Cosmological Shock Waves

Large-scale structure formation, accretion and merging processes, AGN activity produce cosmological gas shocks. The shocks convert a fraction of the energy of gravitationally accelerated flows to internal energy of the gas. Being the main gas-heating agent, cosmological shocks could amplify magnetic fields and accelerate energetic particles via the multi-fluid plasma relaxation processes. We first discuss the basic properties of standard single-fluid shocks. Cosmological plasma shocks are expected to be collisionless. We then review the plasma processes responsible for the microscopic structure of collisionless shocks. A tiny fraction of the particles crossing the shock is injected into the non-thermal energetic component that could get a substantial part of the ram pressure power dissipated at the shock. The energetic particles penetrate deep into the shock upstream producing an extended shock precursor. Scaling relations for postshock ion temperature and entropy as functions of shock velocity in strong collisionless multi-fluid shocks are discussed. We show that the multi-fluid nature of collisionless shocks results in excessive gas compression, energetic particle acceleration, precursor gas heating, magnetic field amplification and non-thermal emission. Multi-fluid shocks provide a reduced gas entropy production and could also modify the observable thermodynamic scaling relations for clusters of galaxies.     

一种制备C/C复合材料的高效等温ICVI工艺

将传统的负压等温化学气相渗透(ICVI)工艺加以改进,在常压条件下以丙烯为气态前驱体,氮气为稀释气体,通过定向扩散和控制滞留时间,经 100h沉积后制备出密度为 1 72g/cm3 的 C/C复合材料。该方法克服了传统等温CVI工艺致密化速率较慢的问题,提高了致密化效率,有利于降低C/C复合材料的制备成本。     

变截面管道中激波诱导的两相流动

本文研究扩张型与收缩型变截面管道中激波诱导的非定常两相流动。对于稀相气固悬浮体采用了双连续介质模型,对于两相流动按照准一维近似处理。控制方程则是利用算子分裂技术和二阶GRP方法数值求解。文中给出了波后气固两相的流动结构,并讨论了粒子对两相流场的影响。     

Metal Enrichment Processes

There are many processes that can transport gas from the galaxies to their environment and enrich the environment in this way with metals. These metal enrichment processes have a large influence on the evolution of both the galaxies and their environment. Various processes can contribute to the gas transfer: ram-pressure stripping, galactic winds, AGN outflows, galaxy-galaxy interactions and others. We review their observational evidence, corresponding simulations, their efficiencies, and their time scales as far as they are known to date. It seems that all processes can contribute to the enrichment. There is not a single process that always dominates the enrichment, because the efficiencies of the processes vary strongly with galaxy and environmental properties.     

注气离心喷嘴喷注过程稳定性试验

为了解管路注气对补燃循环液氧煤油发动机预燃室煤油离心喷嘴喷注过程稳定性的影响，在大气环境下开展了敞口型离心喷嘴注气时喷注过程稳定性试验。使用注气装置在离心喷嘴的上游供应管路中注入空气，通过高速相机记录管路内的两相流特征和喷嘴喷注过程的振荡特征，采用图像区域亮度分析方法定量评估喷注过程的振荡强度。研究发现：注气能显著改变敞口型离心喷嘴的喷注雾化过程及稳定性特征；注气后雾化液膜破碎距离缩短且喷雾角减小，喷注过程出现明显的振荡并伴随Klystron效应；管路内两相流的气泡尺度较大且切向孔较小时，喷注过程的振荡幅值较大；随着注气量增加，喷注过程的振荡频率降低；气泡尺度及两相流型对离心喷嘴喷注振荡过程的影响与普通气泡雾化喷嘴的显著不同，柱状流型时离心喷嘴喷注过程出现1~3 Hz流量振荡且可能间歇性断流。气泡对切向孔的间歇性堵塞作用可能是喷注过程振荡及Klystron效应的原因。     

Modeling of cooling processes in the variable section channel of a gas conduit

Using the results of numerical modeling of nonstationary gas hydrodynamic working processes in the gas conduit variable section channel when removing and cooling hot gases of different purpose technical plants, an engineering technique has been developed to provide the gas conduit operation under limitations on the flow temperature in the outlet plant section. A multiparametric area of permissible gas conduit operation connecting the characteristics of technical plants, gas conduit and water feeding system is presented.     

Equilibration Processes in the Warm-Hot Intergalactic Medium

The Warm-Hot Intergalactic Medium (WHIM) is thought to contribute about 40–50% to the baryonic budget at the present evolution stage of the universe. The observed large scale structure is likely to be due to gravitational growth of density fluctuations in the post-inflation era. The evolving cosmic web is governed by non-linear gravitational growth of the initially weak density fluctuations in the dark energy dominated cosmology. Non-linear structure formation, accretion and merging processes, star forming and AGN activity produce gas shocks in the WHIM. Shock waves are converting a fraction of the gravitation power to thermal and non-thermal emission of baryonic/leptonic matter. They provide the most likely way to power the luminous matter in the WHIM. The plasma shocks in the WHIM are expected to be collisionless. Collisionless shocks produce a highly non-equilibrium state with anisotropic temperatures and a large differences in ion and electron temperatures. We discuss the ion and electron heating by the collisionless shocks and then review the plasma processes responsible for the Coulomb equilibration and collisional ionisation equilibrium of oxygen ions in the WHIM. MHD-turbulence produced by the strong collisionless shocks could provide a sizeable non-thermal contribution to the observed Doppler parameter of the UV line spectra of the WHIM.     

火箭发动机燃气射流驱动液柱降噪实验

为了研究单兵火箭燃气射流噪声抑制的方法,设计了液体水柱放置在尾管中,采用高速摄影系统观察了高温高压燃气驱动液体水柱在大气环境中的扩散过程,并对气液混合物射流噪声声压进行了测量,对比了有无液体水柱两种状态下射流的测试结果.实验结果表明,在尾管中放置液体水柱后,由于气液之间的相互作用,改变了燃气射流流场结构以及降低了射流特征参数.通过与无液体水柱的燃气射流对比,发现有液体水柱时整个测点区域的噪声声压级峰值均有较大幅度的降低,且地面对声波的反射也减弱,噪声声压级峰值随着测点偏离射流中心轴线角度的增大而逐渐减小.因此,放置液体水柱后起到了明显的降噪效果,在偏离角为45°位置声压级峰值降低了6.4dB,验证了此方案的可行性.      

航空燃气涡轮发动机燃气分析测试及计算方法

针对航空燃气涡轮发动机整机及燃烧室部件试验的燃气分析测试,介绍了测试的原理和系统组成,完善了液体碳氢燃料的计算方法,发展了气体燃料的计算方法;分析了燃气组分测量值误差对燃烧参数计算结果的影响,讨论了取样方式及混合式取样器结构的影响,给出了混合式取样器结构是否合理的判定条件;对比了高压全环燃烧室试验的燃气分析和常规测试的结果,结果表明:使用设计合理的混合式取样器、保证足够的测点密度和使用合理配置的燃气分析测试系统,余气系数的测量精度优于5%,并对热电偶法和燃气分析法燃烧效率偏差进行了分析.      

气液同轴离心式喷嘴喷雾流场数值模拟

采用计算流体动力学（ＣＦＤ）方法对气液同轴离心式喷嘴冷态液雾两相流场进行了数值模拟，并且与试验结果进行了比较。为了比较，计算中采用的入口边界条件和液滴质量平均直径（ＭＭＤ）及其分布规律都是由试验确定的。研究了气液喷注压降对喷雾流动过程和流强分布的影响规律。结果表明，数值模型和计算程序能较好地模拟气液同轴离心式喷嘴两相喷雾流动过程，喷雾的存在对流场流型有很大的影响。     

Thermodynamical Properties of the ICM from Hydrodynamical Simulations

Modern hydrodynamical simulations offer nowadays a powerful means to trace the evolution of the X-ray properties of the intra-cluster medium (ICM) during the cosmological history of the hierarchical build up of galaxy clusters. In this paper we review the current status of these simulations and how their predictions fare in reproducing the most recent X-ray observations of clusters. After briefly discussing the shortcomings of the self-similar model, based on assuming that gravity only drives the evolution of the ICM, we discuss how the processes of gas cooling and non-gravitational heating are expected to bring model predictions into better agreement with observational data. We then present results from the hydrodynamical simulations, performed by different groups, and how they compare with observational data. As terms of comparison, we use X-ray scaling relations between mass, luminosity, temperature and pressure, as well as the profiles of temperature and entropy. The results of this comparison can be summarised as follows: (a) simulations, which include gas cooling, star formation and supernova feedback, are generally successful in reproducing the X-ray properties of the ICM outside the core regions; (b) simulations generally fail in reproducing the observed “cool core” structure, in that they have serious difficulties in regulating overcooling, thereby producing steep negative central temperature profiles. This discrepancy calls for the need of introducing other physical processes, such as energy feedback from active galactic nuclei, which should compensate the radiative losses of the gas with high density, low entropy and short cooling time, which is observed to reside in the innermost regions of galaxy clusters.     

Influence of the disperse phase properties on characteristics of the shock wave passing the direct shock from pure gas in the gas mixture

In this paper, a mathematical model of the nonequilibrium multiphase medium dynamics based on a two-speed two-temperature approximation of interpenetrative continuum mechanics is used to describe the nonstationary processes in a gas suspension. The influence of particle size and their volume content as well as the true density on the process of distributing a shockwave of pure gas into a gas suspension was investigated by means of numerical modeling.     

高温合金涡轮叶片材料的现状与发展

 本文回顾了自1956年以来,近三十年我国航空发动机铸造涡轮叶片的发展历史和现状,归纳了在此期间材料和铸造科研人员提供的铸造高温合金和铸造方法,满足了航空发动机的需要。 在铸造动叶片、空心叶片的陶瓷型芯、弥散强化合金的研究与运用计算机进行质量控制等方面都取得显著的成就。 着眼为将来发展高性能发动机,文中提出研究陶瓷和难熔金属材料以适应下列要求: 1.更高的工作温度 2.更高的表面稳定性 3.更高的力学性能 除了应不怕失败地发展上述材料外,还应考虑高温合金仍是550～1100℃下工作的发动机结构件材料,而且还要使用一段很长的时间。因此,要研究推广计算机的应用。难熔金属模具及真空压铸叶片工艺的改进,将提高叶片质量和代替传统的熔模铸造工艺。     

点火瞬态燃气在翼槽内的充填现象研究

翼槽内的火焰传播过程首先是燃气充填过程,其次是火焰传播过程。采用高速摄影技术测定了点火瞬态模拟实验发动机后翼槽区内的燃气充填现象,研究了不同设计参数对燃气充填过程的影响,发现燃气在翼槽内充填时间的长短与升压梯度和翼槽的宽度有关,流动形式与初始燃气速度和喷管潜入深度有关。     

真实气体流动的相似规律

本文从具有化学反应的NS方程出发导出了真实气体流动的相似律,分别给出了高温空气非平衡流、平衡流和冻结流的相似参数。文中还讨论了航天飞机轨道器各种Mach数范围内的真实气体流动的相似参数和实验模拟问题。     

不同材料发汗冷却结构下氢冷却性能

为了实现航空航天等领域高温大热流燃烧装置的有效冷却,研究了不同材料和工艺制成的发汗冷却结构在高温高热流密度下,氢的发汗冷却性能。模拟高压推力室的结构特点和高热流设计发汗冷却试验件,用电弧加热主流空气模拟高温燃气、以氢气为发汗冷却剂对多孔陶瓷、烧结多孔不锈钢和多孔层板材料进行了33次172 s热试验研究。试验的材料设计孔隙率为10%~40%,燃烧室压力为2.7~8.4 MPa,主流燃气温度约为3 600 K,主流空气流量为220~1 490 g/s,冷却氢气流量为9.6~57 g/s,注入率为0.005~0.029。试验结果表明:当冷却剂氢注入率为1%时,主流与多孔陶瓷材料壁面和粉末冶金多孔结构壁面之间的换热分别减少了30%和70%以上;当注入率为3%时,主流与光刻多孔层间结构壁面之间的换热也能降低60%。证明氢发汗冷却可以有效减小壁面与燃气之间的对流热流。最后还总结得出了常温氢气对高压大热流环境进行发汗冷却的性能关联式。      

蜂窝式轴心通风器油气分离性能计算

为对航空发动机蜂窝式轴心通风器油气分离效率进行研究,建立考虑油气双向耦合的流场计算方法及油滴/壁面相互作用模型,在验证通风阻力及油气分离效率可靠性的基础上,对不同转速、通风流量和环境温度下蜂窝式轴心通风器的油气分离效果进行计算和分析.结果表明:转速的增加会使油气分离效率得到提升,而通风流量和环境温度的增加则导致油气分离效率的降低.蜂窝孔结构的加入对通风阻力影响不大,却对通风器的滑油分离过程起主要作用,计算表明其对滑油分离贡献率在80%以上.      

用于某重型燃气轮机的气体流量试验器研制

阐述了自行研制的某型气体流量试验器的设计思路、系统组成、构件选择以及相关试验.该试验器用于国家863重大项目R0110重型燃机燃烧室喷嘴气体流量测量.该试验器巧妙地将测量系统、操作系统、数据显示、采集与处理系统结合在一起,不仅使设备结构紧凑,占地空间小,实现了单人操作完成试验,并且进气调节系统、冷却器、加温器各成单元便于拆装、运输以及检修、更换.试验器运行稳定,测量精确,成为一种通用高精度气体流量试验系统,可广泛应用于航空发动机、地面燃气轮机和燃用气体燃料的动力装置的喷嘴流量测量.     

Numerical modeling of flow mixing and cooling processes in a perforated exhaust duct

Numerical studies of gas-hydrodynamic processes in a perforated exhaust duct are carried out. The distributions of velocity and temperature fields are obtained for different design of exhaust duct. The thermal effect of hot gas on the exhaust duct walls is analyzed.     

Thermal state calculation of chamber in small thrust liquid rocket engine for steady state pulsed mode

This paper presents a method of thermal state calculation of combustion chamber in small thrust liquid rocket engine. The goal is to predict the thermal state of chamber wall by using basic parameters of engine: thrust level, propellants, chamber pressure, injection pattern, film cooling parameters, material of wall and their coating, etc. The difficulties in modeling the startup and shutdown processes of thrusters lie in the fact that there are the conjugated physical processes occurring at various parameters for non-design conditions. A mathematical model to predict the thermal state of the combustion chamber for different engine operation modes is developed. To simulate the startup and shutdown processes, a quasi-steady approach is applied by replacing the transient process with time-variant operating parameters of steady-state processes. The mathematical model is based on several principles and data commonly used for heat transfer modeling: geometry of flow part, gas dynamics of flow, thermodynamics of propellants and combustion spices, convective and radiation heat flows, conjugated heat transfer between hot gas and wall, and transient approach for calculation of thermal state of construction. Calculations of the thermal state of the combustion chamber in single-turn-on mode show good convergence with the experimental results. The results of pulsed modes indicate a large temperature gradient on the internal wall surface of the chamber between pulses and the thermal state of the wall strongly depends on the pulse duration and the interval.