世界空间保险业的现状分析与研究(中)

2.2 空间保险的特征 与汽车保险、火灾保险、医疗保险等一般的损失保险相比,空间保险有以下几点突出的特征.     

世界空间保险形势简析

1997年4月17～18日，由目前世界空间保险能力最大的一家保险公司——意大利Generalie公司组织召开了两年一次的例会。有400多名有关专家分别代表世界卫星和运载火箭的保险公司、经纪人、制造商和用户出席了这次会议，通过交流，大家一致认识到，世界空间保险事业处于非常好的健康发展状态。总的形势可概括为：损失减小。保险费降低、发射量增多、发射能力增强。由原来的得失相当，发展成现在的得大大超过失的状况。从整体上讲，世界空间保险为净利，虽根据不同的估算，结果存在一定差别，但大约在14～18亿美元之间。在对世界空间保险做总结…     

世界空间保险业的现状分析与研究(上)

1　前言□□众所周知 ,空间技术是各种尖端技术的综合 ,需要较高的投入 ,同时也是技术风险极高的领域。经过近半个世纪的努力 ,人类在空间领域已取得非凡的成就。截至 2 0 0 1年 1月 ,苏联 /俄罗斯发射成功的航天器计310 5个 ,失败 181个 ;美国发射成功航天器共 16 82个 ,失败 172个。这些数据很清楚地说明了空间技术具有高风险性。保险业在其他领域的成熟和快速发展促进了它迈入空间领域 ,因为空间技术的高投入也意味着可以有高的保险收入。2 0世纪 80～ 90年代 ,世界空间工业迅速发展并取得惊人的成就。例如 ,世界各国发射的商用卫星 ,198…     

加拿大的空间工业概况与空间研究现状

加拿大的国土面积仅次于原苏联,居世界第２位。人口２７００万,国民总产值等于日本的１／１０。由于比邻美国,受美国６０年代大力开展空间活动的影响,加拿大空间工业也得到迅速发展。它是世界上第一个拥有国内通信卫星的国家（１９７２年）,迄今已发射了五代“兄弟”系列通信卫星。加拿大在６０年代就研制了由美国代为发射的一颗国际电离层研究科学卫星,星上观测仪器工作时间长达１９年之久。在７０年代美国开始研制重复使用的航天飞机时,加拿大承包了机上机械臂手,从１９８４年航天飞机开始飞行到１９９３年１２月２日奋进号航天飞…     

国外空间探测发展现状

1　引言□□空间探测的历史 ,经历了地面无线电探测、探空火箭探测、卫星和飞船探测几个阶段。进入空间时代后 ,空间探测已经是一种分工非常精细、内容非常广泛的高技术领域 ,并且随着空间技术的发展 ,人类将从认识和探索空间环境 ,转而进入开发和利用空间环境及资源。应用卫星的大规模发展和载人航天技术的突破 ,使得空间探测已成为探索宇宙奥秘、开发宇宙资源、探索人类新的活动疆域、解决人类社会资源短缺和环境恶化等全世界共同涉及的社会经济问题的重要途径。空间探测已成为美国、俄罗斯、欧洲和日本等拥有空间技术实力的国家在 2 1世…     

临近空间天文台发展现状与展望

临近空间天文台是一种特殊的天文台, 其选址于临近空间, 主要依托于高空科学气球浮空器平台. 中美等国家在20世纪大力推动高空科学气球技术发展, 形成了完整和成熟的科学气球系统, 进而促进了临近空间天文台的发展. 目前基于高空科学气球的临近空间天文台发展已经进入实用阶段, 在具体技术的研究上, 已从基础性应用技术向多用途、多功能的平台结构, 高可靠性、高稳定性和高精度控制等方面发展. 制约临近空间天文台发展的关键技术正在不断取得进展: 长航时飞行技术通过超压气球的实现得到突破, 高精度稳定指向技术由通过WASP系统的实现得到突破. 基于高空科学气球的临近空间天文台能够作为空间科学天文观测先进仪器的前期验证平台, 有效提升天基天文台任务的成功率.     

世界空间保险业的现状分析与研究(下)

3　空间保险的合同计划3.1　合同计划□□在国外 ,通常由经纪人在保险合同者与保险公司之间担任保险合同签署的中间人。当最初保险公司提出再保险情况时 ,多数也采用经纪人作为它的再保险交易介绍人。这种再保险情况的经纪人称为“再保险经纪人”,它与前者的“最初经纪人”的作     

空间环境天基探测现状与需求分析

天基空间环境探测是了解空间环境状态及变化规律的重要手段, 同时也是保障人类空间活动安全的空间环境预报业务的重要数据来源. 为了促进中国空间环境天基探测的发展和合理布局, 本文分析总结了空间环境天基探测的现状、特点以及能够服务于空间天气预报的业务监测能力情况, 从空间环境业务保障角度分析了空间环境天基探测的需求, 并对中国天基空间环境探测的发展思路进行了初步探讨分析.     

国际空间保险业的现状

1991年9月26～27日在美国休斯顿召开了来自美国、德国、意大利、英国、澳大利亚、日本以及北欧几个国家的约30家空间保险商代表会议。会议期间参观了休斯顿空间中心,并收到休斯公司有关HS601卫星系列的技术简介。与会者期望休斯公司能把决定保险的卫星数量告诉与会代表。据估计休斯公司可能有15颗卫星要保险:它们是2颗澳大利亚卫星-2,3颗银河通信卫星,10颗美国海军超高频通信卫星。总价值     

空间站太阳能热动力发电系统研究进展

空间太阳能热动力发电系统是非常有前景的未来空间能源供应系统，在费用和性能上已经显示出了很大的优势，国际上对于它的研究已经超过40年。文章从热机循环方案、各主要部件的研究等方面介绍了空间太阳能热动力发电系统的工作原理和技术发展，并且与其它电源系统进行了技术比较，显示出这种供电方式的较大优势。根据国外研究经验，提出了发展中国空间太阳能热动力发电系统研究的建议。     

Development of in-situ Space Debris Detector

Due to high relative velocities, collisions of spacecraft in orbit with Space Debris (SD) or Micrometeoroids (MM) can lead to payload degradation, anomalies as well as failures in spacecraft operation, or even loss of mission. Flux models and impact risk assessment tools, such as MASTER (Meteoroid and Space Debris Terrestrial Environment Reference) or ORDEM (Orbital Debris Engineering Model), and ESABASE2 or BUMPER II are used to analyse mission risk associated with these hazards. Validation of flux models is based on measured data. Currently, as most of the SD and MM objects are too small (millimeter down to micron sized) for ground-based observations (e.g. radar, optical), the only available data for model validation is based upon retrieved hardware investigations e.g. Long Duration Exposure Facility (LDEF), Hubble Space Telescope (HST), European Retrievable Carrier (EURECA). Since existing data sets are insufficient, further in-situ experimental investigation of the SD and MM populations are required. This paper provides an overview and assessment of existing and planned SD and MM impact detectors. The detection area of the described detectors is too small to adequately provide the missing data sets. Therefore an innovative detection concept is proposed that utilises existing spacecraft components for detection purposes. In general, solar panels of a spacecraft provide a large area that can be utilised for in-situ impact detection. By using this method on several spacecraft in different orbits the detection area can be increased significantly and allow the detection of SD and MM objects with diameters as low as 100 μm. The design of the detector is based on damage equations from HST and EURECA solar panels. An extensive investigation of those panels was performed by ESA and is summarized within this paper. Furthermore, an estimate of the expected sensitivity of the patented detector concept as well as examples for its implementation into large and small spacecraft are presented.     

Space telescope and cosmology

The status of institutional arrangements and of the hardware development for Space Telescope are highlighted. After a brief summary of instrument characteristics, some examples are given on the possible use of the ST to study objects of interest to cosmology.     

Depth dose measurements with the Liulin-5 experiment inside the spherical phantom of the MATROSHKA-R project onboard the International Space Station

The Liulin-5 experiment is a part of the international project MATROSHKA-R on the Russian segment of the ISS, which uses a tissue-equivalent spherical phantom equipped with a set of radiation detectors. The objective of the MATROSHKA-R project is to provide depth dose distribution of the radiation field inside the sphere in order to get more information on the distribution of dose in a human body. Liulin-5 is a charged particle telescope using three silicon detectors. It measures time resolved energy deposition spectra, linear energy transfer (LET) spectra, particle flux, and absorbed doses of electrons, protons and heavy ions, simultaneously at three depths along the radius of the phantom. Measurements during the minimum of the solar activity in cycle 23 show that the average absorbed daily doses at 40 mm depth in the phantom are between 180 μGy/day and 220 μGy/day. The absorbed doses at 165 mm depth in the phantom decrease by a factor of 1.6–1.8 compared to the doses at 40 mm depth due to the self-shielding of the phantom from trapped protons. The average dose equivalent at 40 mm depth is 590 ± 32 μSV/day and the galactic cosmic rays (GCR) contribute at least 70% of the total dose equivalent at that depth. Shown is that due to the South Atlantic Anomaly (SAA) trapped protons asymmetry and the direction of Liulin-5 lowest shielding zone the dose rates on ascending and descending nodes in SAA are different. The data obtained are compared to data from other radiation detectors on ISS.     

两类空间目标的非参数姿态判别方法

在详细分析空间轨道目标窄带雷达特性的基础上,利用非参数统计学的随机游程检验理论对空间目标的稳定方式进行判别,从而实现对绕质心旋转和非旋转这两类目标的分类识别。     

防静电白色热控涂层的空间环境性能试验

通过在氧化锌晶格中掺入重金属离子，得到具有防静电功能的白色颜料，再以丙烯酸树脂为粘合剂制备出空间飞行器外表面用的ACR－1防静电白色热控涂层；研究了空间环境效应（包括紫外辐照，电子和质子辐照）对该热控涂层太阳吸收率的影响并与有机硅白色热控涂层进行了比较，地面模拟空间环境试验研究结果证明，ACR－1防静电白色热控涂层具有良好的空间稳定性。     

Space weather center in Japan

Progress in information technology has enabled to collecting data in near real-time. This significantly improves our ability to monitor space weather conditions. We deliver information on near real-time space weather conditions via the internet. We have started two collaborations with space weather users. One is a measurement of geomagnetically induced current (GIC) of power grids in collaboration with a Japanese power company. The other concerns radiation hazards for aircrews. The radiation exposure level for aircrews was been determined by the Japanese government by the end of 2005. The proposed upper limit is 5 mSV a year. We are actively seeking ways to contribute to this subject. Our activities at the Japanese space weather center are reported in this paper.     

给国际空间站算笔帐

美国航宇局估计,自1994年以来,国际空间站已花费了美国纳税人500亿美元,如果考虑到所有成员国的支出,国际空间站的总价至少得打上1000亿美元的价签。数目太大了,我们就容易失去对数目的直观感觉。为了对这个在太空中飞     

Preparation of the Biochip experiment on the EXPOSE-R2 mission outside the International Space Station

Biochips might be suited for planetary exploration. Indeed, they present great potential for the search for biomarkers – molecules that are the sign of past or present life in space – thanks to their size (miniaturized devices) and sensitivity. Their detection principle is based on the recognition of a target molecule by affinity receptors fixed on a solid surface. Consequently, one of the main concerns when developing such a system is the behavior of the biological receptors in a space environment. In this paper, we describe the preparation of an experiment planned to be part of the EXPOSE-R2 mission, which will be conducted on the EXPOSE-R facility, outside the International Space Station (ISS), in order to study the resistance of biochip models to space constraints (especially cosmic radiation and thermal cycling). This experiment overcomes the limits of ground tests which do not reproduce exactly the space parameters. Indeed, contrary to ground experiments where constraints are applied individually and in a limited time, the biochip models on the ISS will be exposed to cumulated constraints during several months. Finally, this ISS experiment is a necessary step towards planetary exploration as it will help assessing whether a biochip can be used for future exploration missions.     

Space Weather applications with CDPP/AMDA

AMDA (Automated Multi-Dataset Analysis), a new data analysis service, recently opened at the French Plasma Physics Data Center (CDPP). AMDA is developed according to the Virtual Observatory paradigm: it is a web-based facility for on-line analyses of space physics. Data may come from its own local database as well as remote ones. This tool allows the user to perform classical manipulations such as data visualization, parameter computation and data extraction. AMDA also offers innovative functionalities such as event searches on the content of the data in either visual or automated ways, generation, use and management of time tables (event lists). The general functionalities of AMDA are presented in the context of Space Weather with example scientific use cases.