小展弦比飞翼标模三座高速风洞气动力数据相关性研究

为研究飞翼布局模型在不同风洞的测力试验数据的相关性,分析飞翼布局模型风洞测力试验精度水平,为以融合体飞翼布局为代表的未来作战飞机气动力试验精度提供参考,采用同一台测力天平及外形相同的尾支杆在国内三座1．2 m 风洞中对小展弦比飞翼标模进行了重复性试验和对比试验。试验结果表明,小展弦比飞翼标模风洞测力试验精度及不同风洞数据相关性与飞翼布局流动特性关系较大,在小迎角附着流状态,不同风洞的数据相关性较好,测力精度较高,随着迎角的增加,飞翼布局背风面前缘涡会发生破裂,涡破裂后不同风洞的数据相关性和试验精度都有不同程度的降低。跨声速条件下由于飞翼布局背风面复杂的流动特性,使得其试验精度较超声速略差。不同风洞数据的差异主要体现在升力特性拐点起始迎角、近声速附近马赫数的零升阻力系数和零升迎角方面。     

介质弹性对风洞液压控制系统影响的分析与测试

电液伺服系统广泛应用于风洞各种执行机构的控制中。随着风洞试验技术的发展,以及对机构小型化的要求,电液伺服系统的工作压力、控制精度不断提高。这种情况下,液体的弹性是不能忽略的。本文提出对液体体积弹性模量进行测试的两种工程方法,并进行了实际测量。对于风洞常用电液伺服系统,液体体积弹性模量在900～1000MPa。针对某风洞执行机构调试中发生的问题,利用油液弹性模量的测量结果进行了计算、分析,结果与现象吻合。     

Measurement and assessment of wind tunnel flow quality

For decades, wind tunnel testing has been conducted in test section environments that have not been adequately or consistently documented. Since wind tunnel flow quality can adversely affect test results, accurate and consistent flow quality measurements are required, along with an understanding of the sources, characteristics, and management of flow turbulence. This paper will review turbulence measurement techniques and data obtained in subsonic, transonic, and supersonic test facilities as they relate to the determination and assessment of wind tunnel flow quality. The principles and practical application of instrumentation used in the measurement and characterization of wind tunnel turbulence will be described. Techniques used for the identification of the sources of wind tunnel disturbances, and the performance of turbulence suppression devices will be outlined. These test techniques will be illustrated with extensive measurements obtained in a number of test facilities. The measurements will provide comprehensive turbulence data that are vital to the assessment and management of flow quality. Procedures designed to assess the potential influence of adverse flow quality on wind tunnel model test performance will also be discussed.     

Integrated supersonic wind tunnel nozzle

In supersonic wind tunnels, the airflow at the exit of a convergent-divergent nozzle is affected by the connection between the nozzle and test section, because the connection is a source of disturbance for supersonic flow and the source of disturbance generated by this disturbance propagates downstream. In order to avoid the disturbance, the test can only be carried out in the rhombus area. However, for the supersonic nozzle, the rhombus region is small, limiting the size and attitude angle of the test model. An integrated supersonic nozzle is a nozzle and a test section as a whole, which is designed to weaken or eliminate the disturbance. The inviscid contour of the supersonic nozzle is based on the method of characteristics. A new curve is formed by the smooth connection between the inviscid contour and test section, and the boundary layer is corrected for the overall curve. Integrated supersonic nozzles with Mach number 1.5 and 2 are designed, which are based on this method. The flow field is validated by numerical and experimental results. The results of the study highlight the importance of the connection about the nozzle outlet and test section. They clearly show that the wave system does not exist at the exit of the supersonic nozzle, and the flow field is uniform throughout the test section.     

声爆近场空间压力风洞测量技术

针对暂冲式超声速风洞中的声爆试验，发展了近场空间压力精确测量技术，以航空工业空气动力研究院的FL-60风洞为例，开展了技术验证。FL-60风洞是一座典型的亚跨超三声速下吹式风洞，其试验马赫数范围为0.3~4.2，试验段尺寸为1.2 m×1.2 m，单车次试验时间通常为数十秒。根据暂冲式风洞试验时间短、耗气量大等特点，设计了无反射测压轨以代替传统的静压探针，大幅提高了声爆近场空间压力的测量效率。通过CFD技术对无反射测压轨的流动特性、模型安装位置以及风洞试验段中的波系进行了分析，验证了测压轨设计方案的可行性。采用Seeb-ALR低声爆标模和自行设计的带喷流的旋成体模型进行了验证性试验，采用参考车次方法和空间平均技术获得了高质量的数据，试验测量结果与CFD计算结果一致性较好，验证了声爆近场空间压力测量系统设计的合理性。     

2m超声速风洞总体结构设计

＂高速化＂、＂精确化＂是未来飞行器一个极为重要的发展方向,是提高飞行器效能的有效手段,而先进飞行器的研制强烈依赖于地面模拟试验设备——风洞。目前我国现有的超声速风洞设备尺寸和试验模拟能力还有很大不足,主要体现在真实模拟、模拟能力、精确测量等方面。在这种背景下,开展了2m超声速风洞的建设,笔者针对风洞的特点主要介绍结构总体设计概况。该风洞为下吹-引射式暂冲型超声速风洞,采用全钢结构,主要涉及风洞总体布局、模型更换方式、支座布局、风洞洞体各部段间连接、密封和定位、风洞洞体的强度和刚度、洞体水压试验等问题。     

一种高速风洞三维洞壁干扰壁压信息修正法

给出以壁压信息法为基础的高速风洞三维模型试验洞壁干扰修正方法。该方法要求洞壁附近为亚音速流动,但允许模型附近出现超音速区及激波。方法可用于各种通气壁或实壁风洞的亚跨音速试验。最后对四个模型在三种试验段中的二十多种试验进行了修正,其结果和NASA非线性修正方法的结果吻合得很好。     

含喷流的尾支风洞实验模型底压计算及分析

本文简要地叙述了作者发展的基于Chapman-Korst理论的超声速底部压强计算方法及计算程序CRMBP,并用它分析了在风洞中做有关喷流的一种实验方法。这种方法用一空心通气杆穿过模型喷管支撑模型和给喷管提供高压气体,并测量底压及力。本文给出了关联有/无此通气尾支杆底压的曲线,以说明这种实验方法的适用范围。这些曲线还可用来分析和修正这种实验方法的实验数据。     

声学风洞的设计

介绍声学风洞设计理论，重点阐述流场和声场以及声学测量中值得注意的一些问题，包括；声学风洞的定义；低速声学风洞和高速声学风洞的特点，关于设计方法；全新声学风洞的设计和常规风洞改造成声学风洞，设计遇到的声折射、声散射、流动振荡，消声大厅的回流，频率范围以及风扇叶片的失速问题；试验段的霍尔数以及提高霍尔数的方法；风洞消声器及降低风洞背景噪声的方法。本文还以ＮＨ－２风洞为例，简单讨论了常规风洞改造成声学风     

光学头罩超声速绕流流场光学传输效应风洞试验研究

在Ma=3连续超声速风洞中,开展了光学头罩绕流流场光学传输效应的风洞模拟试验方法研究,进行了现场振动测量与隔离,研制了专用试验装置,采用哈特曼传感器和剪切干涉仪两种手段进行了光学传输效应的试验测量。试验中,针对试验装置各部分的不同组合状态,进行了大量的测试,研究了试验装置有效性以及试验数据重复性,着重分析了探测光束的PV值与RMS值。结果表明：导流板可明显抑制风洞洞壁边界层干扰,试验装置与方法可行,对于连续式风洞中模型绕流流场光学传输效应测试有一定参考价值。     

非对称安装布局下大型高超声速风洞引射增强型二次喉道数值优化

增强二次喉道扩压能力,降低接力引射器的引射流量是提高大型高超声速风洞运行经济性的重要技术措施。引射增压型二次喉道通过在二次喉道侧壁引射低总压介质增强其扩压能力,是一种非常有潜力的实用方案。本文通过数值模拟研究了其在长模型大攻角等非对称安装布局条件下的运行流场,并进一步优化了压力、介质类型等引射条件。结果表明,优化方案在高超声速风洞复杂运行条件下仍能保持较高的二次喉道扩压能力,较大幅度降低接力引射器的引射流量,具有可行性和实用性。     

2m量级高速风洞强迫振动动导数试验技术研究

为满足大型运输机、先进战斗机、推进与机体一体化布局等现代高性能飞行器动导数风洞试验研究的需求,基于小振幅强迫振动动导数试验原理,在中国空气动力研究与发展中心2 m 量级高速风洞(FL-26和 FL-28)建立了一套俯仰、滚转及偏航的三通道动导数试验技术。在试验系统研制过程中,首先采用强度高、刚性好的航空轻质铝材和复合材料解决了亚跨超声速条件下大尺度试验模型研制问题;其次,结合动力学和运动学仿真分析手段,实现并优化了大载荷试验装置传动机构设计以及α、β耦合双转轴支撑结构设计的难题;最后,在测控系统研制部分,通过电机选取、电磁干扰屏蔽、滤波器设计等技术手段进一步提高了测试系统的精度。试验系统设计技术指标Ma=0.4~4.25,迎角α=-35°~35°,侧滑角β=-15°~15°,传动机构法向承载载荷≤10000 N。SDM 标模的验证试验结果表明,直接阻尼导数与文献值一致性较好,重复性试验数据误差基本控制在10%以内。目前,该项试验技术已经成功应用于某大型飞机模型的动导数风洞试验。     

柔壁自适应风洞低超音速实验技术研究

低超音速三维模型实验是在二维柔壁自适应风洞中进行的。将Wedemeyer理论推广到超音速流动,建立了洞壁调整量的计算方法;解决了洞壁预调量效应的计算问题。在此基础上提出洞壁自适应调整方案,它可用于堵塞比较大的模型实验和任意初始壁面。按此洞壁调整方案所作实验结果表明,二维柔壁自适应风洞作超音速三维模型实验时,可有效地抑制压缩、膨胀波经洞壁反射后对气动数据的影响。其消波效果和三维自适应壁风洞的消波效果基本相同,主激波反射的消波效果甚至优于后者。     

Validation study of numerical simulations by comparison to measurements in piston-driven shock-tunnels

The simulation of high enthalpy flows, both experimentally and numerically, is a topic of international research efforts. It is important to understand and quantitatively describe the aerothermodynamic phenomena of high speed/high enthalpy flows in order to develop more capable reusable space transportation systems. A CFD-method is used here to model several piston driven shock tunnels used around the world to experimentally study re-entry and supersonic combustion phenomena. The results are compared to measured data (pressure and shock speed) of the various tunnels and shows that the approach is valid and is ideal for the development of new tunnel operating conditions and new tunnels. Using the numerical models, test facilities are compared to each other. For the medium enthalpy condition presented here, the tunnels produce similar test conditions, with the bigger ones having greater levels of nozzle supply pressure relative to the diaphragm rupture pressure, and greater test time.     

旋转导弹风洞六自由度自由飞动导数实验研究

风洞六自由度自由飞实验,是国内首次开展的一项新的风洞实验研究。实验设备为0.2米×0.2米的超声速风洞,求流马赫数为2和2.5。当超声速流场建立后,将以每分钟一万多转的高速旋转导弹模型,向实验段上游发射。模型在风洞观察窗区飞行时,用高速立体摄影拍摄模型飞行姿态随时间的变化。然后根据飞行姿态记录,通过数据辨识,求得俯仰力矩系数斜率,俯仰阻尼力矩系数和马格努斯力矩系数。实验精度优于国外弹道靶自由飞实验结果,尤其是动导数数据取得了满意的结果。     

TWO DIMENSIONAL SUPERSONIC SHOCK TUNNEL AND ITS APPLICATION

ＴＷＯＤＩＭＥＮＳＩＯＮＡＬＳＵＰＥＲＳＯＮＩＣＳＨＯＣＫＴＵＮＮＥＬＡＮＤＩＴＳＡＰＰＬＩＣＡＴＩＯＮＴＷＯＤＩＭＥＮＳＩＯＮＡＬＳＵＰＥＲＳＯＮＩＣＳＨＯＣＫＴＵＮＮＥＬＡＮＤＩＴＳＡＰＰＬＩＣＡＴＩＯＮ￥ＷａｎｇＳｈｉｆｅｎ；Ｗａｎｇｙｕ；Ｔａ...     

风洞分流锥及孔板整流的数值模拟研究

采用数值模拟技术研究了2m×2m超声速风洞设计引导试验大开角扩散段配置一个中心倒锥和两层球冠状孔板的内流场,中心倒锥和两层球状孔板的不同组合共有五套。孔板有几百至上千个开孔,是模拟的难点,发展了一种孔板流动CFD边界条件模型。另一个难点在于风洞管道内流入口和出口边界条件的准确处理。计算表明,分流锥可将流动有效抑制在大开角洞壁附近,防止洞壁附近的扩张分离,但在分流锥底部将产生大尺度的分离涡环结构,经过孔板的整流后,总压有较大损失,但流线趋于平直,可达到预期效果。     

国外等离子体流动控制风洞试验技术研究

等离子体是一种由大量电子、离子和中性粒子组成且总体上呈中性的物质聚集体,它不同于物质的气态、液态和固态,而被称为物质的第四态。等离子体在航空航天器隐身、降噪、推进及空气动力学等方面的应用一直是国外发达国家的重点研究领域之一。归纳总结了国外研究的主要等离子体风洞形式和等离子体发生器形式;探讨了低、跨、超声速风洞模型上等离子体的作用机理和产生的现象,介绍了在等离子体流动控制方面开展的风洞实验技术研究。     

Experimental investigation on a cavity-step-actuated supersonic oscillating jet

Wind tunnel testing is conducted at different back pressures in a vacuum-type wind tun-nel for a novel supersonic fluidic oscillator which consists of a two-dimensional Laval nozzle, a rect-angular cavity and a backward step, to obtain its characteristics and the conditions for jet oscillating. The experimental results show that periodic asymmetrical flipping of the supersonic jet appears over certain nozzle pressure ratio (NPR) range according to schlieren visualization and pressure fluctuations. The jet flipping appears only when the jet is over expanded. The normal-ized average amplitude of the lateral pressure difference acting on the roofs of the cavity and the step varies around 0.2 while the periodic flipping appears. The supersonic jet periodic flipping fre-quencies obtained from the experiments agree well with those from the modified Rossiter mode for cavity-step acoustic resonance, but further investigations are needed to discover the underlying mechanism for the jet flipping.