Cancer risk above 1 Gy and the impact for space radiation protection

Analyses of the epidemiological data on the Japanese A-bomb survivors, who were exposed to γ-rays and neutrons, provide most current information on the dose–response of radiation-induced cancer. Since the dose span of main interest is usually between 0 and 1 Gy, for radiation protection purposes, the analysis of the A-bomb survivors is often focused on this range. However, estimates of cancer risk for doses larger than 1 Gy are becoming more important for long-term manned space missions. Therefore in this work, emphasis is placed on doses larger than 1 Gy with respect to radiation-induced solid cancer and leukemia mortality. The present analysis of the A-bomb survivors data was extended by including two extra high-dose categories and applying organ-averaged dose instead of the colon-weighted dose. In addition, since there are some recent indications for a high neutron dose contribution, the data were fitted separately for three different values for the relative biological effectiveness (RBE) of the neutrons (10, 35 and 100) and a variable RBE as a function of dose. The data were fitted using a linear and a linear-exponential dose–response relationship using a dose and dose-rate effectiveness factor (DDREF) of both one and two. The work presented here implies that the use of organ-averaged dose, a dose-dependent neutron RBE and the bending-over of the dose–response relationship for radiation-induced cancer could result in a reduction of radiation risk by around 50% above 1 Gy. This could impact radiation risk estimates for space crews on long-term mission above 500 days who might be exposed to doses above 1 Gy. The consequence of using a DDREF of one instead of two increases cancer risk by about 40% and would therefore balance the risk decrease described above.     

基于飞机客舱空气品质的桥载空调送风优化

针对目前桥载空调恒定送风所造成的客舱内舒适性差及节能效果不理想问题,以波音737客舱为研究对象,采用CFD方法建立客舱仿真模型,并通过实验验证了所建立的CFD客舱仿真模型的合理性。在此模型基础上,研究桥载空调不同送风速度对客舱内温度场、风速场及NOx浓度场的影响,并分别拟合出客舱空气分布特性指标(ADPI)、排污效率与桥载空调送风速度的函数关系,再根据ADPI、排污效率构建评价函数,得到桥载空调的优化送风速度,该送风速度能够为桥载空调机组的节能控制提供依据。     

飞机环境控制系统的最小熵增分析

一种应用于飞机环境控制系统优化设计的新方法,以热力学第二定律为基础,运用熵增原理进行系统综合优化设计,分析了主要组成部件(热交换器和涡轮冷却器)以及座舱温度舒适性要求指标对系统熵增的影响.以某型飞机环境控制系统为例,通过数学建模和计算机仿真,获得了不同结构参数下,系统运行在最小熵增状态时的引气与供气参数优化匹配结果.研究表明,提出的最小熵增分析方法对未来复杂飞机环境控制系统的综合设计具有重要的指导意义.      

空-空导弹发射控制参数的雷达误差分析

给出了基于前置追踪攻击模式的空空导弹发射控制参数的计算模型，建立了系统误差分析的仿真结构，研究了机载雷达误差对导弹发射控制参数计算精度的影响，并对计算结果进行了讨论。     

大型航天器热管理系统集成分析

文章以虚拟的空间实验室为例 ,用数值模拟的方法 ,模拟了大型航天器热管理系统非稳态过程的温度等参数。热管理系统温度等参数的集成分析 ,为大型热管理系统设计提供了分析平台 ,为进一步的敏感性分析、优化设计、试验参数修正、参数置信度分析、鲁棒性设计奠定了分析基础 ,并作为能量系统的主要组成部分 ,为能量系统的能量平衡分析和电能 /热匹配分析提供有力支持。     

Cellular communication and “non-targeted effects”: Modelling approaches

During the last decade, a large number of experimental studies on the so-called “non-targeted effects”, in particular bystander effects, outlined that cellular communication plays a significant role in the pathways leading to radiobiological damage. Although it is known that two main types of cellular communication (i.e. via gap junctions and/or molecular messengers diffusing in the extra-cellular environment, such as cytokines, NO etc.) play a major role, it is of utmost importance to better understand the underlying mechanisms, and how such mechanisms can be modulated by ionizing radiation. Though the “final” goal is of course to elucidate the in vivo scenario, in the meanwhile also in vitro studies can provide useful insights. In the present paper we will discuss key issues on the mechanisms underlying non-targeted effects and cell communication, for which theoretical models and simulation codes can be of great help. In this framework, we will present in detail three literature models, as well as an approach under development at the University of Pavia. More specifically, we will first focus on a version of the “State-Vector Model” including bystander-induced apoptosis of initiated cells, which was successfully fitted to in vitro data on neoplastic transformation supporting the hypothesis of a protective bystander effect mediated by apoptosis. The second analyzed model, focusing on the kinetics of bystander effects in 3D tissues, was successfully fitted to data on bystander damage in an artificial 3D skin system, indicating a signal range of the order of 0.7–1 mm. A third model for bystander effect, taking into account of spatial location, cell killing and repopulation, showed dose–response curves increasing approximately linearly at low dose rates but quickly flattening out for higher dose rates, also predicting an effect augmentation following dose fractionation. Concerning the Pavia approach, which can model the release, diffusion and depletion/degradation of candidate signals (e.g. cytokines) travelling in the extra-cellular environment, the good agreement with ad hoc experimental data obtained in our laboratory validated the adopted approach, which in the future can be applied also to other candidate signals.     

多舱段载人航天器CO2去除系统性能仿真分析

多舱段载人航天器通常由主控舱段利用舱间通风对组合体空气环境参数进行集中控制.利用Ecosimpro建立了一种多舱段载人航天器CO₂去除系统性能仿真分析模型,包括舱体模块、乘员模块、CO₂净化模块、舱间通风模块,并对三舱段载人航天器CO₂去除系统性能进行了计算分析.结果表明,当净化装置进风量为0.007 2 kg/s,非主控舱段驻留人数达到6人时,会造成非主控舱段CO₂分压超出700 Pa的指标上限.此时增大舱间通风量对降低非主控舱段CO₂分压的效果并不明显,有效的控制方式是增大净化装置进风量.当净化装置进风量增加至0.011 3 kg/s时,非主控舱段CO₂分压可降至700 Pa以下.该工作有助于加快载人航天器空气环境控制系统的设计和改进流程.     

PHITS simulations of the Protective curtain experiment onboard the Service module of ISS: Comparison with absorbed doses measured with TLDs

“Protective curtain” was the physical experiment onboard the International Space Station (ISS) aimed on radiation measurement of the dose – reducing effect of the additional shielding made of hygienic water-soaked wipes and towels placed on the wall in the crew cabin of the Service module Zvezda. The measurements were performed with 12 detector packages composed of thermoluminescent detectors (TLDs) and plastic nuclear track detectors (PNTDs) placed at the Protective curtain, so that they created pairs of shielded and unshielded detectors.     

高超声速飞行器热载荷计算及影响因素分析

对吸热式热防护系统和液氮为冷源的高超声速飞行器热控系统,分别采用辐射热平衡法和双层集总参数法,建立了隔热层和舱内温度场的热力学模型,实现了气动加热、隔热层导热及舱内温度场等各传热环节的解耦.在此基础上,按照X-34验证机的飞行剖面对高超声速飞行器电子设备舱热载荷进行了计算,并分析了隔热层厚度、舱内冷却气体流速及液氮量对舱内温度和电子设备温度的影响.结果表明,该方法对热传递过程各环节响应特性能够较准确的分析,在工程方案初步设计阶段具有重要的应用价值.     

翼身融合布局客机客舱布置快速生成原型系统

翼身融合布局（BWB）客机的客舱布置方案在很大程度上决定了其气动外形，筛选出一种合理的客舱布置方案是BWB客机概念设计的一项重要任务。为了提高BWB客机客舱布置设计的效率，应用基于知识工程（KBE）的方法，将BWB客机客舱布置的知识和规范融入在客舱布置几何模型创建过程中，开发出了一个BWB客机客舱布置快速生成的原型系统。分别以300座和400座BWB客机为例，验证该原型系统的有效性。结果表明，只需输入客舱布置设计要求和主要参数，该原型系统即可自动地生成客舱布置方案。所开发的原型系统为BWB客机客舱设计提供了一种快速的途径。      

导弹数字化对接系统动态测量算法设计及对接试验研究

针对我国导弹生产过程中舱段对接精度差、效率低且一致性差的问题,提出了一种结合激光跟踪仪及Steward平台的导弹数字化对接系统。在基于激光跟踪仪的动态测量方面,提出采用阵列靶球和T-Probe相结合的测量方式,通过对阵列靶球的测量获得高精度基准,通过对T-Probe的测量实现动态测量,从而实现对导弹舱段的高精度且高动态测量。基于所提出的导弹数字化对接系统,进行了导弹舱段数字化对接试验。试验结果表明,导弹舱段间导向销的径向峰值偏差为0.26mm,姿态峰值偏差为0.015°,能够满足导弹对接导向销的安全对接条件,对接时间小于25秒,提高了导弹舱段对接的精度及效率。     

基于多传感器测量的航天器舱段自动 对接位姿调整方法

针对航天器舱段对接通常采用的手工操作方式效率低、精度差和可靠性难以保证的问题,研发了一种基于多传感器测量的舱段自动对接装置,其中舱体位姿的测量和调整是保证对接质量和效率的关键因素。提出了一种基于激光轮廓传感器和CCD图像传感器等多传感器协同测量的舱段六自由度位姿估计和调整方法。首先,采用激光轮廓传感器对舱体进行扫描,获取位姿三维点云信息,并采用改进的最小二乘法对被测舱段位姿进行求解;然后,通过CCD图像传感器获取舱段对接孔位置,通过圆拟合计算角度偏差,求解和拟合的结果将反馈至控制系统进行调姿和对接。采用Gocator 2350激光轮廓传感器及大恒MER-1810-21U3C工业相机进行舱体测量和对接实验,结果表明,舱体位姿调整精度和效率均达到对接要求。该方法结合了激光轮廓传感器的可靠性和机器视觉的灵活性,有效提高了自动对接系统的效率、稳定性和一致性,足以满足未来军用以及民用的需求。      

旅客机座舱综合环境质量评价模型

针对旅客机座舱综合环境质量评价问题,提出一种模糊综合评价模型.其采用分层评价体系,将座舱热环境、座舱空气质量以及座舱声、视、安全环境作为评价模型的第一层,各环境要求的具体评价因素作为评价模型的第二层,应用模糊综合评价方法,将两层因素结合在一起.在第二层次中,根据对座舱环境的影响,合理区分其重要程度,利用模糊运算得出初级评价结果,利用层次分析法,确定第一层次三方面的权重系数,从而得出座舱综合环境质量的评价结果,并通过求重心的方法解决了最大隶属度不适用的情况.还通过对具体实例的应用,证实了模型的可行性和合理性.      

机载雷达测控站性能分析CSCD

陆基、海基测控设备在跟踪低空特别是超低空飞行目标时受视距影响大,作用距离有限,而机载测控站作为空中测量平台,不受视距影响,有很大发展空间。介绍了机载测控站的组成、功能和工作原理,分析了机载测控站相关参数关系和工作能力,提出了提高跟踪能力的方法措施;给出了系统跟踪距离计算公式,通过几种典型目标速度分析了系统的跟踪能力,并与陆基、海基测控设备的跟踪能力进行了比对。结果表明,机载测控站在跟踪低空目标时作用距离较远,在低弹道大射程目标飞行试验中具有较大的应用空间。     

基于证据理论的潜艇舱室综合环境质量评价

以我国核潜艇舱室环境为研究对象,开展综合环境质量评价研究.经分析确定与潜艇舱室环境质量相关的影响因素主要包括温度、湿度、空气污染物、颗粒状污染物、微生物及噪声.为克服上述多评价因素之间的多项性和不确定性,提出采用基于D-S(Dempster-Shafer)证据理论的潜艇舱室综合环境质量评价方法.该方法是在层次分析法的基础上,引入证据理论,利用D-S合成公式对不同权重的多个专家评价信息进行合成.该方法能够有效综合多个不同权威评价专家的不确定性评价意见,提高评价结果可信度.      

载人航天器舱内辐射剂量及其预估

本文依据国内外95例空间飞行氟化锂热释光剂量计测量的舱内宇宙辐射剂量及轨道参数,建立了近地轨道载人航天器舱内剂量预先评估的数学模型。模型表明,影响舱内剂量水平的主要因素是轨道高度,呈二次曲线形式;其次是太阳活动因素。轨道倾角对舱内剂量的影响并不显著。依据模型作出了辐射安全飞行的时限曲线并就辐射的安全防护问题进行了分析讨论。     

卫星搭载样品宇宙辐射剂量测量

本工作利用LiF(Mg, Cu, P), 荧光玻璃剂量计和CR-39塑料核径迹探测器对卫星舱内6个搭载实验样品所接受的宇宙辐射剂量进行测量.剂量计均经过严格筛选和标定.通过理论计算, 把以mR单位标定数据变换为肌肉组织的吸收剂量, LiF和荧光玻璃的变换系数分别为0.995和0.93.测量的卫星舱内平均累积剂量为0.88mGy, 平均日剂量为0.11mGy.CR-39记录到许多带电粒子径迹.文中对本次测量结果同以前的测量进行了对比分析讨论.      

Automatic detection of geomagnetic sudden commencement via time–frequency clusters

One of global processes in ionosphere–thermosphere–magnetosphere system is the geomagnetic storms. It is of great importance to develop an algorithm that auto-detects sudden commencement because it could be an indicator of onset of the geomagnetic storm. Automatic detection of geomagnetic sudden commencement is based on time–frequency clusters generated by spectrogram. Proposed algorithm is tested on data set collected from stations belong to the international real-time magnetic observatory network (INTERMAGNET). Maximum standard deviation of algorithm detection times is observed to be one minute of the corresponding arrival times published by National Geophysical Data Center (NGDC).     

Response of the extratropical middle atmosphere to the September 2002 major stratospheric sudden warming

The effects of a major stratospheric sudden warming (SSW) at extratropical latitudes have been investigated with wind and temperature observations over a Brazilian station, Cachoeira Paulista (22.7°S, 45°W) during September–October 2002. In response to the warming at polar latitudes a corresponding cooling at tropical and extratropical latitudes is prominent in the stratosphere. A conspicuous signature of latitudinal propagation of a planetary wave of zonal wavenumbers 1 and 2 from polar to low latitude has been observed during the warming period. The polar vortex which split into two parts of different size is found to travel considerably low latitude. Significant air mass mixing between low and high latitudes is caused by planetary wave breaking. The meridional wind exhibits oscillations of period 2–4 days during the warming period in the stratosphere. No wave feature is evident in the mesosphere during the warming period, although a 12–14 day periodicity is observed after 2 weeks of the warming event, indicating close resemblance to the results of other simultaneous investigations carried out from high latitude Antarctic stations. Convective activity over the present extratropical station diminishes remarkably during the warming period. This behavior is possibly due to destabilization and shift of equatorial convective active regions towards the opposite hemisphere in response to changes in the mean meridional circulation in concert with the SSW.     

分体四轮式空气循环制冷系统仿真及试验研究

为了提高飞机座舱环境控制系统性能，同时降低设计和制造难度，提出了分体四轮式空气循环制冷系统。所提系统采用2个独立的两轮式涡轮冷却器代替一体化四轮式涡轮冷却器。基于焓参数法分析了分体四轮式及四轮式空气循环制冷系统的热力性能，结果显示2个系统热力性能一致。基于实验室现有部件搭建了分体四轮式空气循环制冷系统原理样机，摸底测试表明，系统最大制冷量可达12.0 kW，制冷量理论值与试验值的误差分布在±15%以内，验证了焓参数法的有效性。原理样机的性能系数分布在0.21~1.15之间。所提系统可为国产大飞机环境控制系统的研制提供良好的技术储备。