic field during several days before the flare.     

横向连续推力小偏心率人工冻结轨道设计

非临界倾角自然冻结轨道要求近地点幅角为90°, 偏心率在1× 10-3量级, 并且偏心率与轨道倾角和半长轴有特定的对应关系, 苛刻的要求极大地限制了轨道根数选择的多样性. 研究表明, 施加常幅值、方向半轨道周期切换的横向连续小推力可以形成任意轨道根数的小偏心率人工冻结轨道, 放宽自然冻结轨道对轨道根数的严苛限制. 维持小偏心率人工冻结轨道的横向连续推力a_T与半长轴的平方根成正比, 与偏心率大小成反比; 在临界倾角i_c附近, 推力a_T与倾角偏置量Δi近似呈正比, 且长期维持的燃料消耗较小. 此外, 在进行仿真计算时还需考虑拟平均轨道根数与瞬时轨道根数的转换.      

空间站轨道高度选择

有许多因素影响空间站轨道高度的选择,包括:任务要求,辐射环境,微流星和空间垃圾,空间站构型,运载器能力,发射窗口以及空间站的补给要求等。从补给运输系统性能考虑,要求空间站的轨道高度低一些,但是从轨道维持出发,希望空间站轨道高度高一些。该文讨论了补给、轨道维持和太阳活动对轨道高度的影响,给出了空间站的最佳运行高度。文中还以载人飞船和航天飞机为运输系统进行了数值计算,得到的主要结论是空间站的最佳运行高度不是常数,而是随着太阳活动情况和补给频繁次数变化。在太阳活动高年期间,空间站轨道高度应提高。当空间站的补给次数增加时,空间站的最佳运行高度应该下降。     

飞翼布局飞机控制/气动/隐身多学科优化设计

飞翼布局是先进飞机广泛应用的布局形式.飞翼布局飞机总体设计阶段不仅要考虑其隐身和气动要求,还必须高度重视控制系统的影响.以飞翼布局飞机为对象,研究控制、气动与隐身多学科优化的策略和方法.建立了适合在各学科的子空间进行多目标优化的流程,基于学科分析分配各个子空间的设计变量,并通过变量综合形成系统级的设计变量.在优化过程中,综合采用了改进的遗传算法和近似模型构造方法.针对飞翼布局飞机的特点,采用基于控制分配的控制系统结构,以时域指标作为控制学科的优化目标和约束条件.优化结果验证了所用方法的有效性,为将控制学科纳入飞翼布局飞机多学科优化提供了可行的途径.