A Comparison of Binary Delay-Lock Tracking-Loop Implementations

The delay-lock loop is a device for tracking the delay difference between two correlated waveforms. It is used as a synchronizing loop for binary communications and tracking. The delay tracking performance is derived for various radio-frequency implementations of the binary delay-lock loop. Amplitude and biphase modulation by pseudorandom sequences are considered. Three types of receivers are analyzed for each modulation: envelope correlation, phase-coherent correlation, and phase-lock demodulation followed by video correlation.     

The Effect of Integrator Pole Position on the Performance of an Adaptive Array

The LMS adaptive array requires an integrator in each weight feedback control loop. In practice the integrator is often replaced by a low-pass filter, i.e., by a filter with a single pole at s = - ? (where s is complex frequency). The effect of this pole position on array performance is examined. It is shown that to obtain optimal performance from the array, ? must be less than k?2, where k is the loop gain and ?2 is the thermal noise power per element. When at exceeds k?2, the output signal-to-inter ference-plus-noise ratio from the array is degraded for intermediate values of interference power.     

A Novel Feedforward Compensation Canceling Input Filter-Regulator I nteraction

The interaction between the input filter and the control loop of switching regulators often results in detrimental effects, such as loop instability, degradation of transient response, and audiosusceptibility, etc. The concept of pole-zero cancellation is employed to mitigate some of these detrimental effects and is implemented using a novel feedforward loop, in addition to existing feedback loops of a buck regulator. Experimental results are presented which show excellent correlation with theory.     

深空组阵迭代FX相关合成算法及性能分析

针对火星距离下大规模天线组阵中极微弱接收信号的高效合成问题,在VLBI(Very Long Baseline Interferometry,甚长基线干涉测量)的FX相关器开环处理架构基础上提出了一种新的迭代FX相关合成算法,对算法原理进行了详细理论推导,对数据处理流程、算法合成性能等进行深入分析,与FSC(Full-Spectrum Combining,全频谱合成)、BC(Baseband Combining,基带合成)、SSC(Symbol-Stream Combining,符号流合成)等组阵方案进行性能仿真对比,并给出该算法在36接收天线组阵的实测试验结果。仿真和试验结果表明,迭代FX相关合成算法相比于FSC、BC、SSC等组阵方案具有较好的合成性能,在输入带内信噪比不低于-20d B时,合成效率达到了95%以上,非常适用于火星天线组阵微弱接收信号的组阵合成。     

Design of a Correlator for Real-Time Video Comparisons

The problem of locating a reference image within a larger image using a correlation technique is discussed. Although the particular application discussed is that of locating a reference image obtained from one video sensor or a photograph, within the larger field of view obtained from a second video sensor in real time (i.e., at the TV field rate), the results are general and useful for a number of applications. The tradeoffs necessary to obtain real time correlat are discussed and their effect on correlation accuracy is given.     

Acquisition Time of Tracking Loops Operating in the Frequency-Search Mode

This paper presents a theory for computing the signal acquisition time of a second-order tracing system operating in the frequency-search mode. In particular, a closed-form expression is obtained which relates the acquisition time to the relevant system parameters, to the initial loop detuning, and to the slope of the ramp that sweeps the voltage-controlled oscillator. Although the theory is only approximate and the resulting formula is exact only in the limit when the initial loop detuning ?F goes to infinity, it has been found that it gives quite accurate results as soon as ?F is some times greater than the equivalent noise bandwidth of the loop.     

微型燃气轮机发电站控制策略分析

介绍了微型燃气轮机发电站的技术特点,基于基本PI算法,分析了微型燃气轮机发电站的基本控制策略。在传统的PI算法基础上,分析了微燃机的嵌套闭环控制策略,分别对微型燃气轮机发电站的转速闭环、功率闭环以及排气温度闭环的控制策略进行了分析和研究,并给出了三个闭环的相关试验曲线。研究结果表明,基于基本PI算法的嵌套闭环控制策略适用于微燃机发电站,可保证电站具有很好的经济性和工作稳定性,其对提高电站的使用寿命也有很大帮助,具有很好的工程应用价值。     

Hardware-Constrained Hybrid Coding of Video Imagery

The design, implementation, and performance of a video bandwidth compression system is described. In this system, compression is obtained by several methods including the use of DCT/DCPM hybrid coding, frame rate reduction, and resolution reduction. The overall compression ratio is up to 1000:1. The hardware-constrained design of the DCT and the DPCM is described and a new method is derived to solve the optimum integer bit-assignment problem associated with the block quantization process in the DPCM. Computer simulation results are presented which predict that the performance of the system using the derived optimal bit assignment method is superior to those obtained by other bit assignment methods. The real-time hybrid coding system design is optimized for a set of ?modified? average statistics to compress a wide variety of input video images. This approach eliminates the problem of nonzero dc mean value which could otherwise cause serious degradations in the system performance. The compression system is fully implemented and the quality of the reconstructed video as predicted by computer simulation has been demonstrated by the actual hardware performance. The PSNR of the reconstructed imagery is in excess of 36 dB at 2 bits per pixel.     

An Extension of Viterbi's Analysis of the Cycle Slipping in a First-Order Phase-Locked Loop

The phenomenon of cycle slipping in a first-order phase-locked loop is reconsidered and a simple expression for the expected number ? of cycles slipped per second is given in the form of a rapidly converging series. In this way the computation of ? becomes much easier than with previously known formulas. A formula allowing the computation of the expected number of cycles gained or lost per second is also given. These results are obtained by extending a technique used by Viterbi. The outcome of experimental verifications of the theory is also reported.     

Sensitivity Study and Optimization of Predictive Systems for Transmission of Video Signals

A method is proposed to optimize the prediction coefficient of a first order predictor. The optimization is with respect to the sensitivity of variations in statistics of the video signal. Given the characteristics of human vision, it has been shown that the DPCM is not worse than the PCM with respect to the sensitivity to variations in the input video signal statistics, but is even better than the PCM. Also, the following point is made clear. If an encoding system is designed with a = as (?Mo) providing the satisfactory quality for the picture with ? = ?Mo, this system will yield picture of better or equal quality as for ? = ?Mo for any other picture.     

过失速大机动飞机的飞行控制律设计

对新一代带推力矢量的战斗机在大迎角过失速机动下的飞行控制律进行设计,并进行了机动指令飞行仿真。引进推力矢量技术,建立带推力矢量的飞机模型方程;采用奇异摄动理论,将控制回路分为两个快慢(内外)回路,对每个回路分别用动态逆方法进行飞行控制律设计;并采用结构奇异值μ综合和分析的方法对快(内)回路设计了鲁棒控制器;最后所设计的控制律进行了机动指令飞行仿真,仿真结果表明设计的过失速机动控制律良好。     

飞机着陆下滑状态人-机系统动态特性分析

采用最优控制驾驶员模型在频率域内分析是理论评价电传操纵飞机着陆下滑状态飞行品质的一种有效方法。基于人 -机系统响应特性可揭示出驾驶员工作负荷和系统动态特性之间相互影响。驾驶员相位补偿作为驾驶员工作负荷的度量 ;取人 -机系统闭环带宽、开环高频峰值和飞行轨迹倾角误差均方值等指标来评价系统动态特性。这些评价准则与驾驶员主观评分之间具有很好的相关性。应用该方法对某电传操纵飞机进行分析 ,其结果与飞行模拟评价结果较为一致     

Adaptive Correlation Regions for Alpha-Beta Tracking Filters

The design of correlation regions for track-while-scan systems is examined, assuming the requirement to maintain a constant probability of successful correlation. Starting with the assumption of independent and Gaussian-distributed range and azimuth errors in the sensor and assuming a constant-coefficient isotropic ?-? tracking filter, it is shown how the correlation region design must include such factors as sensor errors, timing jitter, tracking errors, and the asynchronous operation of the tracking function with respect to the sensor measurements. For a maneuvering target, it is shown that the size of the correlation region must be equal to the sum of the radius used for the straight-line case plus the magnitude of any tracking bias which results from deviation from the straight-line trajectory assumed in the tracking filter. An upper bound is derived for the magnitude of the bias which could reasonably be expected in typical maneuvers. By specifying the size of the correlation region on a constant probability basis, it is possible to obtain better discrimination against false targets and improved detection of maneuvers by sensing the development of tracking biases.     

运动平台上基于粒子滤波的目标跟踪技术

在固定平台上实现视频运动目标的准确跟踪本身就是一项富有挑战性的工作。何况在运动平台上,受到背景杂波、亮度变化以及摄像机运动等干扰的影响,要想成功地对目标进行跟踪则更加困难。提出将强度梯度跟踪器与粒子滤波相结合,实现对运动平台上的视频序列中的运动目标的准确跟踪。实验结果表明,跟踪方法能准确、可靠地自动跟踪视频序列中的运动目标。     

Phase-Lock Loop Jump Phenomenon in the Presence of Two Signals

Jump phenomena are known to exist in many non-linear systems [I], [2], [3]. The non-linear analysis presented in this paper explains and predicts the conditions for the jump phenomenon that is observed in a phase-locked loop (PLL) preceded by an automatic gain control (AGC). The jump phenomenon occurs when the frequency separation AM of two sinusoids at the input to the AGC is greater than the bandwidth B of the linearized PLL. If the loop is initially locked to the stronger signal, the weaker signal will frequency-modulate the PLL voltage-controlled oscillator (VCO) with a modulation frequency AI. The amplitude S2 of the weaker signal al can be increased until it becomes greater than the amplitude Si of the signal being tracked, without causing the loop to lose lock; i. e., the VCO continues to track the original signal. However, if the ratio of the amplitudes S2 S1 = R is increased above some critical value RC > 1, the loop will lose lock on the original signal, and jump to track the interfering signal. If the frequency separation is at least twice the PLL bandwidth, a good approximation for this critical ratio is Rc ? ?w/B.     

H.264快速帧间编码模式选择算法

为了减少H.264/AVC帧间编码模式选择的计算复杂度,利用编码模式之间的相关性以及视频序列时空域的相关性,提出了有选择性的小块搜索技术和有选择性的帧内编码模式搜索技术.模拟结果表明,该算法在保持率失真性能的前提下可以大幅度减少模式选择的计算复杂度,有利于H.264的实时应用.     

On the Performance of Video Band Complex Correlators

The performance data for various correlation schemes for Gaussian signals converted from the intermediate frequency band to the video band are derived and discussed. The folded-band conversion scheme is shown to have significant advantages for continuum observations in radio astronomy.     

Error Probabilities in PCM/FM with Phase-Lock Loop Discriminators

Previous literature has analyzed PCM/FM telemetry systems using idealized FM demodulators at the receiver. However, in many systems operating today, phase-lock loop demodulators are employed which depart noticeably from ideal operation as the loop falls ?out of lock.? In this paper an approximate expression for error probability is derived, which clearly indicates the effect of the loop on the previously published data using ideal discriminators. It is shown that the presence of the loop becomes apparent at input signal-to-noise ratios below approximately 3.5 dB, while the amount of error increase over the ideal case depends, to a large extent, upon the shape of IF filtering being used.     

欺骗环境下GNSS信号估计与定位修正技术

欺骗信号以其极强的隐蔽性使卫星导航接收机难以察觉并迅速定位到错误位置,严重影响了卫星导航的安全性。现有抗欺骗技术需要其他导航系统辅助来修正受欺骗影响的定位解算,针对该问题,本文提出了一种GNSS欺骗信号参数估计与辨识方法,能够在欺骗干扰环境下估计并辨识出真实信号所对应的伪距,进而解算出接收机真实位置。该方法通过研究欺骗干扰下接收机相关值模型,在信号跟踪阶段建立真实与欺骗双信号状态模型与基于九路相关器输出的观测模型,利用扩展卡尔曼滤波（EKF）估计真实信号与欺骗信号的伪码延时与信号相关幅值,进而获得真实与欺骗伪距,在定位解算阶段利用改进观测量残差检测方法辨识出真实与欺骗伪距,最终使用真实伪距定位获得真实位置。仿真结果表明对相对码延时介于0.3~0.9 chip之间且欺骗/真实信号幅度比介于1~5之间的隐蔽欺骗攻击,所提方法的码延时估计误差约0.1 chip,可有效估计真实信号与欺骗信号参数,辨识出真实伪距,并使被欺骗的定位结果重新回到真实位置结果,改善GNSS接收机抗欺骗能力,提高卫星导航安全性。     

基于简化Mohr模型的光纤陀螺温度补偿方法研究

为了提高光纤陀螺温度补偿精度,采用Mohr理论建立了光纤环圈的热传递模型,准确分析了光纤环圈内部的温度变化和分布情况,计算得到了光纤环圈的Shupe误差。根据Shupe理论误差和陀螺仪输出的相关性分析,得到了最优的光纤环圈热传递参数。根据热传递参数建立了光纤陀螺温度补偿模型,完成了光纤陀螺的实时温度补偿,实际补偿后光纤陀螺仪变温精度提高了约3.4倍。