Unsteady flow phenomena associated with leading-edge vortices

This paper presents selected results from extensive experimental investigations on turbulent flow fields and unsteady surface pressures caused by leading-edge vortices, in particular, for vortex breakdown flow. Such turbulent flows may cause severe dynamic aeroelastic problems like wing and/or fin buffeting on fighter-type aircraft. The wind tunnel models used include a generic delta wing as well as a detailed aircraft configuration of canard-delta wing type. The turbulent flow structures are analyzed by root-mean-square and spectral distributions of velocity and pressure fluctuations. Downstream of bursting local maxima of velocity fluctuations occur in a limited radial range around the vortex center. The corresponding spectra exhibit significant peaks indicating that turbulent kinetic energy is channeled into a narrow band. These quasi-periodic velocity oscillations arise from a helical mode instability of the breakdown flow. Due to vortex bursting there is a characteristic increase in surface pressure fluctuations with increasing angle of attack, especially when the burst location moves closer to the apex. The pressure fluctuations also show dominant frequencies corresponding to those of the velocity fluctuations. Using the measured flow field data, scaling parameters are derived for design purposes. It is shown that a frequency parameter based on the local semi-span and the sinus of angle of attack can be used to estimate the frequencies of dynamic loads evoked by vortex bursting.     

Experimental study of flow field distribution over a generic cranked double delta wing

The flow fields over a generic cranked double delta wing were investigated. Pressure and velocity distributions were obtained using a Pitot tube and a hot wire anemometer. Two different leading edge shapes, namely ‘‘sharp" and ‘‘round", were applied to the wing. The wing had two sweep angles of 55° and 30°. The experiments were conducted in a closed circuit wind tunnel at velocity 20 m/s and angles of attack of 5°–20° with the step of 5°. The Reynolds number of the model was about 2 ×10~5 according to the root chord. A dual vortex structure was formed above the wing surface. A pressure drop occurred at the vortex core and the root mean square of the measured velocity increased at the core of the vortices, reflecting the instability of the flow in that region. The magnitude of power spectral density increased strongly in spanwise direction and had the maximum value at the vortex core. By increasing the angle of attack, the pressure drop increased and the vortices became wider; the vortices moved inboard along the wing, and away from the surface; the flow separation was initiated from the outer portion of the wing and developed to its inner part. The vortices of the wing of the sharp leading edge were stronger than those of the round one.     

Unsteady aerodynamics of nonslender delta wings

Unsteady aerodynamics of nonslender delta wings, covering topics of shear layer instabilities, structure of nonslender vortices, breakdown, maneuvering wings, and fluid/structure interactions, are reviewed in this paper. Vortical flows develop at very low angles of attack, and form close to the wing surface. This results in strong interactions with the upper-surface boundary layer and in a pronounced dependence of the flow structure on Reynolds number. Vortex breakdown is observed to be much less abrupt compared to breakdown over slender wings. This results in challenges for the precise determination of vortex breakdown location and the interpretation of flow visualizations. One of the distinct features of nonslender wings is the location of the primary attachment zone outboard of the symmetry plane. Reattachment location correlates with the wing stall process and increased buffeting. Dramatic fluid/structure interactions emerge with increasing wing flexibility and result in substantial lift enhancement in the post-stall region. This recently discovered phenomenon appears to be a feature of nonslender wings. Rigid delta wings undergoing small amplitude oscillations in the post-stall region exhibit many similarities to flexible wings, including reattachment and re-formation of the leading-edge vortices. Unusual self-excited roll oscillations have also been observed for free-to-roll nonslender wings.     

Review of flow control mechanisms of leading-edge vortices

Vortex control concepts employed for slender and nonslender delta wings were reviewed. Important aspects of flow control include flow separation, vortex formation, flow reattachment, vortex breakdown, and vortex instabilities. The occurrence and relative importance of these phenomena strongly depend on the wing sweep angle. Various flow control methods were discussed: multiple vortices, control surfaces, blowing and suction, low-frequency and high-frequency excitation, feedback control, passive control with wing flexibility, and plasma actuators. For slender delta wings, control of vortex breakdown is achieved by modifications to swirl level and external pressure gradient acting on the vortex core. Effects of flow control methods on these two parameters were discussed, and their effectiveness was compared whenever possible. With the high-frequency excitation of the separated shear layer, reattachment and lift enhancement in the post-stall region is observed, which is orders of magnitude more effective than steady blowing. This effect is more pronounced for nonslender wings. Re-formation of vortices is possible with sufficient amplitude of forcing at the optimum frequency. Passive lift enhancement on flexible wings is due to the self-excited wing vibrations, which occur when the frequency of wing vibrations is close to the frequency of the shear layer instabilities, and promote flow reattachment.     

Supersonic flow over a pitching delta wing using surface pressure measurements and numerical simulations

Experimental and numerical methods were applied to investigating high subsonic and supersonic flows over a 60° swept delta wing in fixed state and pitching oscillation.Static pressure coefficient distributions over the wing leeward surface and the hysteresis loops of pressure coefficient versus angle of attack at the sensor locations were obtained by wind tunnel tests.Similar results were obtained by numerical simulations which agreed well with the experiments.Flow structure around the wing was also demonstrated by the numerical simulation.Effects of Mach number and angle of attack on pressure distribution curves in static tests were investigated.Effects of various oscillation parameters including Mach number, mean angle of attack, pitching amplitude and frequency on hysteresis loops were investigated in dynamic tests and the associated physical mechanisms were discussed.Vortex breakdown phenomenon over the wing was identified at high angles of attack using the pressure coefficient curves and hysteresis loops, and its effects on the flow features were discussed.     

旋涡运动研究的某些进展

 本文简要介绍研究旋涡运动在以下问题上的某些结果:低速不同后掠角三角翼在各个迎角下的九种分离流类型及其边界;应用微分方程定性论与拓扑学对三维分离流与旋涡流的分析;旋涡破裂形态,对三角翼前缘涡破裂的实验研究与理论分析;受控分离与旋涡的干扰,二旋涡的位移、绕转与合并等。     

压气机转子出口流场的发展及三维紊流特性

用单斜热丝和高频压力探针仔细测量了单级压气机转子出口及下游的三维紊流流场, 揭示转子出口流场的变化, 分析不同流量状态下单级压气机转子出口的三维紊流特性。      

Numerical simulation of the peculiar subsonic flow-field about the VFE-2 delta wing with rounded leading edge

The Second International Vortex Flow Experiment provided a variety of experimental data for a 65° swept delta wing sharp and blunt leading edges. Flow details including forces and moments, surface pressures, Pressure Sensitive Paint measurements, and off-surface flow variables from Particle Image Velocimetry were made available for comparisons with computational simulations. This paper concentrates on some typical problems of delta wings with rounded leading edges at subsonic speed: the prediction of the main leading edge separation, the generation of the second inner vortex, the effect of transition, and Reynolds number effects.     

带射流冲击短扰流柱排内的流动和损失

用五孔探针测量了带射流冲击的短扰流柱排内的流场，并用压力扫描阀测量了端壁和柱面的压力分布，分析了在涡轮叶片尾缘区内射流冲击强化扰流柱排通道内换热的机理，研究发现，带射流冲击时流动在靠近扰流柱表面附近速度较大，在对称中心区域有大片低速区，压力系数远远小于无射流时情况，气流经过孔板后压力系数迅速下降，达到最小值，沿流动方向压力系数逐渐恢复。随喷射雷诺数增大，扰流柱表面的分离点位置后移，总结出了实验工况范围内带射流冲击的短扰流柱排内压力损失系数与雷诺数之间的经验公式，便于工程实际应用。     

后缘喷流对三角翼绕流影响的N-S方程数值分析

本文用拟压缩性方法求解不可压流雷诺平均拟压缩Ｎ－Ｓ方程组,对带有后缘喷流的三角翼粘性绕流进行了数值模拟,求解中采用了Ｂｅａｍ－Ｗａｒｍｉｎｇ隐式近似因子分解格式以及ＭＭＬ代数湍流模型。计算结果说明,后缘喷流使涡核压强降低,使涡核速度增大,从而对三角翼前缘分离涡有稳定作用,并能增大上翼面的负压值和下翼面的正压值,从而可以增加部分升力。计算结果还说明,喷口面积或喷流下偏会使上述作用增强。     

绕跨声速三角翼的激波/涡干扰流场数值模拟

 在绕三角翼的跨声速流动中,随着迎角的增加,三角翼上的涡破裂位置会出现突然前移的现象。针对这一与亚声速下不同的流动现象,采用带曲率修正的Spalart-Allmaras(SAR)湍流模型,求解定常雷诺平均Navier-Stokes(RANS)方程,对不同迎角下绕65°后掠尖前缘三角翼的跨声速流动进行数值模拟,并在此基础上,采用基于SAR湍流模型的脱体涡模拟(DES)方法,对由激波干扰导致的前缘涡破裂位置的运动规律进行了初步探讨。模拟结果与试验结果对比表明:SAR湍流模型能准确地模拟出三角翼上的激波系统和旋涡结构,并能准确模拟出由于激波干扰导致的涡破裂位置突然前移的现象。此外,对涡破裂后流场的非定常数值研究发现,支架前端正激波的干扰作用使得涡破裂位置向下游移动比较突然,而向上游移动则相对缓慢。     

高阶精度格式WCNS在三角翼大攻角模拟中的应用研究

采用5阶精度的加权紧致非线性格式(WCNS-E-5)数值模拟了65°三角翼的大攻角绕流流场,主要目的是考核高阶精度格式WCNS在大攻角旋涡流动方面以及跨声速流场的激波附面层干扰、涡破裂位置的模拟能力,重点研究不同网格规模和湍流模型对尖前缘三角翼涡系之间的相互作用的影响。通过求解任意坐标系下的雷诺平均N-S方程,采用5阶精度的加权紧致非线性格式(WCNS-E-5)和多块对接结构网格技术,两种湍流模型分别是一方程SA和两方程SST湍流模型,在与相应试验结果对比的基础上,详细研究了WCNS-E-5格式在跨声速大攻角旋涡流动中的表现,以及不同网格规模、两种湍流模型对主涡二次涡相互作用、涡破裂位置和表面压力分布的影响。本文的研究结果表明,高阶精度格式WCNS-E-5能成功应用于三角翼的跨声速大攻角流动,网格规模的增加进一步提高流场分辨率,SST湍流模型相对SA湍流模型在三角翼大攻角流动中具有更好的适用性。     

三角翼涡破裂非定常特性实验研究

本文依据染色液流动显示结果,通过子波和频谱分析,探讨了70°三角翼前缘涡涡核轴向速度的变化规律及其子波特性、涡破裂位置的非定常特性,指出涡破裂点位置的变化属于低频高幅振荡,这主要是左右涡之间的相互作用造成的,当两个涡的时间平均涡破裂点位置彼此靠得更近时,相应的振荡就更大一些,此外本实验得到涡破裂位置振荡的折合频率在St=0.2以内.     

涡轮导向叶栅通道内紊流特性的实验研究

本文对一种高压涡轮导向叶栅中的紊流特性进行了实验研究。在雷诺数为100000的工况下, 采用二维热线对叶栅通道内垂直于叶高的平面内的平均速度, 脉动速度, 及雷诺切应力相关系数进行测量。并结合以前通过五孔针测量取得的流场进行了分析, 得出了该叶栅中紊流参数的变化规律。实验结果表明: 叶栅端壁区的紊流流动, 基本保持各向同性; 通道涡和马蹄涡内存在高紊流度和雷诺切应力的紊流核心。本实验结果为分析研究叶栅端壁换热特性奠定了基础。      

基于DES方法的三角翼激波-涡干扰流场数值模拟

采用基于Spalart-Allmaras湍流模型的脱体涡模拟（DES）方法,数值求解Navier-Stokes方程,模拟绕尖前缘三角翼的跨音速流动,并对三角翼上翼面的复杂激波-旋涡干扰流场进行了分析。与NASA兰利研究中心的NTF风洞实验结果对比分析表明,DES方法能很好地模拟跨音速三角翼上的旋涡流动。随着攻角由中度攻角增加到大攻角,支架附近的激波越来越强,对主分离涡的干扰作用越来越大,直至出现激波干扰导致的涡破裂。激波的形状、位置及涡破裂位置均与实验结果吻合良好。     

低雷诺数下50°后掠三角翼的旋涡流动

采用数值模拟和流动显示的方法研究了50°后掠角三角翼在低雷诺数下的旋涡流动,结果表明:低雷诺数下,非细长三角翼在5°攻角时就形成了稳定的前缘涡,较小攻角时前缘主涡就开始破裂,并观察到泡型和螺旋型两种旋涡破裂方式。另外,在一定的攻角范围内,前缘主涡的外侧又生成一对新的集中涡,构成双涡结构;随着攻角的增大,前缘涡涡核不断升高,主再附线向中心移动,二次分离区扩大。     

破裂涡流中非定常现象与频率特性实验研究

通过流动显示、表面动态压力测量及热线测量等实验手段,对三角翼破裂涡流中的多种频率成分进行了分析。频谱分析确定了破裂点脉动和螺旋波的频率特征。实验结果表明,螺旋波主频随着弦向位置的增大先是迅速而后平缓减小。前缘涡破裂点振动具有准周期性,在不同的弦向位置上主频大小几乎没有改变,在靠近破裂点的位置有较大的振动能量。实验分析还表明,在破裂涡的流动状态下,虽然没有形成完全分离流,三角翼绕流流场中已经存在涡脱落的现象。     

Initial experiments and analysis of blunt-edge vortex flows for VFE-2 configurations at NASA Langley,USA

A review is presented of the initial experimental results and analysis that formed the basis the Vortex Flow Experiment 2 (VFE-2). The focus of this work was to distinguish the basic effects of Reynolds number, Mach number, angle of attack, and leading-edge bluntness on separation-induced leading-edge vortex flows that are common to slender wings. Primary analysis is focused on detailed static surface pressure distributions, and the results demonstrate significant effects regarding the onset and progression of leading-edge vortex separation.     

Effects of coarse riblets on air flow structures over a slender delta wing using particle image velocimetry

This research investigates the aerodynamic performance and flow characteristics of a delta wing with 65° sweep angle and with coarse axial riblets,and then compares with that of a smooth-surface delta wing.Particle Image Velocimetry(PIV)were utilized to visualize the flow over the wing at 6 cross-sections upright to the wing surface and parallel to the wing span,as well as 3 longitudinal sections on the leading edge,symmetry plane,and a plane between them at Angles of Attack(AOA)=20°and 30°and Re=1.2×10~5,2.4×10~5,and 3.6×10~5.The effects of the riblets were studied on the vortices diameter,vortex breakdown location,vortices distance from the wing surface,flow lines pattern nearby the wing,circulation distribution,and separation.The results show that the textured model has a positive effect on some of the parameters related to drag reduction and lift increase.The riblets increase the flow momentum near the wing’s upper surface except near the apex.They also increase the flow momentum behind the wing.     

翼型近尾迹流动的PIV研究—运动学特性

利用在线式PIV系统(ParticleImageVelocimetry),在低速风洞中对NACA0012翼型在雷诺数2.39×105,0°和4°攻角下的近尾迹流动进行了实验研究。实验结果表明,在较高的雷诺数下翼型近尾迹流动是一种以旋涡的运动学和动力学特性为主导的湍流剪切流。在测量范围内,翼型的尾缘处是近尾迹涡街的形成区;尾缘后0.5倍弦长的区域存在类似于卡门涡街的有序结构,是旋涡发展区域,旋涡具有较好的稳定性;距翼型尾缘0.5倍弦长至1倍弦长的区域,是翼型近尾迹流动由有序走向无序区域,旋涡开始破裂。翼型表面边界层对翼型近尾迹湍流剪切流的演化有重要影响。实验结果还给出了近尾迹流动的平均速度、湍流强度和剪切应变变化率,以及速度脉动量的二阶关联量u'u',u'v'和v'v' 的分布。