空间碎片预警中的碰撞概率方法研究

由于空间碎片对飞行在地球轨道上的航天器危害日益严重,所以必须采取一些有效的防护措施,对于那些直径大于10 cm的碎片,通常是采用主动规避的方法来进行防护.为了避免传统的Box判据造成的过多错误预警,碰撞概率模型开始被应用于空间碎片预警,本文以空间站为例,将碰撞概率方法与传统Box区域判定法进行比较,介绍碰撞概率计算模型的建立方法,基于位置误差矩阵的碰撞概率Pc的算法,并针对实际交会事例进行了计算和分析.      

基于随机点模拟方法分析空间目标危险交会

基于SGP4模型在空间目标轨道预报中的应用, 在预报的位置速度信息和误差 信息基础上, 提出一种空间两目标碰撞预警的分析方法, 即随机点模拟方法. 与传统的交会平面积分方法相比, 其主要有两点不同: 一是在误差信息中考虑 了误差均值的影响, 即误差椭球不再以预报位置为中心分布; 二是在分析方 法上侧重于真实模拟可能的交会情形, 而不忽略任一方向上的误差. 通过算例分 析验证了该方法的可行性, 结果表明误差均值的非零性使得最大碰撞概率不 一定出现在预报的最近交会距离时刻. 同时仿真结果还表明, 两目标在相对速 度方向上的相对位置仍然存在误差, 这可能造成随机点模拟的碰撞概率计算 值较交会平面积分方法偏小. 不同的碰撞预警分析方法对应不同的预警门限, 根据文中实例, 初步确定10-6为随机点模拟方法的红色预警值.      

空间目标预警阈值确定分析

针对目前通常采用计算碰撞概率来进行空间目标碰撞预警的方法,为提高其评判标准的精度以达到提高航天器精准预警的目的,分析了目前空间目标碰撞概率阈值确定过程的总体框架.对阈值确定过程中所涉及的误差协方差矩阵确定方法、碰撞概率计算以及碎片通量计算方法进行了研究.以国际空间站（ISS）为例,通过计算其所在空间的碎片通量,分析其轨道受空间环境的影响情况,并与早期结果进行比较,得出其以往的碰撞概率阈值可能被高估的结论.      

Chebyshev不等式在空间碎片碰撞概率置信度中的应用

空间碎片的碰撞预警与规避能有效避免碰撞事件的发生.碰撞概率是碰撞预警的主要判据,也是航天器规避机动决策的主要依据.由于计算碰撞概率的各相关参数带有误差,导致计算得到的碰撞概率值并不准确,难以做出规避机动决策,因此评估碰撞概率值的可信程度是亟需解决的问题.本文给出了一种碰撞概率置信度的计算方法,利用各影响参数的标准差,通过误差传递的方法计算碰撞概率的标准差,结合单边Chebyshev不等式,给出碰撞概率值大于10-4阈值时的置信度,并结合实际案例进行了分析.      

基于拉普拉斯变换的空间目标碰撞概率计算方法

碰撞概率是空间碎片碰撞预警中评判碰撞发生可能性大小的重要依据,对航天器机动规避具有重要意义。基于拉普拉斯变换的碰撞概率计算方法利用拉普拉斯变换以及幂级数的定义,推导了在短时间接近情况下碰撞概率的幂级数表达式,分析了碰撞概率的截断误差并确定了在不同精度要求下的幂级数项数。针对2009年美俄卫星的碰撞事件,将基于拉普拉斯变换的碰撞概率计算结果与Chan方法、Monte Carlo方法的计算结果进行比较,验证了基于拉普拉斯变换方法在计算精度上的优势。      

TLE数据误差与基于TLE数据的交会预报分析

目前普遍使用TLE数据进行在轨物体的危险交会预报. TLE数据误差不仅会影响交会预报的准确性, 还是计算碰撞概率的必要参数, 因此, 只有准确估计TLE数据误差, 才能得到可信的碰撞概率数值. 本文采用两种方法, 即TLE数据自比和与高精度轨道预报数据相比较的方法, 计算TLE数据误差, 并分别利用TLE数据和高精度数据计算同一交会, 比较两种数据预报的交会结果差异. 结果表明, 采用TLE根数自比方法的计算误差偏小, 而使用精轨数据作为校准数据所得到的TLE误差更接近真实误差, 计算碰撞概率更为合理, 有利于减少虚警.      

空间目标碰撞预警的协方差计算与应用

碰撞概率是碰撞预警工程中空间目标危险交会的重要判据之一,其计算精度会受到预报协方差计算精度的影响. 本文统计计算了两种形式的预报协方差. 一是利用精密数值预报模型对卫星精密根数进行预报,将预报根数与精密根数的差作为样本,统计得出1～7天不同预报期的预报协方差;二是采用 SGP4/SDP4预报模型对TLE数据进行预报,将预报根数与TLE根数的差作为样本,统计得出1～7d不同预报期的预报协方差. 分别分析两种方法中包含变轨过程和无变轨情况下的轨道预报精度. 结合2012年某低轨道卫星的危险交会,分析了采用不同协方差时,协方差精度对碰撞预警精度的影响. 协方差计算可为实际碰撞预警工程提供参考.      

空间目标碰撞概率的显式表达式及影响因素分析

在圆轨道情况下推导了空间目标碰撞概率的显式表达式,将碰撞概率表示为空间目标交会几何条件(过交线高度差、过交线时间差、轨道夹角等)和RSW坐标系误差方差的显式函数.根据显式表达式对碰撞概率的影响因素进行了分析,研究了过交线高度差、过交线时间差、轨道夹角、位置预报误差、等效半径等因素对碰撞概率的影响,得出了一些有意义的结论.     

卫星规避方案量化分析方法研究

空间碎片数量日益增多,为保护在轨卫星的运行安全,需要针对碎片碰撞制定规避方案,用来规避碰撞风险.本文在调研国外卫星规避机动流程的基础上,分别研究了卫星规避相关的轨道机动方式、轨道预报模型以及交会风险计算模型,建立了卫星规避方案量化分析方法,为规避方案的选择提供参考.      

空间系绳碎片碰撞生存能力研究

空间系绳结构和几何尺寸对其在复杂空间环境中抵抗碎片碰撞的能力有显著影响.本文根据系绳-碎片碰撞模型和泊松分布,计算了双股系绳和带状系绳被碎片割断的概率,分析了太空碎片对系绳生存能力可能造成的影响.双股系绳是由两条平行系绳每隔一段距离打结连接构成,带状系绳可视为一种横截面为矩形的特殊单股系绳.首先对单股系绳被碎片割断的概率进行建模,然后构建双股系绳和带状系绳生存能力函数,最后根据空间碎片环境模型,对比分析具有不同结构、不同尺寸的系绳的生存能力.仿真结果表明,相较于单股系绳,双股系绳和带状系绳的生存能力有明显提高.      

Assessment of space debris collisions against spacecraft with deorbit devices

Deorbit methods have been employed to remove space debris from orbit. One of these methods is to utilize atmospheric drag. In this method, a membrane loaded into the spacecraft is expanded to increase atmospheric drag. Although this method works without requiring fuel, it has the disadvantage of a high risk of collision with other debris owing to its larger area. Area-time product and energy-to-mass ratio have been used as indices to evaluate the risk of collisions between spacecraft and debris. However, the evaluation criteria were uncertain because these two indices are independent. In this paper, we propose a new evaluation index, single-sheet collision factor (SSCF), that comprehensively evaluates the collision risk based on experiments simulating debris collisions. As a result of the hypervelocity collision experiment, we found that the penetration-area mass of the spacecraft affects the severity of debris collisions. In this paper, the product of the exterior-wall thickness, the exterior-wall density, and the space debris cross-sectional area defines the penetration-area mass of the spacecraft. Furthermore, we compare and evaluate various deorbit methods using SSCF. The comparison showed that the penetration-area mass of the SSCF could be quantitatively determined for the debris-collision severity due to difference in structural materials of spacecraft. SSCF will be used to create rules for space-environment conservation with the expansion of the space-development market.     

基于驻留时间比的近地空间碎片环境建模

为分析近地空间碎片的分布规律,提出了一种以碎片在空间网格内驻留时间为基础的碎片环境统计建模方法.该方法利用多项式拟合和求根方法统计碎片在空间网格内的停留时间,获取模型基础数据,并据此采用多项式预测、插值和时间序列分析等技术,综合分析空间碎片的分布与演化规律.给出了一个基于双行根数(TLE,Two Line Elements)数据的建模实例,该实例通过了ORDEM2000模型的对比验证,并获得了一些更精细的近地空间碎片环境特征.所得建模方法和分析结论可为长期运行的近地航天器轨道设计、碰撞风险评估及防护等提供技术支撑.     

基于解体事件的空间碎片轨道演化算法研究

针对航天器解体事件所生成的空间碎片的演化过程,进行了数学分析,确定了新生成的空间碎片的速度增量,在该增量作用下碎片轨道会发生变更,本文根据该增量得出了空间碎片在轨道变更后的轨道根数,分析了在大气阻力摄动作用下,空间碎片的数目和轨道分布的演化情况,给出了相关结果,结果表明此算法可行。     

Spacecraft survivability in the natural debris environment near the stable Earth-Moon Lagrange points

The theoretical analysis of the motion of natural space debris near the stable Earth-Moon Lagrange Points, $L_4$ and $L_5$, is presented with a focus on the potential debris risks to spacecraft operating near these points. Specifically, the research formulates a debris propagation model using four-body dynamics, then applies candidate probabilistic survivability models to a notional spacecraft operating at the $L_4$ and $L_5$ Lagrange points to quantify the collision risks to the spacecraft from natural debris particles. Of the survivability models implemented, the natural debris collision risks to spacecraft survivability are found to be incredibly low, but mitigation strategies to reduce the risk further are identified in this study. Overall, research into stable Lagrange point natural debris propagation improves understanding of the collision risks posed by the naturally occurring Kordylewski clouds and enhances operational planning for Lagrange point space missions.     

航天器微流星体及空间碎片环境与风险分析

微流星体及空间碎片的高速撞击威胁着长寿命、大尺寸航天器的安全运行 ,导致其严重的损伤和灾难性的失效。文章对低地球轨道微流星体及空间碎片环境进行了分析 ,给出了微流星体及空间碎片对航天器威胁方向的确定方法 ,得到了空间碎片撞击航天器相对撞击角的概率分布以及地球对微流星体遮挡的影响。编制了风险分析软件 ,以采用单防护屏防护结构的柱状低地球轨道航天器为例进行风险分析。     

Progress in Space Debris Research

During recent years, A de-orbit disposal of SinoSat 2 satellite and the depletion of the residual propellant after SC/LV separation for all LM-4 series launch vehicles were carried out. Stuffed Whipple Shields based on hypervelocity impact particles were developed. Routine observation and collision avoidance were performed. The main progress in space debris research will be introduced from three aspects: mitigation, spacecraft protection, observation and collision avoidance.      

空间碎片环境工程模式参数分析

为了评估空间碎片对航天器造成的危害 ,必须建立空间碎片环境工程模式。文章介绍了空间碎片环境的特点及其工程模式表征方法 ,并比较、分析了几种主要空间碎片环境工程模式的参数 ;从数学建模及风险评估应用的需求出发 ,提出了空间碎片环境工程模式参数的建议方案     

The ratio of hazardous meteoroids to orbital debris in near-Earth space

Orbital debris is known to pose a substantial threat to Earth-orbiting spacecraft at certain altitudes. For instance, the orbital debris flux near Sun-synchronous altitudes of 600–800 km is particularly high due in part to the 2007 Fengyun-1C anti-satellite test and the 2009 Iridium-Kosmos collision. At other altitudes, however, the orbital debris population is minimal and the primary impactor population is not man-made debris particles but naturally occurring meteoroids. While the spacecraft community has some awareness of the risk posed by debris, there is a common misconception that orbital debris impacts dominate the risk at all locations. In this paper, we present a damage-limited comparison between meteoroids and orbital debris near the Earth for a range of orbital altitude and inclination, using NASA’s latest models for each environment. Overall, orbital debris dominates the impact risk between altitudes of 600 and 1300 km, while meteoroids dominate below 270 km and above 4800 km.     

Space Environment Prediction for SZ-4 and SZ-5

The Space Environment Prediction Center (SEPC) of the Center for Space Science and Applied Research of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (CSSAR, CAS)took on the mission of offering the space environment parameters which may be of use to the safety of manned spacecraft. In order to complete the space environment safety guarantee mission for SZ-4 and SZ-5, SEPC improved the space environment monitoring system, database system, prediction result display system, prediction implementation system, etc. For guaranteeing the safety of the airship and cosmonaut in the first manned SZ-5, flying experiment mission,SEPC developed the software for analyzing radiation dose and early-warning software for large debris collision with SZ-5. Three months before the flights of SZ-4 and SZ-5, SEPC began to predict the safe launch period in view of the space environment, and offered timely and valid reference opinions for selecting the safety period. Especially during the mission of SZ-5, SEPC analyzed the space high-energy environment in a pre-arranged orbit and abnormal orbit andevaluated the radiation dose which cosmonauts may encounter in space. The evaluation offered an important reference for cosmonaut safety and decisionmaking in the SZ-5 mission. The calculation of the distribution of large debris and the collision risk assessment at different orbit entry times for SZ-5 provided an important base for the superior department to make flight decisions.