固体火箭发动机结构质量烧蚀对飞行器速度的影响

<正> 固体推进剂火箭发动机在工作时,燃烧室里形成高温、高压燃气,推进剂燃烧产物的滞止温度可达3000K以上。为了防止室壁被加热到丧失其强度的温度,在燃烧室内表面贴有一层防热材料,这就是由低导热系数材料组成的绝热层。为了使绝热层和推进剂能够很好地贴合,它们之间又有一层包复层把它们连在一起。包复层和绝热层在推进剂燃烧过程中也被加热,发生分解,并释放出气体产物进入燃烧室。推进剂燃气对包复层和绝热层加热,产生气化和分解作用的同时,还进行化学反应。包复层和绝热层分析解释放出的气态产物和化学反应产物随着推进剂燃气一起从喷管流出。因此,全部包复层和一部分绝热层被推进剂燃气烧蚀掉,绝热层被烧蚀的程度取决于推进剂燃气传到燃烧室壁的热流和发动机工作时间。     

烧蚀模型表面温度分布测量

介绍了一维表面温度分布的非接触测量仪器——扫描光电高温计的基本原理、结构、性能以及实用情况。扫描光电高温计的研制成功,使烧蚀模型表面温度测量从点温度测量拓展到一维温度分布测量,解决了突缩管壁面热分布的研究问题,测量了各种材料烧蚀模型驻点区温度分布曲线和不同材料平板模型在烧蚀试验中沿射流流向和径向的温度分布,并利用弓型导管装置对不同开槽型的石墨平板模型和喷有氧化锆隔热涂层的平板试件进行了温度场的测量。同时,还介绍了偏转装置与扫描光电高温计配合使用,一次开车试验可以测量不同位置上一维温度分布。     

高超声速飞行器一体化防热与热控设计方法

围绕高超声速飞行器所遭遇的"热障"问题,阐述了防热与热控系统一体化设计的思想,指出将机身结构、防热与热控系统、推进系统耦合在一起进行一体化设计是解决"热障"问题的有效途径,并提出了不同任务需求的高超声速飞行器防热与热控系统方案思路.介绍了部分防热材料的性能,指出了在设计中选择防热材料的原则.对防热与热控系统的优化方法进行了探讨,指出了防热与热控系统一体化设计中涉及的关键技术,举例说明了防热与热控一体化设计的基本流程.      

航天飞行器防热材料烧蚀过程中表面温度的测量

热成像法测量航天飞行器防热材料在电弧风洞内烧蚀时的表面温度是一种有效的方法，它能快速地测量大量的数据点。为了能透过红外光线，在电弧风洞上安装特殊的窗口。     

层板式喷注器在空间飞行器发动机中的应用综述

综述了层板式喷注器在空间飞行器液体火箭发动机中的应用。着重举例分析了层板式喷注器应用于航天飞机轨道机动发动机、小推力姿控发动机、燃气发生器中所获得的优于传统喷注器的良好性能和效益;分析了层板式喷注器在小推力＿液体火箭发动机稳态和脉冲方式工作时对抑制排气羽流污染的有效作用;最后提出了研制层板式喷注器所需进一步做的工作。     

飞机发动机进气道防冰系统的设计计算

针对某型具有分流隔板的发动机进气道进行热气防冰腔和管路系统的设计,在进气道的水滴撞击特性计算的基础上,对防冰系统进行热力计算,包括防冰表面的温度分布和系统压降及系统管路的流量分配,由此验证防冰系统正常工作时能否满足对表面温度的要求.此外,还分析了供气温度、供气压力、供气流量以及限流环孔径对防冰表面温度分布的影响.分析发现表面温度随供气温度、供气流量的增加而升高,限流环孔径的变化对前缘表面温度几乎没有影响,分流隔板的表面温度随孔径的增大而升高.      

等离子体对燃气在补燃室中燃烧特性的影响

为研究等离子体对多组分燃气在发动机补燃室中的助燃特性,建立了多组分燃气供给系统以及扩散燃烧实验模型。测量了等离子体炬的发射光谱,得到了等离子体炬的主要激发态粒子;拍摄了多组分燃气在补燃室的扩散火焰照片,得到了等离子体对多组分燃气的扩散火焰形貌的影响;测量了补燃室4个不同截面上的静压和总压,分析了等离子体对多组分燃气在发动机中燃烧效率的影响。实验结果表明:等离子体炬主要产生氮气和氧气的激发态粒子;加入等离子体后,喷出冲压尾喷管的火焰长度得到进一步缩短,说明等离子体可以在更短的燃烧室长度内使得多组分燃气得到更加充分的燃烧;加入等离子体时,补燃室不同截面的静压和总压都会出现突升台阶,说明等离子体可以加快燃气的化学反应速率,提高多组分燃气在发动机中的燃烧效率,且等离子体功率越高,燃气燃烧效率的增长率越高。     

航天飞机上使用的两种防热材料

这是哥伦比亚号航天飞机上使用的防热瓦。图中表示第三次试飞返回后,局部地方防热瓦脱落的情况。这是挑战者号航天飞机发动机吊舱上覆盖的防热毯。它是航天飞机上     

基于多光谱测温优化的材料光谱发射率测量

针对高温材料红外光谱发射率测量中样品表面温度难以准确测量的问题,提出了直接使用光谱仪测量得出样品表面的光谱辐射能量信息,选取其中合适的光谱波段利用多光谱测温方法得到样品表面温度,进而计算出材料的光谱发射率.分析了多光谱测温中发射率模型的阶次和测量波段选取对测温准确度的影响,给出了温度计算的稳健算法,并对其主要不确定度的来源进行了评定.在1 100 K左右温度下以不锈钢材料进行实验验证,得出温度引起的光谱发射率相对不确定度在2～20 μm范围内低于2%,满足红外隐身和辐射测温等领域的要求,适合于导热性能差的材料或涂层材料的高温光谱发射率测量.     

固-膏体燃气发生器热结构分析和仿真

固-膏体燃气发生器是一种新型的燃气发生系统,是潜地导弹变深度弹射系统中的核心部件。为了研究固-膏体燃气发生器工作后膏体储存室的温度分布情况,采用源项法结合动网格技术、RNG k-ε湍流模型和离散坐标（DO）辐射模型对固-膏体燃气发生器的工作过程进行了数值仿真,并对不同膏体推进剂挤压流量下的膏体推进剂的温度分布作了对比研究。结果表明,传入膏体储存室的热量大部分来自于挤压室内的高温燃气,且整体热量的传导主要在轴向进行。随着膏体推进剂挤压流量增加,膏体储存室内的最高温度和平均温度均有所增加。研究结果可以为该型号固-膏体燃气发生器的热防护设计和改进提供相关参考。      

Scaling analysis and model estimation of solar corona index

A monthly average solar green coronal index time series for the period from January 1939 to December 2008 collected from NOAA (The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration) has been analysed in this paper in perspective of scaling analysis and modelling. Smoothed and de-noising have been done using suitable mother wavelet as a pre-requisite. The Finite Variance Scaling Method (FVSM), Higuchi method, rescaled range (R/S) and a generalized method have been applied to calculate the scaling exponents and fractal dimensions of the time series. Autocorrelation function (ACF) is used to find autoregressive (AR) process and Partial autocorrelation function (PACF) has been used to get the order of AR model. Finally a best fit model has been proposed using Yule-Walker Method with supporting results of goodness of fit and wavelet spectrum. The results reveal an anti-persistent, Short Range Dependent (SRD), self-similar property with signatures of non-causality, non-stationarity and nonlinearity in the data series. The model shows the best fit to the data under observation.     

Stochastic particle acceleration by the forced interaction of relativistic current sheets

We address the problem of interacting relativistic current sheets in self-consistent kinetic plasma simulations within the framework of the Particle-In-Cell model. The interaction is enforced in head-on collisions of up to 10 current sheets at relativistic bulk speeds. The simulations are motivated by the general problem of Poynting flux dissipation in ‘striped wind’ configurations presumably governing the relativistic outflows pervasive in pulsar winds and gamma-ray bursts. We identify the generation of non-thermal particles and formation of a stable power-law shape in the particle energy distributions f(γ) dγ ∝ γ^−s dγ. In 1D, a spectral index s ∼ 2 is observed and attributed to a stochastic Fermi-type acceleration mechanism. In 2D, the generic index of s ∼ 3–4 is retained as in previous simulations of individual current sheets. Whereas in 2D the high energy cut-off is constrained by the limited dissipation of magnetic energy, in 1D the process converts the bulk motion of current sheets towards directed particle momentum of an exclusive class of non-thermal particles.     

Development of a gas chromatography compatible Sample Processing System (SPS) for the in-situ analysis of refractory organic matter in martian soil: preliminary results

In the frame of the 2009 Mars Science Laboratory (MSL) mission a new sample preparation system (SPS) compatible with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) has been developed for the in situ analysis of complex organic molecules in the Martian soil. The goal is to detect, if they exist, some of the key compounds that play an important role in life on Earth including carboxylic acids, amino acids and nucleobases.     

基于LuGre模型的电液加载系统摩擦补偿

为了提高电液加载系统控制精度,针对摩擦问题提出了基于LuGre摩擦模型的前馈补偿方法.建立了用于摩擦仿真分析和补偿器设计的电液加载系统数学模型;通过实验获取并分析了相关的摩擦数据;基于实验数据进行LuGre模型参数辨识,把LuGre模型和辨识结果引入电液加载系统数学模型,并进行仿真结果与实际摩擦数据的对照,证明了LuGre摩擦模型的准确性.设计前馈补偿器,进行了实验对比,实验结果表明前馈补偿器可将摩擦产生的控制误差有效地降至未补偿时的30%左右.      

Concept options for the aerial survey of Titan

Various aerial platforms intended for long endurance survey of the Titan surface are presented. A few novel concepts are introduced, including a heated methane balloon and a balloon with a tethered wind turbine. All the concept options are predicted to have lower scientific payload fractions than the Huygens probe. It is concluded that the selection of the best aerial platform option depends on more accurate mass estimates and a clear decision on whether, or not, in situ surface composition measurements are required in conjunction with aerial remote sensing.     

Heterogeneous solid/gas chemistry of organic compounds related to comets,meteorites, Titan,and Mars: Laboratory and in lower Earth orbit experiments

To understand the evolution of organic molecules involved in extraterrestrial environments and with exobiological implications, many experimental programs in the laboratory are devoted to photochemical studies in the gaseous phase as well as in the solid state. The validity of such studies and their applications to extraterrestrial environments can be questioned as long as experiments conducted in space conditions, with the full solar spectrum, especially in the short wavelength domain, have not been implemented. The experiments that are described here will be carried out on a FOTON capsule, using the BIOPAN facility, and on the International Space Station, using the EXPOSE facility. Vented and sealed exposition cells will be used, which will allow us to study the chemical evolution in the gaseous phase as well as heterogeneous processes, such as the degradation of solid compounds and the release of gaseous fragments.     

CoRoT and Kepler results: Solar-like oscillators

The space-borne observatories CoRoT (Convection Rotation and planetary Transits) and Kepler have provided photometric time series data of unprecedented precision for large numbers of stars. These data have revolutionized the fields of transiting exoplanets and asteroseismology. In this review some important asteroseismic results obtained using data from the CoRoT and Kepler space missions concerning stars that show solar-like oscillations are discussed. These results comprise, among others, measurements of the location of the base of the convection zone and helium second-ionization zone in main-sequence stars, the presence (or not) of core-helium burning in red-giant stars, as well as differential rotation in these stars.     

Return to Europa: Overview of the Jupiter Europa orbiter mission

Missions to explore Europa have been imagined ever since the Voyager mission first suggested that Europa was geologically very young. Subsequently, the Galileo spacecraft supplied fascinating new insights into this satellite of Jupiter. Now, an international team is proposing a return to the Jupiter system and Europa with the Europa Jupiter System Mission (EJSM). Currently, NASA and ESA are designing two orbiters that would explore the Jovian system and then each would settle into orbit around one of Jupiter’s icy satellites, Europa and Ganymede. In addition, the Japanese Aerospace eXploration Agency (JAXA) is considering a Jupiter magnetospheric orbiter and the Russian Space Agency is investigating a Europa lander.     

HELIO: The Heliophysics Integrated Observatory

Heliophysics is a new research field that explores the Sun–Solar System Connection; it requires the joint exploitation of solar, heliospheric, magnetospheric and ionospheric observations.     

Radioactivity of the Moon and planets

In this report the main results of the study of radioactivity of the solar sistem bodies are considered. The radioactivity of the Moon and planets was measured by means of vehicles in situ. The radioactivity of the lunar samples, brought to the Earth was studied with laboratory equipment.