Short profile for the human spacecraft Soyuz-TMA rendezvous mission to the ISS

Reduction of flight duration after insertion till docking to the ISS is considered. In the beginning of the human flight era both the USSR and the USA used short mission profiles due to limited life support resources. A rendezvous during these missions was usually achieved in 1–5 revolutions. The short-term rendezvous were made possible by the coordinated launch profiles of both rendezvousing spacecraft, which provided specific relative position of the spacecraft or phase angle conditions. After the beginning of regular flights to the orbital stations these requirements became difficult to fulfill. That is why it was decided to transfer to 1- or 2-day rendezvous profile. The long stay of a crew in a limited habitation volume of the Soyuz-TMA spacecraft before docking to the ISS is one of the most strained parts of the flight and naturally cosmonauts wish to dock to the ISS as soon as possible. As a result of previous studies the short four-burn rendezvous mission profile with docking in a few orbits was developed. It is shown that the current capabilities of the Soyuz-FG launch vehicle and the Soyuz-TMA spacecraft are sufficient to provide for that. The first test of the short rendezvous mission during Progress cargo vehicle flight to the ISS is planned for 2012. Possible contingencies pertinent to this profile are described. In particular, in the majority of the emergency cases there is a possibility of an urgent transfer to the present 2-day rendezvous profile. Thus, the short mission will be very flexible and will not influence the ISS mission plan. Fuel consumption for the nominal and emergency cases is defined by statistical simulation of the rendezvous mission. The qualitative analysis of the short-term and current 2-day rendezvous missions is performed.     

Venus Express: Scientific goals, instrumentation, and scenario of the mission

The first European mission to Venus (Venus Express) is described. It is based on a repeated use of the Mars Express design with minor modifications dictated in the main by more severe thermal environment at Venus. The main scientific task of the mission is global exploration of the Venusian atmosphere, circumplanetary plasma, and the planet surface from an orbiting spacecraft. The Venus Express payload includes seven instruments, five of which are inherited from the missions Mars Express and Rosetta. Two instruments were specially designed for Venus Express. The advantages of Venus Express in comparison with previous missions are in using advanced instrumentation and methods of remote sounding, as well as a spacecraft with a broad spectrum of capabilities of orbital observations.     

基于稀疏重构的杂波环境下红外图像空间邻近目标超分辨方法

基于稀疏重构的超分辨方法是应对空间邻近目标的有效方法之一,但是当目标处于杂波环境下时,杂波会布满在整个视场范围内,导致场景原有的稀疏性被破坏。针对这一现象提出了一种在杂波环境下的超分辨方法。该方法充分利用了传感器的结构特性以及重构算法中的参数,通过建立观测信号的红外成像模型并利用像元网格划分的方式,建立空间邻近目标群的位置和幅度信号的稀疏表示,并利用其光学系统的点扩散函数来构造超完备字典,最后通过控制重构场景中非零元素的个数比例来使重构参数处于一个合理的区间范围,以此来达到去除杂波干扰并准确重建稀疏目标的目的。     

航天测量船试验文书标准化模式研究

在分析航天测量船试验文书现状的基础上,从标准化要求出发,提出航天测量船试验文书两级两类四综合标准化模式及其基本框架和实现途径。     

The challenges and opportunities of a commercial human spaceflight mission to the ISS

ESA astronauts' ISS flight opportunities are considered as a vital source to meet the utilisation, operation and political objectives that Europe has established for participating in the International Space Station programme. Recent internal ESA assessments have demonstrated that a rate of three flights per year for European Astronauts should be maintained as a minimum objective. The current flight rate is lower than this. In order to improve this situation, in the context of the activation of the ESA ISS Commercialisation programme, ESA is developing the conditions for the establishment of commercially based human spaceflights with the financial support of both ESA and the private sector or, in the future, only the latter. ESA is working in a Partnership with the space industry to facilitate the implementation of such projects and support customers with a range of end-to-end commercial services. The opportunities and challenges of a "commercial human spaceflight", involving a member of the European Astronaut Corps, or a privately employed flight participant, are discussed here.     

Effects of HZE particle on the nigrostriatal dopaminergic system in a future Mars mission

Because of long duration travel outside the Earth's magnetic field, the effect of iron-rich high charge and energy (HZE) particles in Galactic Cosmic Rays on human body is the major concern in radiation protection. Recently attention has been directed to effects on the central nervous system in addition to mutagenic effects. In particular, a reduction in striatal dopamine content on nigrostriatal dopaminergic system has been reported by investigators using accelerated iron ions in ground-based mammalian studies. In addition, studies of the pathophysiology of Parkinson's disease demonstrated that excess iron cause a reduction in the dopamine content in the substantia nigra. This suggests an intriguing possibility to explain the selective detrimental effects of HZE particles on the dopaminergic system. Should these particles have biochemical effects, possible options for countermeasures are: (1) nutritional prevention, (2) medication, and (3) surgical placement of a stimulator electrode at a specific anatomic site in the basal ganglia.     

The fluid-dynamic disturbances induced on the ISS, based on the first acceleration measurements on board the space station

The different acceleration components on the ISS that are responsible for the generation of convective motions in a fluid cell either in the presence of density gradients or in quasi-isodense processes, are analyzed. The NASA measurements of the quasi-steady and periodic acceleration on the ISS are considered and their effects on fluid-dynamic experiments are computed and discussed under different assumptions. In particular, numerical simulations are carried out to identify the relative importance of linear and pendular accelerations, due to possible rotations of the P/L around its center of mass. The effects caused by variable accelerations created by an isolation mount that exhibits an attenuation factor not constant within the payload volume, caused by the reaction forces of the umbilicals, are computed and analyzed.     

The X/X/KA-band deep space transponder for the BepiColombo mission to mercury

This paper reports the main characteristics of the deep space transponder (DST) equipment that has been designed, developed and tested by Thales Alenia Space—Italy (TAS-I) for the European Space Agency (ESA) BepiColombo mission to Mercury.     

无铅焊接在电路板接线柱的应用

利用无铅焊料具有较高熔点的温度特性,选用无铅焊料对电路板接线柱焊接,避免在接线柱上焊接导线时电路板焊点易受热熔化,接线柱产生下陷、歪斜等问题。通过可焊性、绝缘电阻测试、氯离子浓度检测、高低温实验、焊点拉脱力测试、振动试验等,介绍了无铅焊接在这种电路板接线柱应用中的各项工艺参数、手工焊接工具及无铅焊料的选择。     

Using a mini-Raman spectrometer to monitor the adaptive strategies of extremophile colonizers in arid deserts: relationships between signal strength, adaptive strategies, solar radiation, and humidity

Abstract The survival strategies of one cyanobacteria colony and three terricolous lichen species from the hot subdesert of Tabernas, Spain, were studied along with topographical attributes of the area to investigate whether the protective strategies adopted by these pioneer soil colonizers are related to the environmental stressors under which they survive. A handheld Raman spectrometer was used for biomolecular characterization, while the microclimatic and topographic parameters were estimated with a Geographic Information System (GIS). We found that the survival strategies adopted by those organisms are based on different combinations of protective biomolecules, each with diverse ecophysiological functions, such as UV-radiation screening, free-energy quenching, antioxidants, and the production of different types and amounts of calcium oxalates. Our results show that the cyanobacteria community and each lichen species preferentially colonized a particular microhabitat with specific moisture and incident solar radiation levels and exhibited different adaptive mechanisms. In recent years, a number of studies have provided consistent results that suggest a link between the strategies adopted by those extremophile organisms and the microclimatic environmental parameters. To date, however, far too little attention has been paid to results from Raman analyses on dry specimens. Therefore, the results of the present study, produced with the use of our miniaturized instrument, will be of interest to future studies in astrobiology, especially due to the likely use of Raman spectroscopy at the surface of Mars. Key Words: Hot desert-Raman spectroscopy-Topography-Terricolous lichens-Cyanobacteria-Planetary exploration. Astrobiology 12, 743-753.     

固体火箭发动机羽流红外辐射特性研究

考虑了羽流组分间的化学反应,应用Roe-FDS格式求解羽流场,再用羽流场参数作为输入条件,采用离散坐标法和谱带近似法对固体火箭发动机羽流在光谱2～5μm内的红外辐射特性进行了计算,羽流气相辐射强度随波长变化规律的计算结果与实验值基本一致。计算结果表明,不同羽流位置点的光谱辐射强度随波长变化规律一致,纯气相辐射强度在2.7μm和4.3μm处出现峰值,随羽流场轴向和径向尺寸的增大而减小,在其他波段无明显变化规律;气相与粒子总辐射强度随波长的增大而减小,其辐射强度远大于纯气相的辐射强度;观测方向与羽流轴线夹角的方位角增大,红外辐射强度减小。     

Pressure balance on the magnetopause near the subsolar point according to observational data of the THEMIS project satellites

An analysis of the pressure balance on the magnetopause near the subsolar point has been made for 18 crossings of the magnetopause by the THEMIS project satellites under magneto-quiet conditions. Dynamic and static pressures of plasma are determined, as well as magnetic pressure in the magnetosheath, and magnetic and plasma static pressure inside the magnetosphere. Variations of the total pressure have been studied in the case when one satellite is located inside the magnetosphere and another one stays in the magnetosheath near the magnetopause. It is demonstrated that for 18 investigated events the condition of pressure balance at the subsolar point is valid on average with an accuracy of 7%, within measurement errors and under applicability of the approximation of anisotropic magnetic hydrodynamics to collisionless plasma of the magnetosheath and magnetosphere.     

先进的机载红外诱饵对抗技术措施发展研究

介绍当前机载红外诱饵的技术原理和性能特征,针对先进红外制导武器常用的抗干扰技术,分析了现有红外诱饵存在的不足和局限性,在此基础上系统分析了国外正在发展的多种先进的机载红外诱饵对抗技术措施,为未来机载红外对抗发展研究提供参考.     

利用浮空器提高临近空间的探测预警能力

概述了浮空器在临近空间探测预警上的作用,在此基础上,重点阐述了浮空器作为临近空间探测平台的优势,并与卫星和预警飞机进行了比较分析。主要针对美国对于浮空器的军事应用和进展,如利用浮空器对巡航导弹的探测应用等进行了介绍,最后得出结论。     

Coupling of system resource margins through the use of electric propulsion: Implications in preparing for the Dawn mission to Ceres and Vesta

The Dawn project is progressing toward its 2007 launch on a mission to orbit main belt asteroids (1) Ceres and (4) Vesta. Designed to provide insights into important questions about the evolution of the solar system, Dawn will spend more than 0.5 years in orbit about each of these bodies. This challenging mission is enabled by an ion propulsion system. In contrast to missions that use conventional chemical propulsion, the use of this system creates a strong coupling of allowable flight system mass and available power, thereby requiring different methods of managing these and other technical resources. Now that the project is nearing launch, the refinement of resource estimates allows the identification of excess margin, which is being applied in novel ways to benefit the project both in development and in operations.     

Adsorption of amino acids (ALA, CYS, HIS, MET) on zeolites: fourier transform infrared and Raman spectroscopy investigations

Minerals adsorb more amino acids with charged R-groups than amino acids with uncharged R-groups. Thus, the peptides that form from the condensation of amino acids on the surface of minerals should be composed of amino acid residues that are more charged than uncharged. However, most of the amino acids (74%) in today's proteins have an uncharged R-group. One mechanism with which to solve this paradox is the use of organophilic minerals such as zeolites. Over the range of pH (pH 2.66-4.50) used in these experiments, the R-group of histidine (His) is positively charged and neutral for alanine (Ala), cysteine (Cys), and methionine (Met). In acidic hydrothermal environments, the pH could be even lower than those used in this study. For the pH range studied, the zeolites were negatively charged, and the overall charge of all amino acids was positive. The conditions used here approximate those of prebiotic Earth. The most important finding of this work is that the relative concentrations of each amino acid (X=His, Met, Cys) to alanine (X/Ala) are close to 1.00. This is an important result with regard to prebiotic chemistry because it could be a solution for the paradox stated above. Pore size did not affect the adsorption of Cys and Met on zeolites, and the Si/Al ratio did not affect the adsorption of Cys, His, and Met. ZSM-5 could be used for the purification of Cys from other amino acids (Student-Newman-Keuls test, p<0.05), and mordenite could be used for separation of amino acids from each other (Student-Newman-Keuls test, p<0.05). As shown by Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectra, Ala interacts with zeolites through the [Formula: see text] group, and methionine-zeolite interactions involve the COO, [Formula: see text], and CH(3) groups. FT-IR spectra show that the interaction between the zeolites and His is weak. Cys showed higher adsorption on all zeolites; however, the hydrophobic Van der Waals interaction between zeolites and Cys is too weak to produce any structural changes in the Cys groups (amine, carboxylic, sulfhydryl, etc.); thus, the FT-IR and Raman spectra are the same as those of solid Cys.