白宫发布的首份国家地月空间科技战略

地月空间为推进科学、技术和探索提供了巨大潜力，是人类活动的新区域。美国白宫科技政策办公室（OSTP）发布首份国家地月空间科技战略，为协调美国政府各部门及合作者在美国空间优先事项框架下开展负责任的、以和平为目的的、可持续的地月空间探索与利用，提供了早期共同愿景，并首次提出地月空间早期发展的4个最高优先级的科学和技术目标，包括:支持研究和开发，以实现未来地月空间的长期发展；扩大地月空间国际科技合作；将美国的空间态势感知能力拓展到地月空间；通过可扩展和可互操作的方式实施地月空间通信和定位、导航和授时，以促进地月空间科学发现、经济发展和国际合作。      

微纳卫星L1点Halo轨道转移轨道设计

针对地月空间探测任务的高风险、高成本,提出了利用微纳卫星完成地月空间环境监测、未知空间探索及地月空间动力学验证的方案,从而为未来建立地月空间运输系统建立良好基础。借助地月空间三体动力学和小推力轨道设计中的直接法,设计了针对微纳卫星的低能耗地月转移方案。结果表明:微纳卫星借助火箭上面级,从GEO轨道出发飞向L1点Halo轨道,所需速度增量为1.033 km/s,转移时间为40.02 d;不借助火箭上面级,所需速度增量为1.397 5 km/s,转移时间为48.7 d。     

未来的空间生命科学

本文分析了空间生命科学的发展战略,对21世纪初期的研究设想进行了概括,较详细地介绍了空间生命科学四个方面的内容:空间生理学和医学,包括空间医学、空间生理学、空间作业医学和人在空间的作用;空间生物学,包括重力生物学、可控生态生保系统、生物圈和地外生物学;空间站生物医学工程以及空间生物材料的加工生产。本文还讨论了各方面存在的主要问题和今后的发展趋向,特别强调了空间高枝术应用对促进国民经济发展的巨大潜力。     

空间计量技术研究现状及展望

空间计量是保障地外空间的测量单位统一、测量量值准确可靠的技术和管理活动。本文对空间计量概念进行了全面描述,介绍了国内外在空间计量技术领域的发展现状及取得的部分成果,并提出了空间计量领域的发展趋势。     

美国空军策划未来天战

据空间网报道,美国空军已经草拟了一份长达176页题为“转型飞行计划”的文件。该文件对如何最好地扩展美国空间军事力量提供了全面的审视,明确指出美国需要在近几年内组成一支航天武装舰队。文件阐述了有关空间优势与保护空间设施、禁止敌方进入空间和迅速发射航天器替代损坏或者被摧毁的空间设施等内容,通篇强调了对空间的利用。“转型飞行计划”从空间全球激     

从美国空军转型飞行计划看美国未来天战准备

2004年2月，美国空军在互联网上发布了其2003年11月制定的《美国空军转型飞行计划》。该计划内容相当丰富，包括美军转型的背景、美空军转型的目标、部队编成、作战理论与作战概念、武器装备与技术等诸多方面。引人注目的是，《美国空军转型飞行计划》十分突出地强调发展空间攻防武器，第一次公开地、正式地列出了美国空军在研和计划研制的空间攻防武器清单。同时明确指出，空间攻防武器已被视作美国未来武器库的重要组成部分，而且实现空间攻防武器的各种技术正在研究之中。     

空间微重力条件下碲镉汞晶体的布里支曼生长

在中国返回式卫星上进行了一台双温区空间晶体生长炉的搭载试验，成功地实现了空间微重力条件下碲镉汞晶体的布里支曼生长，取得了一些有意义的结果。文章介绍了这种晶体炉的设计和空间试验的过程；分析了回收样品的主要测试结果；并对空间材料加工装置的设计和一些相关工艺问题进行了讨论     

美国和欧洲空间局制定的新大地测量计划

1980年11月18-21日,法国国家空间研究中心同法国国家地理研究所一起,在法国嘎纳联合召开了一次国际空间大地测量专题讨论会,与会者是来自二十七个国家的一百四十二名专家。1967年曾召开过第一次国际大地测量代表会议,这是第二次代表会议。法国图卢兹空间测地研究小组组长拉法夫在向座谈会汇报工作时强调指出,十五年来空间测地取得了卓越成就。目前,不管在世界任何地方,空间测地的精度绝对值为一米,而相对值是30厘米。此外,还能测定地球自转速度,精度为20厘米/秒,时间精度上是一毫秒,     

日本拟从1987—1997年发射25颗卫星

日本经团连空间研究促进会对日本今后五年空间预算作了一个估计,从1987年以后将大幅度地增加空间预算。目前,有关省厅开始拟定空间发展计划。在1987—1991年五年期间内日本空间活动总预算高达19,050亿日元,平均每年增加3,810亿日元,约为1986年的三倍。这五年空间活动是以1983年空间研究     

空间碎片减缓的“国际机制”概述

正空间碎片是人类探索和利用空间所产生的废弃物,随着世界航天发射活动的日益增多,空间碎片总数也与日俱增。数量庞大的空间碎片对航天器的在轨安全运行,以及人类的空间资源开发活动构成了极大的威胁。国际社会越来越认识到空间碎片的严重问题,并且达成了共识—空间碎片减缓必须由所有国家(机构)共同努力才能完成,由此形成国际机制,编制了一系列关于空间碎片减缓的纲领性指导文件,旨在维护所有国家的共同利益,最大限度地减少和避免空间碎片的危害。     

Science Missions Using CubeSats

As the role of missions and experiments carried out in outer space becomes more and more essential in our understanding of many earthly problems, such as resource management, environmental problems, and disaster management, as well as space science questions, thanks to their lower cost and faster development process CubeSats can benefit humanity and therefore, young scientists and engineers have been motivated to research and develop new CubeSat missions. Not very long after their inception, CubeSats have evolved to become accepted platforms for scientific and commercial applications. The last couple of years showed that they are a feasible tool for conducting scientific experiments, not only in the Earth orbit but also in the interplanetary space. For many countries, a CubeSat mission could prompt the community and young teams around the world to build the national capacity to launch and operate national space missions. This paper presents an overview of the key scientific and engineering gateways opened up to the younger scientific community by the advent and adaptation of new technology into CubeSat missions. The role of cooperation and the opportunities for capacity-building and education are also explored. Thus, the present article also aims to provide useful recommendations to scientists, early-career researchers, engineers, students, and anyone who intends to explore the potential and opportunities offered by CubeSats and CubeSats-based missions.      

谈风险管理在航天器研制中的应用

风险管理是航天计划/项目管理的重要组成部分。在航天型号研制中，国际上都十分重视风险的管理，在型号研制工作中都制定风险管理计划，并已有一套系统的做法。文章介绍了在航天项目中风险管理的内容、要求和过程，并介绍了一些国际上应用的情况。     

Chairman's introduction: mechanisms, models and experiments in space radiation research.

Radiation risk estimate in space is a moral obligation and a scientific challenge requiring the combined efforts of physicists and biologists. This introductory paper presents some thoughts about problems to be solved and the possible directions of research. It stresses the necessity of cooperation across disciplines and the combination of space and ground based investigations.     

Procedure and methodologies for managing the risk of space object reentry

This paper proposes a procedure for managing the risk of reentering space objects and risk assessment methodologies used for the process. The proposed procedure comprises three phases encompassing the whole reentry stages of space objects. Mathematical models for assessing the impact risk of the reentering space objects by utilizing the information available during different risk management phases and the recommended risk analysis results for public communication are presented. The concept of the conditional casualty expectation is proposed as the metric representing the reentry risk and the method to compute its profile is introduced. A case study on the risk management procedure with the dataset on an actual reentry event is conducted to demonstrate the efficacy of the proposed procedure.     

我国早期原子钟研制历程回顾

“2019全国时间频率学术会议”是由四个专业委员会联合每两年举办一次的20周年纪念会。20年来，我国原子钟事业已有长足发展，成为世界上原子钟研制与开发的大国。但总体上说，我们的工作还是以跟随为主，真正属于自主创新的较少。不改变这种局面，我们还难以成为独立自主的时间频率强国，为国家经济和国防建设作出应有贡献。本文回顾了我国原子钟研发的情况，提到一些从基础研究上属于原始创新的案例。阐述了这些案例是在简陋的实验条件下依靠对原子钟内各类实验现象进行深入的物理分析基础上出现的。同时，也指出了在比较粗糙的工艺条件下实现精细的技术指标中能工巧匠所起的特殊作用。文章也约略提到国内各单位间无私协作的崇高精神。本文将讲述一些故事，并就原子钟产业的问题表示一点看法。中国要实现“强国梦”，阻力和困难还很多很艰巨，我们必须拥有丰富的原始创新来加以克服。为此，坚韧的奋斗钻研精神和传统仍不失借鉴与继承意义。     

Present day challenges in understanding the geomagnetic hazard to national power grids

Power grids and pipeline networks at all latitudes are known to be at risk from the natural hazard of geomagnetically induced currents. At a recent workshop in South Africa, UK and South African scientists and engineers discussed the current understanding of this hazard, as it affects major power systems in Europe and Africa. They also summarised, to better inform the public and industry, what can be said with some certainty about the hazard and what research is yet required to develop useful tools for geomagnetic hazard mitigation.     

Radiation safety standards: space hazards vs. terrestrial hazards.

The standards currently recommended for use in space travel were perhaps the first risk derived recommendations for dose limitations developed for quasi-occupational circumstances. They were based on data, considerations, and philosophy existing prior to 1970 and considered carcinogenesis primarily. In the intervening twelve years, not only has radiation risk information improved markedly but considerations relating to risk in general have become better known. The earlier recommendations have been examined with respect to changes in risk estimation and it is noted that the same philosophy used today, would probably lead to different dose limitations. However, other philosophies might be used; in particular a comparison of risks between terrestrial occupational radiation circumstances and also with fatal accident rates in a range of industries can be made and might be used in a modified philosophy with respect to risks from carcinogenesis. Developments have also taken place with respect to the knowledge of the biological effects of HZE particles but whether these effects are limiting as compared with radiation induced carcinogenesis is not yet clear. More studies on the effects of HZE particles, now becoming available, are needed. It is recommended that an in depth reexamination be undertaken of the biological effectiveness of space radiations and the philosophy of dose limitations in comparison with other risks.     

Introducing the law games: Predicting legal liability and fault in satellite operations

Over recent times there has been a rise in the number of objects placed into Earth orbit. With various countries licensing a number of large constellations, the orbital population is set to increase dramatically. A significant number of technical advances have facilitated this and, in the UK and elsewhere, this has been matched by the updating of legislation and an increased policy focus on the need for increased space surveillance and tracking. The rise of large constellations coupled with an increasing number of experimental techniques such as active debris removal or on-orbit servicing procedures means that establishing fault will be crucial if litigation is to be successful. In doing this, any legal proceedings will look at both norms of behaviour, deviation from which will point towards fault and the types and standard of evidence that will be required.This paper will outline these problems in detail. It will be proposed that what is required to map out the contours of liability are both codification of the norms for satellite operations and clarity on protocols for evidence gathering in cases where fault may be contested in orbital operations. This discussion will identify that a way in which this could be achieved is by the use of “space law games”. These are simulations, similar to military war games, in which fictional scenarios could highlight some of the key legal issues that might need to be dealt with. The paper will outline some of the ways in which the law games might work and pose questions as to what data and other considerations will be needed to make such simulations meaningful.     

Assessment of the close approach frequency and collision probability for satellites in different configurations of large constellations

The Earth orbital environment is drastically changing due to an intensification of the space activities. In particular, several projects of large constellations, proposed for the next years for communications purpose like global internet access, Internet of Things, or for Earth observations, will lead to the deployment of several thousands of new satellites at an unprecedented rate. It is a crucial challenge for space traffic management, which will deal with a great number of satellite conjunctions, potentially causing a collision with damaging consequences for the constellation itself and the space environment sustainability.In this paper, we investigate the close approach frequency and the cumulative collision probability for each referenced constellation. For this purpose, we compute the orbital evolution of satellites in different constellations during the lifecycle, from the deployment to the decommissioning, and we apply the CUBE algorithm and the Foster method to assess the collision probability with the background space debris population assuming a constant uncertainty in position. We show the variation of risk defined by the close approach frequency and the cumulative collision probability as a function of the proposed configuration. In particular, satellites of the Iridium and Kuiper constellation, but also satellite of the Telesat constellation on polar orbits are the most exposed at a collision. Moreover, the decommissioning phase contribute for a major part to the final cumulative collision probability.     

Radiation protection problems for the space station and approaches to their mitigation.

With the advent of a permanent manned space station the longstanding problems of radiation protection in manned spaceflight have acquired an immediacy. This paper endeavors to emphasize the gaps of our knowledge which must be closed for effective radiation protection. The information that is required includes the accurate determination of the exposure inside the space station to the various components of tile ionizing radiation, the evaluation of the biological importance of the different radiation qualities and the depth dose distribution of the less penetrating component. There is also the possibility of an interaction with weightlessness. It is necessary to establish adequate radiation protection standards and a system of dosimetric surveillance. There is a need for studies of possible methods of hardening selective shielding of the space station. Spaceflight experiments, which might contribute to the solution of some of these problems are discussed.