模块化多电平换流器的环流抑制方法研究

模块化多电平换流器(MMC)在中高压直流输电中得到了广泛的研究和应用。其内部环流的存在是MMC的一种重要现象。在MMC的拓扑结构及其内部环流产生机理的基础上,利用二倍频负序旋转坐标变换,把换流器内部的三相环流分解为两个直流分量,并提出了相应的环流抑制方法。仿真结果证明,利用坐标变换提出的环流抑制控制器可以有效地消除桥臂电流中的环流分量,减小桥臂电流的畸变程度,同时不会对MMC外部输出的交流电压和电流产生负面影响。     

基于近海海面观测的台风黑格比风特性研究

根据在博贺海洋观测站测得的0814台风黑格比三维风速时程,首先探讨了实测数据质量的判别准则及处理方法,进而研究了平均风场特性:风剖面、风攻角、梯度风高度以及脉动风场特性:湍流强度、阵风因子、时间尺度、积分尺度、脉动风速谱等。研究结果表明:近海海面指数律风剖面指数a远小于建筑结构荷载规范推荐值;台风风场结构本身存在3°～7°正攻角;在近海海面上阵风因子均值为1.23;顺风向湍流强度平均值为0.10,三向湍流强度的比值为1∶0.80∶0.43;水平向时间尺度基本上均小于30s,竖向时间尺度均小于10s;纵向和横向积分尺度较为接近,大于竖向积分尺度;不同区域的实测风速谱与各经验风速谱均存在一定差异,与von Karman谱吻合相对较好。     

三维全五向编织预制件渗透率研究

为了获得三维全五向编织预制件的渗透率数据,并研究其随编织工艺参数变化的规律,基于三维全五向编织复合材料内部单胞细观结构和编织预制件孔隙的双尺度特点,建立了用于进行编织预制件渗透率仿真计算的模型。施加周期性边界条件,利用Fluent的两相流模型,对三维全五向编织预制件沿轴向和垂向的树脂填充过程进行仿真计算,获得了不同编织角下预制件的轴向和垂向的非饱和渗透率。同时利用径向法实验对不同编织角的三维全五向编织预制件的渗透率进行了测量。将实验结果与仿真计算结果进行对比,两者的渗透率随编织角变化趋势一致,实验值与计算值吻合较好。     

某型直升机铝面板/铝蜂窝夹层结构承压能力研究

以某型直升机铝面板/铝蜂窝夹层结构为对象,进行承压能力研究,得到此结构在大垂向均布载荷下面板的载荷-应变试验曲线、主要破坏模式和极限承载载荷。同时,利用有限元分析软件Patran/Nastran对该结构进行有限元建模和分析并与试验结果进行对比分析,结果表明采用非线性三维有限元分析模型可以快速准确地为该类结构的分析设计提供参考依据。     

考虑土体结构相互作用的大型双曲冷却塔风致响应分析

采用有限元方法模拟大型双曲冷却塔的土体与结构相互作用(SSI),分析不同土体条件下自振特性的特征,基于风洞试验结果进行风致响应的计算,并分析不同土体条件下响应的差别.研究表明:土体刚度越小,土体结构体系的自振频率也越小;土体对冷却塔上半部分的子午向薄膜力影响较小,对下半部分影响较大;考虑SSI效应后,平均风作用下冷却塔径向位移增大,子午向薄膜力减小,脉动风作用下径向位移均方根增大,子午向薄膜力均方根几乎不变.     

地效飞行器双断阶机腹着水砰击过载分析

地效飞行器着水过程中，断阶着水产生的冲击易导致结构表面屈曲或破坏。基于ALE 有限元法，通过罚函数法处理两相界面流固耦合问题，对地效飞行器着水过程进行数值模拟，分析不同前飞速度、下沉速度、俯仰角等参数变化对浸水深度、砰击过载等的影响。结果表明：在研究工况下，机体着水产生的压力峰值均出现在断阶处；随着俯仰角增加水平过载峰值减小，垂向过载峰值先增大后减小，俯仰角为7°时垂向过载峰值最大，是最低过载峰值（俯仰角为15°时）的1.4 倍；前飞速度增加致使水平过载峰值增大，而对垂向过载峰值影响不明显，但垂向过载峰值与垂向速度的平方近似呈线性关系，下沉速度越大，砰击过载峰值越大。     

北大体育馆屋盖的风荷载及周边建筑干扰影响的试验研究

结合北京大学体育馆屋盖结构的风洞模拟试验,分别考虑了有无周边建筑两种情况下的风压分布。以屋盖上的平均风荷载和脉动风荷载为研究对象,对屋盖上的风荷载特性和周边建筑的干扰影响进行了详细的分析。得出的主要结论:上游建筑物的干扰一般会减小屋盖上的平均风压,增大屋盖上的脉动风压,且对迎风前缘的影响比对其他部位的影响大;周边建筑物的布置,也有可能产生"兜风效应"从而显著地增大风压;周边建筑的影响使风压分布更加分散,脉动风荷载对于总的设计风荷载来说不能忽略。     

复合材料编织接头承载能力的试验研究

 试验研究了用于航空结构的三维整体编织复合材料单耳承力接头在静载条件下的承载能力与破坏模式。单耳接头试样采用RTM(Resin Transfer Molding 树脂传递模塑)工艺制成,重点研究了由3种编织工艺（三维四向、三维五向和三维六向）、2种连接孔加工方式（机械钻孔和编织孔）、2种几何外形所组成的10组三维编织复合材料单耳承力接头的破坏机理与破坏载荷。对其在航空结构中的可应用性做出了评估。     

西宁机场降雪天气形势分析

本文利用西宁曹家堡机场1992年-2001年的逐日降雪资料，对西宁机场产生降雪天气的气候特征进行分析，由此总结出造成降雪天气的500hPa环流形势及主要影响系统，并进行了物理量场的诊断分析，从而提出了预报西宁机场降雪天气着眼点。以期对今后的实际工作提供有利的预报依据，提高降雪预报的准确性。     

二维和三维纺织结构复合材料弹性性能的研究

提出了预测纺织结构复合材料弹性模量的理论方法,该法考虑了结构中实际存在的纬向纤维束和经向纤维束的曲屈对纺织结构复合材料弹性性能的影响,建立了复合材料弹性性能与织物结构参数——纬向和经向纤维束平均取向角之间的关系;并通过实验测试考察了以二维和三维织物制备的碳纤维织物／环氧树脂复合材料的弹性性能,将弹性模量的理论计算结果和实验数据相比较,证明了所提出的计算模型是精确的     

High-latitude Sporadic-E and other Thin Layers – the Role of Magnetospheric Electric Fields

Observations of high-latitude sporadic-E (Es) layers and theories of their formation are reviewed. The layers are found to be composed of metallic ions, they are at times formed by tidal wind shear, and they are more common in summer than in winter. All of these properties are common to Es layers at mid-latitudes. However, the high-latitude layers are rather often formed, modified or transported by the action of magnetospheric electric fields. Taking into account the action of both tides and electric fields leads to an understanding of the daily variation of Es occurrence, the daily variation of Es heights and the occasional appearance of upward migrating Es layers. Correlations between Es and neutral metallic layers at low altitudes can be explained by neutralisation of the metallic ions in the Es layers, but joint Es and neutral layers at higher altitudes are still unexplained. The action of electric fields and the interaction with neutral layers can explain the formation of multiple Es layers and may provide an explanation for the seasonal variation of Es occurrence. Uncertainties remain as to whether the narrowness of Es layers is fully compatible with formation by electric fields, to whether neutralisation at low altitudes can provide a sufficient explanation of the seasonal variation, and to whether the quasi-periodic fine structure observed in mid-latitude Es also appears at high latitudes. The understanding of ion transport by electric fields which results from the study of Es layers leads to new insights and new questions related to other plasma layers (polar mesosphere summer echoes and winter ion layers) which appear in the high-latitude winter ionosphere.     

Dynamical Control of the Middle Atmosphere

This review recapitulates the concept of the wave-driven residual circulation in the stratosphere and mesosphere. The residual circulation is defined as the conventional mean meridional circulation corrected by the quasi-linear Stokes drift due to atmospheric waves. Only when the zonal-mean primitive equations are transformed using the residual circulation, they reflect the causality arising from the Eliassen-Palm (EP) theorem. The EP theorem states that the proper wave-mean flow interaction, defined as the EP flux divergence, vanishes for waves that are linear, conservative, and steady. In the real atmosphere, this theorem is violated mainly due to wave breaking and turbulence. The resulting EP flux divergence then drives a residual circulation which causes the observed substantial deviations from some hypothetical radiatively determined state. With regard to this dynamical control we discuss the different contributions of Rossby waves and gravity waves. Recapitulation of Lindzen’s theory of gravity-wave saturation allows us to interpret various phenomena in the upper mesosphere such as interhemispheric coupling or modulations of the gravity-wave driven branch of the residual circulation by solar proton effects and thermal tides. In addition we discuss the relative importance of changes in radiative transfer and tropospheric gravity-wave sources on the long-term temperature trends in the summer mesosphere.     

Influence of the Solar Cycle on the General Circulation of the Stratosphere and Upper Troposphere

The record of dynamical structure reveals a systematic variation that operates coherently with the 11-yr variation of UV irradiance. Involving periods shorter than 5 years, the systematic variation reflects the influence of the QBO on the polar-night vortex. It has the same basic structure as interannual changes associated with the residual mean circulation of the stratosphere. A signature of the solar cycle also appears in the direct correlation to solar flux, as recovered through regression of the entire monthly record. That signature, however, is sharply enhanced around solstice, when the residual circulation is active, and during extremal phases of the QBO. In the tropics, the solar signature follows, throughout the year, from a decadal modulation in the frequency of the QBO. The modulation is manifested to either side of the QBO’s mean frequency, in two spectral peaks where the QBO dwells: one at (24 months)⁻¹, reflecting a Biennial Oscillation (BO), and another at (36 months)^-1. Intrinsic to the QBO, those peaks are separated from its mean frequency by ∼11 years⁻¹.Through the QBO’s residual circulation, the decadal modulation introduces anomalies in the subtropics, with symmetry about the equator. Accompanying anomalous temperature in the subtropics is a stronger signature over the winter pole. Discovered by Labitzke and van Loon 1988, that solar signature reflects anomalous downwelling of the Brewer-Dobson circulation. It is shown to follow through the BO, which is intrinsic to the QBO and its modulation of the polar-night vortex.     

自然风场的数值模拟

为在时域进行大型结构的气动弹性动力响应的分析,必须首先模拟该结构所受到的气动荷载或所处自然风场的时间历程。本文通过在常规的波迭加方法中引入二维和三维空间谱,结合快速Ｆｏｕｒｉｅｒ变换（ＦＦＴ）,规范了该方法在风工程中的应用,讨论了各向同性均匀风场等空间步长以及非均匀风场不等空间步长数值模拟的理论和方法,算例表明即使需要模拟非常长的风速动脉时间历程,方法仍具有非常高的精度和效率。     

A Possible Transfer Mechanism for the 11-Year Solar Cycle to the Lower Stratosphere

Observational evidence of the 11-year solar cycle (SC) modulation of stratosphere temperatures and winds from the ERA-40 dataset is reviewed, with emphasis on the Northern winter hemisphere. A frequency modulation of sudden warming events is noted, with warmings occurring earlier in solar minimum periods than in solar maximum periods. The observed interaction between the influence of the SC and the quasi biennial oscillation (QBO) on the frequency of sudden warmings is noted as a possible clue for understanding their mechanism of influence. A possible transfer route for the 11-year solar cycle from the equatorial stratopause region to the lowest part of the stratosphere is proposed, via an influence on sudden warming events and the associated induced meridional circulation. SC and QBO composites of zonal wind anomalies show anomalous wind distributions in the subtropical upper stratosphere in early winter. Mechanistic model experiments are reviewed that demonstrate a sensitivity of sudden warmings to small wind anomalies in this region. Various diagnostics from these experiments are shown, including EP fluxes and their divergence and also the synoptic evolution of the polar vortex, in order to understand the mechanism of the influence. Some recent GCM experiments to investigate the SC/QBO interaction are also described. They simulate reasonably well the observed SC/QBO interaction of sudden warming events and appear to support the hypothesis that tropical/subtropical upper stratospheric wind anomalies are an important influence on the timing of sudden warmings.     

Wingtip generated wake vortices as radar target

Previous radar wake vortex detection experiments have resulted in measured beam averaged values of radar reflectivity from wake vortices in clear air. We have employed average wind and thermodynamic variable output from a two dimensional wake vortex model in clear air and fog to predict radar reflectivity in a wake vortex on a one meter grid. The results agree well, compared to data in the literature. In the clear air case, scales of turbulence were analyzed at each grid point to determine the appropriate maximum radar frequency for detection, initial wake structure, transport, and vortex persistence are related to atmospheric winds, atmospheric stability, and generating aircraft characteristics     

用主动柔顺壁运动控制边界层转捩

应用主动柔顺壁运动抑制平板边界层内扰动的增长和推迟边界层转捩的实验研究结果表明,边界转捩过程中的扰动即使已发展到非线性阶段,也能被主动柔顺壁的运动所控制。通过控制柔顺壁下方空腔内的输入声激励强度所产生的控制扰动,可以明显地抑制边界层内扰动的非线性增长率和推迟边界层转捩过程。改变控制扰动与初始扰动间的相位差,对于二维初始扰动,可以明显地提前和推迟边界层转捩过程,但对三维初始扰动,发迹相位差对边界层转     

GH4096合金固溶冷却方式对性能和残余应力的影响

为了在保证GH4096合金主要力学性能的前提下,降低薄壁类零件用锻件的内部残余应力,提高零件加工过程的尺寸控制精度,研究空冷,风冷,油冷,盐浴等固溶冷却方式对GH4096合金环锻件析出相的尺寸和形貌、主要力学性能和内部残余应力的影响。结果表明:与采用传统油冷的试件相比,空冷试件的二次、三次γ′相较为粗大,蠕变性能和高温拉伸性能有较大幅度的降低,风冷试件的二次γ′相尺寸略有增大,三次γ′相尺寸相当,蠕变性能和拉伸性能有小幅降低,盐浴冷却试件的二次、三次γ′相尺寸相当,蠕变性能和拉伸性能相差较小。采用风冷的试件内部残余应力可控制在±100 MPa以内,比油冷和盐浴冷却的试件降低50%以上。GH4096合金环件固溶处理冷却方式采用风冷与传统的油冷和盐浴冷却方法相比,可以明显降低锻件内部残余应力,蠕变和高温拉伸等性能只有小幅降低,有助于改善GH4096合金薄壁零件冷加工过程的变形问题,提高尺寸控制精度。     

飓风古斯塔夫(2008)过境过程风特性研究

对飓风Gustavo(2008)登陆美国路易斯安那州的全过程进行了风雨特性实测,共获得高度分别为2.5m、4m、5m、7m、10m处约48h的风速、风向、气压、温度、湿度、雨量数据,将采样数据划分为飓风过境前期、中期、后期三个典型区间;从时域角度分析了10min子样本的阵风因子、紊流强度、紊流积分尺度、相关性、分布特性,从频域角度对各子样本水平相脉动风谱进行了拟合平均;从时频域角度对三个典型区间的Hilbert时频谱进行计算和观测。研究发现:阵风因子和紊流强度在飓风过境之前大于飓风过境之后,紊流积分尺度反之,阵风因子均值为1.67,阵风因子随紊流度的增大呈指数率增长;风速概率密度函数服从高斯分布,水平向脉动风谱的拟合平均值呈现低频偏高和高频偏低于规范风谱的现象;三个典型区间内的脉动风时频谱曲线显示,飓风过境前后的脉动风均为非线性和非平稳过程。     

偏流板回流对舰载机进气道温升影响分析

为了探究舰载机起飞时发动机尾喷流撞击偏流板( Jet Blast Deflector,JBD)后反射回流对进气道温升的影响,以模型机和喷气偏流板为研究对象,通过求解三维雷诺平均纳维-斯托克斯方程和Menter SST湍流模型方程,对舰载机准备起飞时的飞机内、外流场进行了数值模拟。利用线积分卷积方法对流场进行了可视化显示,分别研究了JBD不同倾角以及不同环境风速情况下,喷流回流对进气道温升的影响。计算结果表明：环境风速保持不变,在JBD倾角由30°逐步增大到60°的过程中,进气道出口截面面平均温升(ΔTav )总体呈增大趋势,当倾角由45°变为50°,进气道出口截面面平均温升陡增;对于特定的JBD倾角,在环境风速逐步增大过程中,存在一个临界风速,当风速小于临界风速时,进气道出口截面ΔTav随风速增加而增大。当风速大于临界风速时,进气道出口截面ΔTav随风速增加而显著降低。计算结果对于偏流板布局选择具有一定的指导意义。