固体发动机静止试验噪声分析的新途径

喷流噪声和气动噪声引起的声振是固体发动机静止试验时最严重的振环境。噪声分析通常是用精密声级计和滤波器，倍频程谱分析需用１１个档位的滤波器，１／３倍频程则需用３４个档位的滤波器。     

Clicks,whistles and pulses: Passive and active signal use in dolphin communication

The search for signals out of noise is a problem not only with radio signals from the sky but in the study of animal communication. Dolphins use multiple modalities to communicate including body postures, touch, vision, and most elaborately sound. Like SETI radio signal searches, dolphin sound analysis includes the detection, recognition, analysis, and interpretation of signals. Dolphins use both passive listening and active production to communicate. Dolphins use three main types of acoustic signals: frequency modulated whistles (narrowband with harmonics), echolocation (broadband clicks) and burst pulsed sounds (packets of closely spaced broadband clicks). Dolphin sound analysis has focused on frequency-modulated whistles, yet the most commonly used signals are burst-pulsed sounds which, due to their graded and overlapping nature and bimodal inter-click interval (ICI) rates are hard to categorize. We will look at: 1) the mechanism of sound production and categories of sound types, 2) sound analysis techniques and information content, and 3) examples of lessons learned in the study of dolphin acoustics. The goal of this paper is to provide perspective on how animal communication studies might provide insight to both passive and active SETI in the larger context of searching for life signatures.     

A human language corpus for interstellar message construction

The aim of HuLCC (the human language chorus corpus), is to provide a resource of sufficient size to facilitate inter-language analysis by incorporating languages from all the major language families: for the first time all aspects of typology will be incorporated within a single corpus, adhering to a consistent grammatical classification and granularity, which historically adopt a plethora of disparate schemes. An added feature will be the inclusion of a common text element, which will be translated across all languages, to provide a precise comparable thread for detailed linguistic analysis for translation strategies and a mechanism by which these mappings can be explicitly achieved. Methods developed to solve unambiguous mappings across these languages can then be adopted for any subsequent message authored by the SETI community. Initially, it is planned to provide at least 20,000 words for each chosen language, as this amount of text exceeds the point where randomly generated text can be disambiguated from natural language and is of sufficient size useful for message transmission [1] (Elliot, 2002). This paper details the design of this resource, which ultimately will be made available to SETI upon its completion, and discusses issues ‘core’ to any message construction.     

基于p-u探头测试法的双层微穿孔吸声体吸声性能试验研究

微穿孔吸声体广泛应用于建筑、汽车、航空航天等领域。文章基于p-u探头测试法研究双层微穿孔吸声体声腔体积对其吸声性能的影响。通过与阻抗管中测量得到的吸声系数对比,验证了p-u探头法测量双层微穿孔吸声体的吸声系数的适用性,弥补了传统阻抗管测试法无法测试真实尺寸试件的缺点。测量结果表明双层微穿孔吸声体板后声腔共振能提升吸声体的吸声性能,因此可以将合理设计声腔共振频率作为微穿孔吸声体优化设计的新思路。     

Respiratory mechanics after 180 days space mission (EUROMIR'95)

The present study reports data on respiratory function of lung and chest wall following the 180 days long European - Russian EuroMir '95 space mission. Data reported refer to two subjects studied before the mission, on day 9 and 175 in flight and on days 1, 10, 12, 27 and 120 after return. In-flight vital capacity (VC) and expiratory reserve volume (ERV) were similar to those in supine posture, namely approximately 5% and approximately 30% less than in sitting posture. On day 1 after return, VC was reduced by approximately 30% in both postures. This reflected a decrease in ERV (approximately 0.5 L) and in IC (inspiratory capacity, approximately 1.7 L) that could be attributed to a marked weakening of the respiratory muscles. Regain of normal preflight values barely occurred 120 days after return. Post-flight pressure-volume curves of the lung, chest wall and total respiratory system are equal to preflight ones. The pressure-volume curve of the lung in supine posture is displaced to the right relative to sitting posture and shows a lower compliance. As far as the lung in-flight condition resembles that occurring in supine posture, this implies a lower compliance, a greater amount of blood in the pulmonary microvascular bed, a more homogeneous lung perfusion and therefore a greater microvascular filtration rate towards lung interstitium.     

Thoracic sonography for pneumothorax: the clinical evaluation of an operational space medicine spin-off

The recent interest in the use of ultrasound (US) to detect pneumothoraces after acute trauma in North America was initially driven by an operational space medicine concern. Astronauts aboard the International Space Station (ISS) are at risk for pneumothoraces, and US is the only potential medical imaging available. Pneumothoraces are common following trauma, and are a preventable cause of death, as most are treatable with relatively simple interventions. While pneumothoraces are optimally diagnosed clinically, they are more often inapparent even on supine chest radiographs (CXR) with recent series reporting a greater than 50% rate of occult pneumothoraces. In the course of basic scientific investigations in a conventional and parabolic flight laboratory, investigators familiarized themselves with the sonographic features of both pneumothoraces and normal pulmonary ventilation. By examining the visceral–parietal pleural interface (VPPI) with US, investigators became confident in diagnosing pneumothoraces. This knowledge was subsequently translated into practice at an American and a Canadian trauma center. The sonographic examination was found to be more accurate and sensitive than CXR (US 96% and 100% versus US 74% and 36%) in specific circumstances. Initial studies have also suggested that detecting the US features of pleural pulmonary ventilation in the left lung field may offer the ability to exclude serious endotracheal tube malpositions such as right mainstem and esophageal intubations. Applied thoracic US is an example of a clinically useful space medicine spin-off that is improving health care on earth.     

火箭整流罩声振环境缩比特性研究

针对火箭整流罩全尺寸声振环境试验过程中难度大、成本高的问题，通过量纲分析的方法建立了缩比模型的相似准则，研究并获得了缩比模型与原模型之间内部声场、壁面振动加速度的关系，并使用声学有限元方法(FEM)进行了仿真计算。仿真结果表明，缩比模型与原模型场点处声压级相吻合，壁面振动加速度成一定的比例关系，符合缩比准则结果。该方法为火箭整流罩的声振环境预示和试验提供了理论依据。     

一种导航扫描天线监测系统的天线罩倾斜影响分析

文章通过天线罩倾斜时所产生的反射波对一种导航系统相控阵扫描天线监测系统影响的分析,得到了监测系统的监测角漂移与天线罩倾斜角及距离的关系,并提出解决监测角漂移问题的思路.     

基于贝叶斯优化的无人机路径规划算法

提出了一种基于贝叶斯优化算法的无人机路径规划方法。把无人机路径编码为离散时间上的速度和航向变化序列，每一步的速度和航向变化量都限制在无人机相应最大变化量之内，所以这种编码方法对应的物理轨迹是无人机可飞的。利用每代种群中的优良解集构造贝叶斯网络，用贝叶斯网络的结构体现染色体基因位之间的联系，用贝叶斯网络参数体现染色体基因位之间的联系程度。设计了一个多变量K2度量评价网络的优劣。用贝叶斯网络产生新的染色体以体现种群的进化，这取代了传统遗传算法的交叉和变异过程。如果不满足终止条件，则用新一代种群的优良解集构造贝叶斯网络，直到满足终止条件。仿真结果验证了算法的有效性。     

Heat transfer of thermocapillary convection in a two-layered fluid system under the influence of magnetic field

Heat transfer of a two-layer fluid system has been of great importance in a variety of industrial applications. For example, the phenomena of immiscible fluids can be found in materials processing and heat exchangers. Typically in solidification from a melt, the convective motion is the dominant factor that affects the uniformity of material properties. In the layered flow, thermocapillary forces can come into an important play, which was first emphasized by a previous investigator in 1958. Under extraterrestrial environments without gravity, thermocapillary effects can be a more dominant factor, which alters material properties in processing. Control and optimization of heat transfer in an immiscible fluid system need complete understanding of the flow phenomena that can be induced by surface tension at a fluid interface. The present work is focused on understanding of the magnetic field effects on thermocapillary convection, in order to optimize material processing. That is, it involves the study of the complicated phenomena to alter the flow motion in crystal growth. In this effort, the Marangoni convection in a cavity with differentially heated sidewalls is investigated with and without the influence of a magnetic field. As a first step, numerical analyzes are performed, by thoroughly investigating influences of all pertinent physical parameters. Experiments are then conducted, with preliminary results, for comparison with the numerical analyzes.     

月壤钻采进尺力形成机理及进尺力预测建模

针对月壤钻采过程中进尺力无法准确预测的问题,基于钻采过程中钻具进尺和回转运动模式下土体产生的位移和形变分析了进尺力形成机理。钻头下压使土体径向扩张从而产生的扩孔压力是决定进尺力大小的核心因素,同时,通过回转状态下有限土体柱孔扩张问题的等效解析解建立了进尺力预测模型。开展基础模拟月壤地面钻采试验,将低、中、高回转速度下的进尺力试验结果与仿真结果相对比,验证了进尺力形成机理的合理性以及进尺力预测模型的准确性,为其他地外天体钻取采样任务的技术突破提供了理论支持。     

An Analysis of the Navigation Metaphor—And Why It Works for the World Wide Web

People use spatial metaphors when they talk about activities on the World Wide Web, such as navigating the Web, reaching one's goal, visiting a Web site, or moving back to a previous Web page. These expressions are mappings from the physical world to an application domain. We analyze why Web users conceptualize clicking on a sequence of Web links as navigation. The semantics of an object or an activity in its source domain can be defined over its behavior with a set of axioms. We propose that these axioms must also be satisfied in the target domain for an object or activity to yield a sound metaphor. We use a first-order algebraic specification language to define the semantics of navigation in the real world as a set of axioms, specify a Web navigating agent as algebra, and demonstrate that there exists a morphism between both specifications, which means that the Web agent behaves according to the set of wayfinding axioms. This suggested method is another step towards a formally grounded explanation of metaphorical mappings.     

ZnO粉末质子辐照损伤效应

文章研究了90keV质子辐照作用下ZnO粉末的辐照损伤机制。ZnO粉末的质子辐照损伤方式以电离效应为主,质子辐照后ZnO粉末表面产生大量的氧空位型缺陷(Vo**,Vo*和Vo)。氧空位型缺陷的产生是ZnO粉末光谱反射系数下降的主要原因。实验结果表明:质子辐照下,ZnO粉末光学性能退化主要发生在可见光区,在红外区间ZnO粉末光学性能退化不明显。     

Some problems of identifying types of large-scale solar wind and their role in the physics of the magnetosphere

This paper discusses the errors in analyzing solar-terrestrial relationships, which result from either disregarding the types of interplanetary drivers in studying the magnetosphere response on their effect or from the incorrect identification of the type of these drivers. In particular, it has been shown that the absence of selection between the Sheath and ICME (the study of so-called CME-induced storms, i.e., magnetic storms generated by CME) leads to errors in the studies of interplanetary conditions of magnetic storm generation, because the statistical analysis has shown that, in the Sheath + ICME sequences, the largest number of storm onsets fell on the Sheath, and the largest number of storms maxima fell at the end of the Sheath and the beginning of the ICME. That is, the situation is observed most frequently when at least the larger part of the main phase of storm generation falls on the Sheath and, in reality, Sheath-induced storms are observed. In addition, we consider several cases in which magnetic storms were generated by corotating interaction regions, whereas the authors attribute them to CME.     

From initial ideas to a European plan: GMES as an exemplar of European space strategy

Global Monitoring for Environment and Security (GMES) is an idea which originated during a meeting in Baveno, Italy, in May 1998, which generated a call for Europe to get its act together in the field of environmental monitoring from space, to define a well articulated strategy in this area and to build upon its excellent scientific research community, its proven technical prowess in Earth observation from space and its nascent political will to express its objectives in international fora related to climate change and other global environment topics. While Europe was already active in the most advanced areas of global monitoring, its rather uncoordinated efforts (even within the European Commission) lacked visibility and did not appear to fit into a clearly established strategy. The ‘Baveno initiative’ was an attempt to remedy this situation and find a place within a developing ‘European Strategy for Space’, which requires ESA and the European Union to work more closely together. GMES was extended to include the ‘security’ (in its wider sense) aspects of global monitoring, a move that produced a number of questions and misunderstandings, but which allowed many in Europe to realize that monitoring the activities of the Earth’ land masses, oceans and atmosphere do include a security dimension. GMES will eventually incorporate an implementation plan which will call upon various monitoring techniques, ambitious modelling projects and connections with society's more urgent requirements with respect to environmental protection and prevention or reduction of risks related to natural hazards. This will entail significant efforts to inform the user communities and to convince them of the relevance and usefulness of this initiative. It will also provide a sound basis for the European contribution to the new initiative for improved coordination of strategies and systems for Earth observations called for by the July 2003 Earth Observation Summit.     

弹道式飞行器惯性制导机电式方法的研究历史

以分析最初的资料和报告为基础,介绍了前苏联进行的弹道式飞行器沿“刚性”和“柔韧”(自适应)轨迹惯性制导机电方法数学论证和研制方面的历史,叙述了以著名惯导专家伊什林斯基为首的学派研究出的飞行器惯性制导方案在3个方面的实现情况:1)在被称作λ,μ惯性制导泛函形式下,使用视加速度积分陀螺仪,可以不用积分计算仪表而在飞行器本体上构成主要的制导方程;2)主要的制导方程可以转换成被称作α,β惯性制导泛函的形式,在飞行器本体上构成该泛函时完全不需要复杂的计算装置;3)所研究的机电方法不仅能够通过修正所设计的主动段的距离实现在垂直平面内对飞行器质心运动轨迹的单参数修正,也即沿被称作“刚性的”轨迹制导,而且还能对所设计的俯仰转弯角进行修正,也即实现双参数修正,沿着被称作“柔韧性的”轨迹制导.对于使用固体火箭发动机,推力调节有困难的情况,后者具有重要的意义.给出了某些方法的方块图,其中包括最简单的一种一按α,β泛函制导的情况.     

声腔深度和相对开口面积的确定

根据二维声腔模型的声学试验结果和四分之一波管的理论公式,给出了直孔(槽)声腔和四种有进口肋声腔的有效深度计算公式。用该公式对几个推力室进行验算,得到可借鉴的声速比数值范围。依据设置声腔的二十多个推力室的稳定性鉴定试验数据,统计得到声腔相对开口面积的经验公式。     

一种轻质管束穿孔板吸声结构声学特性试验研究

管束穿孔板吸声结构具有低频调谐吸声能力,但现有管束穿孔板吸声结构质量较大,限制了其在对运载效率有极高要求的火箭上应用。为此,在常规管束穿孔板吸声结构的基础上,提出一种轻质管束穿孔板吸声结构构型,设计了2种吸声频段互补的结构单元,并对其开展吸声及隔声测试。测试结果表明,轻质管束穿孔板吸声结构在100～500 Hz频段内吸声系数基本上都在0.5以上,隔声量提升达5.1 dB;此外,轻质管束穿孔板吸声结构的密度仅为18 kg/m3,相对于传统管束穿孔板吸声结构减重达80%。     

SpaceFibre星载网络服务质量实现研究

为实现SpaceFibre星载网络中短时间内大量实时数据流的可靠传输,满足不同空间任务的服务质量(QoS)要求,提出一种基于二进制序列调度的新算法。该算法根据星载网络中的不同流量特征生成对应的二进制调度序列,可以很好地解决复杂数据流量的调度与不同数据流量带宽需求之间的权衡问题,实现了SpaceFibre协议框架下的QoS功能。最后给出了算法的延时性能分析与实例仿真,结果表明由该算法生成的二进制序列调度机制在传输时延上有着较好的灵活性和确定性。     

喷管尺寸对超声速喷流噪声影响研究

为研究喷管尺寸对超声速喷流噪声特性的影响及其声场分布规律而设计了冷流实验系统,选用3种不同尺寸的喷管,采用LMS数据采集系统及噪声处理软件,对不同喷管尺寸、不同来流压强下的喷流噪声进行了采集和处理.实验结果表明,超声速喷流噪声具有较强的指向性,随着测点偏离喷流中心轴线角度从30°增加到180°,其声压级峰值逐渐减小,峰...