Multipath Separation-Direction of Arrival (MS-DOA) with Genetic Search Algorithm for HF channels

Direction-of-Arrival (DOA) defines the estimation of arrival angles of an electromagnetic wave impinging on a set of sensors. For dispersive and time-varying HF channels, where the propagating wave also suffers from the multipath phenomena, estimation of DOA is a very challenging problem. Multipath Separation-Direction of Arrival (MS-DOA), that is developed to estimate both the arrival angles in elevation and azimuth and the incoming signals at the output of the reference antenna with very high accuracy, proves itself as a strong alternative in DOA estimation for HF channels. In MS-DOA, a linear system of equations is formed using the coefficients of the basis vector for the array output vector, the incoming signal vector and the array manifold. The angles of arrival in elevation and azimuth are obtained as the maximizers of the sum of the magnitude squares of the projection of the signal coefficients on the column space of the array manifold. In this study, alternative Genetic Search Algorithms (GA) for the maximizers of the projection sum are investigated using simulated and experimental ionospheric channel data. It is observed that GA combined with MS-DOA is a powerful alternative in online DOA estimation and can be further developed according to the channel characteristics of a specific HF link.     

Use of global ionospheric maps for HF Doppler measurements interpretation

The HF Doppler technique, a method of measurement of Doppler frequency shift of ionospheric signal, is one of the well-known and widely used techniques of ionosphere research. It allows investigation of various disturbances in the ionosphere. There are different sources of disturbances in the ionosphere such as geomagnetic storms, solar flashes, meteorological effects and atmospheric waves. The HF Doppler technique allows us to find out the influence of earthquakes, explosions and other processes on the ionosphere, which occurs near the Earth. HF Doppler technique has high sensitivity to small frequency variations and high time resolution but interpretation of results is difficult. In this paper, we attempt to use GPS data for Doppler measurements interpretation. Modeling of Doppler frequency shift variations with use of TEC allows separation of ionosphere disturbances of medium scale.     

基于非圆信号的单次快拍二维DOA新算法

针对双平行线阵相干信号二维波达方向(DOA,Direction of Arrival)快速估计问题,利用信号的非圆特性,提出了一种基于非圆信号的单次快拍数据的二维DOA算法.建立新的阵列坐标系,对阵列接收单次快拍数据进行共轭运算,通过数据重新链接得到伪快拍数据,阵列孔径扩展1倍.仅需要对3个伪单快拍矩阵的扩展矩阵进行一次奇异值分解即可实现二维DOA估计和解相干.该算法计算复杂度低,估计精度高,适用于对二维DOA估计实时性要求高的应用背景.计算机仿真结果验证了方法的有效性.     

Proposal for ionospheric tomography technique using a new HF radio source

Measurements of the line integral of the electron density along satellite-to-ground ray paths (i.e. TEC) using differential phase or Doppler of two coherent VHF/UHF signals transmitted from NNSS or GPS satellite networks have been used in the ionospheric tomography for mapping large-scale ionospheric images over region of interest. In this paper, we present theoretical studies of using a new signal source HF frequency in tomographic imaging. The initial phase problem inherent in the phase measurement can be eliminated by measuring Faraday rotations. Relative rotation on two adjacent HF frequencies is used to solve the ambiguity problem. A second-order approximation of the Faraday rotation incorporated with ray-tracing technique improves the reconstruction degradation due to ionospheric refractions. CASSIOPE is a multi-purpose small satellite that receives HF signals from ground radar facilities and it is scheduled for launch in early 2008. Simulations have demonstrated the potential applications of the ionospheric tomography in CASSIOPE/e-POP satellite experiment.     

一种机载SAR距离徙动修正的快速算法

距离-多普勒算法是机载合成孔径雷达成像信号处理中的常用算法,针对其采用逐点插值进行距离徙动修正而导致运算量过大的问题,提出了一种无需插值的快速距离徙动修正方法.该算法通过二次快速傅里叶变换和一次复乘操作完成合成孔径雷达成像所需的距离徙动修正处理.在分析回波信号模型的基础上,推导了利用该技术能够精确完成距离徙动修正的最大测绘带宽度,给出了该宽度与成像分辨率之间的关系,并用计算机仿真验证了上述关系的正确性.理论分析、仿真和实测数据处理结果表明,该方法具有运算量小、精度高的优点,非常适合于机上实时处理.      

卫星扩频应答机的伪码快捕方法

在低地球轨道通信系统中,由于系统的高动态,使扩频应答机接收的信号附加了几十千赫兹的多普勒频移,传统的伪码捕获方法很难完成捕获.对此提出了一种部分相关和FFT(Fast Fourier Transform)相结合的捕获方法,利用FFT补偿多普勒造成的相关峰损失,在搜索码相位的同时得到多普勒频移的估计,减少了捕获时间.给出了捕获系统的结构,分析了FFT对相关峰的补偿性能,给出了部分相关和FFT的参数设计方法,使用了自适应门限技术,以满足输入信号载噪比大幅变化的情况下实现伪码的捕获判决.理论分析和仿真结果表明:该方法可以在高多普勒频移和低载噪比环境下实现伪码的快速捕获,比其他快捕方法占用更少的FPGA(Field Programmable Gate Arrays)资源.     

一种二维来波方向估计的快速ESPRIT算法

提出了一种快速ＥＳＰＲＩＴ算法,使用该算法和两平行均匀线阵可实现二维来波方向的快速估计,快速ＥＳＰＲＩＴ算法复协方差矩阵中不受噪声影响的子块来估计来波方向,避免估计整个协方差矩阵和噪声功率,减少了特征分解的次数,大幅度地降低了运算量,而参数的估计性能接近ＰＲＯ－ＥＳＰＲＩＴ算法,最后给出了计算机仿真结果,表明了该算法的有效性。     

自适应DBF与空间谱估计

讨论了自适应数字波束形成(DBF)技术和超分辨空间谱估计技术,并提出了一种基于信号协方差矩阵特征分解的时-空二维信号高分辨谱估计算法。以上技术应用于相控阵雷达系统,可以精确获得多个运动目标的方位信息和多普勒信息。文章最后给出了计算机模拟结果。     

基于码片幅度调制的导航信号扩频码认证方法

信号认证是满足全球卫星导航系统(GNSS)民用信号安全性需求的关键，相比于导航电文认证(NMA),扩频码认证(SCA)具有更强的安全性。为了在实现SCA的同时不对非认证用户造成影响，提出了一种基于码片幅度调制(CAM)的导航信号SCA方法，对民用信号的扩频码的码片幅度进行了调制，实现了在扩频码层面的认证特征的引入。为了验证所提方法的有效性，采用理论和仿真分析，与GPS L1C采用的Chimera SCA方法进行了比较。结果表明，所提方法在检测性能方面提升了2.55～2.78 dB。研究成果可为下一代高安全卫星导航信号的设计提供支持。     

Application of small-size antennas for estimation of angles of arrival of HF signals scattered by ionospheric irregularities

A modification of the Doppler Interferometry Technique is suggested to enable estimating angles of arrival of comparatively broadband HF signals scattered by random irregularities of the ionospheric plasma with the use of small-size weakly directional antennas. The technique is based on the measurements of cross-spectra phases of the probe radiation recorded at least in three spatially separated points. The developed algorithm has been used to investigate the angular and frequency-time characteristics of HF signals propagating at frequencies above the maximum usable one (MUF) for the direct radio path Moscow-Kharkiv. The received signal spectra show presence of three families of spatial components attributed, respectively, to scattering by plasma irregularities near the middle point of the radio path, ground backscatter signals and scattering of the sounding signals by the intense plasma turbulence associated with auroral activations. It has been shown that the regions responsible for the formation of the third family components are located well inside the auroral oval. The drift velocity and direction of the auroral ionosphere plasma have been determined. The obtained estimates are consistent with the classical conception of the ionospheric plasma convection at high latitudes and do not contradict the results of investigations of the auroral ionosphere dynamics using the SuperDARN network.     

基于SA&M-Relax的外辐射源雷达目标DOA估计方法

外辐射源雷达回波信噪比极低，通常在距离-多普勒二维相关后进行目标角度估计。在这种单快拍情况下，经典的超分辨算法由于协方差矩阵的非正定性导致算法性能较差。针对这一问题，在A&M插值迭代算法的基础上，提出了一种适用于稀疏阵列的SA&M-Relax外辐射源雷达目标DOA估计方法。在相同阵元数目的情况下，与原有算法相比提高了目标角度估计的分辨率与精度，同时减少了运算量。通过仿真实验验证了所提方法的有效性。      

A new approach for pulse amplitude measurement using Lagrange’s interpolation for radiation or particle detectors

In radiation detector signal processing, usually, the charge-sensitive preamplifier converts the small charge signal coming from the semiconductor-based detector into voltage form and then the signal is further amplified to measure the energy of the incoming radiation. The voltage pulse from a charge-sensitive preamplifier (CSPA) is amplified using a shaping amplifier which reduces the signal bandwidth. To achieve better energy resolution, precise measurement of the peak amplitude of shaping amplifier output is required. The signal processing methods are available in which the signal from the charge-sensitive preamplifier can be directly digitized using high-speed Analog to Digital Converters (ADC), and then further signal processing such as gain and shaping is carried out inside the Field Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGA). For multiple detector systems, digital signal processing methods are quite difficult to implement in Field Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGA). In this context, The development of an alternative technique is initiated that uses a charge-sensitive preamplifier, shaping amplifier, low sampling analog-to-digital converter, and FPGA, where LaGrange’s interpolation technique is implemented in FPGA to precisely measure the peak of the analog pulse. In this paper, the comparison of the proposed method with other pulse amplitude measurement techniques is discussed. Results show that the implemented technique gives similar energy resolution compared to digital pulse processing and standard peak detector-based techniques.     

基于线性约束最小方差的稳健波束形成算法

针对平面阵列天线波束形成过程中的波达方向(DOA)估计失配问题，提出在期望信号(SOI)方向附近增加线性约束的算法，有效提升了平面阵列波束形成的稳健性；此外，针对增加线性约束会导致波束形成算法自由度降低的问题，以均匀线阵为例，提出在广义旁瓣相消(GSC)算法模型中添加阻塞矩阵预选环节的算法，有效解决了添加线性约束所致的自由度损失问题，从而使算法在提升稳健性的同时保持了原有的自由度。最后，通过计算机仿真实验验证了所提算法的有效性。     

Method of the HF wave absorption evaluation based on GIRO network data

High frequency (HF) communication is strongly dependent on the state of the ionosphere, which specifies the mode structure of the radio wave propagating in ionosphere. Another core factor defining the strength of the HF signal at the receiving site is the ionospheric absorption. Accurate modelling the effect of absorption is an essential part of many studies of the HF propagation in the ionosphere.This paper proposes a method for estimating the absorption. The method is based on analysis of vertical sounding ionograms. The main idea of the approach is to compare the main parameters retrieved from measured and simulated ionograms. The combination of Global Ionospheric Radio Observatory (GIRO, http://giro.uml.edu) data and ionograms modelling allows for developing the empiric absorption model available at near real-time. The ionogram simulation taking into account absorption utilizes the NIM-RT (North Ionospheric Model and Ray Tracing) software. As a result, the proposed technique provides more reliable and accurate evaluation of minimum frequency at which echoes are observed in vertical incidence ionosonde soundings. The values of these frequencies should be used in the following simulation to optimize parameters in the empirical formulae for defining absorption HF wave in ionosphere.The ultimate objective of this work is the designing the method, which allows the simulating of HF radio channel accounting for regular absorption due to UV radiation of the Sun. Eventually it could be considered as some kind of the HF propagation forecasting.     

消除数据调制影响的FFT捕获方法

在利用快速傅里叶变换(FFT, Fast Fourier Transform)捕获扩频信号的过程中,为了提高捕获精度,会遇到基带数据调制影响捕获性能的问题.主要分析了基带数据符号跳变影响FFT捕获性能的原因:在频域内造成待检测信号的幅度衰减以及频点偏移.提出了一种解决此问题的方法:通过对I和Q两路信号的运算,构造一个不受数据调制影响的复信号,对此信号作FFT,完成捕获.给出了此方法的MATLAB仿真,以及基于现场可编程门阵列(FPGA, Field Programmable Gate Array)的实现方案.实验数据表明,此方法消除了基带数据调制对FFT捕获性能的影响,且在相等积分时间的条件下,比常用方法的捕获精度提高了一倍.      

激光多普勒测速系统自适应阈值检测算法

信号检测是激光多普勒测速(LDV)系统实现高精度的关键技术,针对LDV中微弱多普勒信号的检测,本文从噪声在频域中的统计特性出发,对多普勒信号进行带阻滤波,结合雷达的恒虚警(CFAR)检测技术,设计了基于频域的单元平方和自适应阈值检测算法以解决在低信噪比(SNR)的环境中LDV的信号检测问题,提高LDV的信号探测能力,同时降低其虚警概率。仿真与实验的结果表明:该算法与固定阈值相比可以在SNR为-12 d B时实现信号的完全检测,保持低虚警概率,运算简单,工程适用性强。     

基于扩频体制的短波时号发播新方案及可行性分析

短波授时系统采用扩频信号将有助于提高其授时服务质量。顾及到短波信道的复杂性和系统带宽的有限性，本文提出了一种基于两个扩频信号之间的相对发播时间间隔实现短波时号发播的新方案，并对其可行性进行了分析。阐述了所提方案的基本技术思路，并通过理论分析与比较，验证了所提方案相比于常规方案能够显著降低接收机的时号检测错误概率，可更好地实现协调世界时UTC和世界时UT1两种短波时号的兼容发播，为基于扩频体制的短波时号调制技术的进一步研究提供一种有效途径。     

L波段有源冷噪声源研究

本文介绍了有源冷噪声源的应用背景及发展现状。根据微波场效应晶体管常温下输出稳定低噪声的特性,以Avago公司的两种典型pHEMT晶体管为核心器件进行了ADS仿真设计,研制出两款有源冷噪声源。给出了对设计的两款器件的技术指标进行验证的L波段周期定标辐射计设计框图。仿真结果表明,以pHEMT型晶体管为核心器件设计成的L波段有源冷噪声源能输出稳定低噪声。