基于博弈论的GRA-TOPSIS辐射源威胁评估方法

将辐射源威胁评估作为多属性决策问题进行处理时,侦察方无法获取敌方辐射源的所有信息,而逼近理想解排序（TOPSIS）法在处理“贫信息”问题时很难得到完美结果,而且其仅仅考虑指标之间的欧氏距离,无法反映各指标间的关联性。针对TOPSIS法存在的问题,将灰色关联分析（GRA）和TOPSIS法结合,提出一种基于博弈论的GRA-TOPSIS辐射源威胁评估模型。在构建辐射源目标综合评价指标体系的基础上,运用博弈论（GT）思想将区间层次分析法（IAHP）所得主观权重和信息熵所得客观权重进行组合得到综合权重,能够较大程度减少单独赋权带来的信息损失。在基于GRA-TOPSIS辐射源威胁评估模型下,构建了关于战场态势的决策信息系统,通过与传统TOPSIS法进行对比仿真,验证了所提方法的有效性,有助于对辐射源进行更精细准确地排序。      

基于RS-CRITIC的空战目标威胁评估

针对不确定信息下的空战目标威胁评估问题,提出了一种基于粗糙集（RS）理论和指标重要性相关（CRITIC）法的目标威胁评估模型。首先,通过CRITIC法确定准确信息下的目标威胁值,利用数据挖掘（MD）启发式算法求解最佳分割集合,将目标威胁值离散化处理后替代粗糙集决策信息系统中的决策属性。其次,基于构建的完备粗糙集决策信息系统,通过决策矩阵实现属性约简和目标威胁评估最小决策规则提取。最后,将规则应用于不确定信息下的目标威胁评估。仿真结果表明:所提模型能够实现信息缺失下的目标威胁评估,减少了主观因素和先验知识的影响,扩展了粗糙集理论应用范围。      

基于IFA-HFS的雷达波形域LPI性能评估方法

针对雷达波形域低截获（LPI）性能评估的问题，提出一种应用改进萤火虫算法（IFA）求解指标权重的犹豫模糊集（HFS）评估方法。首先，介绍基于逼近理想解排序（TOPSIS）的犹豫模糊集理论，并从属性和方案2个角度构建指标权重的优化模型；其次，通过引入混沌理论，解决了萤火虫算法容易陷入局部最优的问题，给出用IFA求解指标权重的流程；再次，从雷达发射方角度，提取脉内、脉间5个波形域LPI性能评估指标；最后，得到利用IFA求解指标权重的犹豫模糊集评估方法。选取4种不同类型的雷达进行仿真对比，获得波形域LPI性能排序，验证了方法的快速性和有效性。      

基于改进GRA-TOPSIS的空战威胁评估

针对在确定空战威胁评估指标权重时，未考虑指标间的耦合性以及客观赋权法不能从逻辑视角体现指标相对评价对象真正的重要程度的问题，提出了一种基于灰色关联度、灰色关联深度的极大熵模型初步确定权值，再根据指标间灰色关联度以及确定的解耦阈值修正权值的方法。为了克服灰色关联分析法（GRA）和理想点接近法（TOPSIS）的缺点，提出了一种基于GRA-TOPSIS的目标威胁评估方法。首先，通过实例对比分析了指标采用数学模型与模糊处理后，对目标威胁评估结果的影响；其次，对比分析了采用GRA、TOPSIS以及GRA-TOPSIS、数学模型得出的目标威胁评估结果；最后，考虑不同决策者的主观偏好，得出不同的目标威胁评估结果。通过仿真验证了所提方法的有效性以及科学性。      

纳米复合相变材料熔化过程数值模拟

相变储能技术在航空航天等领域具有广泛的应用前景,但是相变材料导热性能差制约了其工程化应用。高导热的纳米材料能够有效提高相变材料的导热性能。为了对其相变现象进行更精细的模拟分析,基于Maxwell-Garnett等效介质理论（EMT）建立3种具有代表性结构的纳米复合相变材料详细物性参数,将流体体积（VOF）模型与焓-多孔介质模型相耦合,在考虑相变材料体积膨胀的情况下,数值模拟了纯石蜡、添加不同体积组分金刚石纳米粒子（ND）、单壁碳纳米管（SWCNT）和石墨烯纳米片（GnP）的纳米复合相变材料在定温边界条件下的固液相变过程。结果表明:相变材料熔化过程中对流效应主要分布在临近固液相界面、临近加热壁面及临近气液两相交界面这3个区域;3种纳米粒子中GnP的导热强化效果最佳,相比纯石蜡,添加体积分数为3%的GnP纳米复合相变材料固相导热系数提高了486%,相变材料的熔化时间缩短了69%;升高壁面温度能够有效缩短复合相变材料的熔化时间。      

胶铆混合修补铝合金板的疲劳性能研究

针对胶铆混合连接方式单面修补铝合金板的疲劳性能,设计了未修理、铆接修理、胶接修理和胶铆修理4种不同形式的试验件,对其进行了疲劳试验。建立了试验件的有限元模型,得到了结构应力分布,获得了裂纹长度-裂纹尖端应力强度因子（SIF）曲线,并与试验结果进行了对比。结果表明:胶接修理和胶铆修理能有效降低裂纹处应力水平及裂纹扩展速率,且相对于未修理试验件疲劳寿命分别提升184.3%和197.3%;胶铆修理中铆钉能抑制胶层脱黏,相比胶接修理方式修理质量更可靠有效;有限元分析（FEA）结果与试验数据吻合良好,SIF误差基本保持在8%以内。      

六相永磁同步电机驱动控制方式

多相永磁同步电机（PMSM）的驱动控制方式主要包括余度和容错两种形式,为明晰多相永磁同步电机采用两种不同驱动控制方式所带来的性能差异,基于一个六相永磁同步电机,分别建立了余度和容错两种永磁同步电机驱动控制系统。在此基础上,分析研究了余度和容错两种驱动控制方式对六相永磁同步电机系统调速范围和动态性能的影响机理及影响规律。仿真和实验结果表明:相比于余度驱动控制,六相永磁同步电机采用容错驱动控制方式时具有更宽的调速范围及更好的动态性能。      

基于深度学习的无人机数据链信噪比估计算法

无人机数据链通信受到各种自然与人为的干扰,信噪比（SNR）是信道状态和通信质量的有效评估指标。为解决传统估计算法信噪比估计精度不足的问题,提出了一种卷积神经网络（CNN）与长短时记忆（LSTM）网络结合的估计模型。利用仿真与实测相结合的方式,构建了一个包含不同信噪比、调制方式、衰落信道等信息的无人机通信信号数据集;在网络训练阶段,将样本序列进行分割,对分割后的每一部分序列使用CNN-LSTM网络提取深度特征,多次训练并保存模型参数;在测试阶段,利用构建好的测试集完成对算法的验证与测试,得到信噪比估计值。实验表明,相比于传统信噪比估计算法与单一网络结构的深度学习算法,所提算法的均方误差最低,实现了对信噪比的高精度估计。      

Earth Observation Technologies for Sustainable Development

The multi-platform, multi-band and multi-mode Earth Observation (EO) system has been established in China in recent years. The advanced technologies are playing more and more important role for sustainable development in whole country. This paper introduces the results and achievements of EO monitoring for agriculture, EO surveying for land resources, EO monitoring for ecological environment, EO support for national surveying and national e-government, natural disaster monitoring and emergency response. It points out that the EO technologies could contribute more to the country, including in the field of global change in the coming decade.      

应用于空间微生物防护的多尺度杂化抗菌剂研究

由于航天员的参与,载人航天活动中难以避免微生物防护的问题,而航天器环境密闭、空间狭小,难以采用地面常用的喷洒一次性有机消毒剂、紫外线杀菌等方式进行微生物防护。通过采用无机抗菌剂,结合纳米技术和杂化结构耦合所产生的协同作用来获得综合性能优异的无机抗菌剂,并采用适当的技术将其应用到航天器上是一种可行的办法。通过热分解前驱体和还原金属离子的方法分别在T-ZnO和CNTs上杂化纳米银和纳米铜,获得了多尺度纳米杂化抗菌剂。采用表面涂覆、浸渍和挤压法及活化接枝的方法分别探究了纳米抗菌剂在铝合金、芳纶布和树脂等材料中的应用。3种基体材料经抗菌改性后对大肠杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、白色念珠菌的抗菌率都可达到99.9%,对黑曲霉及其孢子的防霉等级都达到了0级,而且改性后的材料具有很好的耐老化、耐水性及良好的耐擦洗性能。该方法在深空探测活动中的微生物防护方面有很大发展前景。     

氨合成-水热改性法制备氢氧化镁阻燃剂

为了解决氢氧化镁和聚合物之间的不相容问题, 对氨合成法-水热改性处理2步法制备高分散氢氧化镁阻燃剂进行了研究,分析了常温合成温度、水热改性温度和水热改性时间对制备大晶型、低比表面积氢氧化镁阻燃剂的影响.结果表明,经过水热改性处理改变了氢氧化镁晶体的生长习性,生成了形貌规则、粒径分布均匀、分散性良好的氢氧化镁六方片状颗粒.另外通过提高氯化镁浓度和氨水过量1倍,探讨了常温合成反应的转化率,认为应该在反应原料等当量下寻求提高转化率的可行方法.     

A study of reaction wheel configurations for a 3-axis satellite attitude control

The satellite reaction wheel’s configuration plays also an important role in providing the attitude control torques. Several configurations based on three or four reaction wheels are investigated in order to identify the most suitable orientation that consumes a minimum power. Such information in a coherent form is not summarized in any publication; and therefore, an extensive literature search is required to obtain these results. In addition, most of the available results are from different test conditions; hence, making them difficult for comparison purposes. In this work, the standard reaction wheel control and angular momentum unloading schemes are adopted for all the reaction wheel configurations. The schemes will be presented together with their governing equations, making them fully amenable to numerical treatments. Numerical simulations are then performed for all the possible reaction wheel configurations with respect to an identical reference mission. All the configurations are analyzed in terms of their torques, momentums and attitude control performances. Based on the simulations, the reaction wheel configuration that has a minimum total control torque level is identified, which also corresponds to the configuration with minimum power consumption.     

灭菌模块中流速和银离子浓度分布模拟计算

无菌水是载人航天器生命健康的保障条件.灭菌模块安装在水处理系统末端,向净化水释放规定浓度的银离子,起到杀菌和长期保存作用,使净化水达到饮用水质标准.水流过金属壁面,根据交换流域采用标准k-ε模型标准壁面函数,针对600mL·min-1流量工况建立流场和银离子浓度场的计算模型.灭菌模块阴阳电极30s交替互换牵引浓度变化.为符合实际工况,建立模型时通过反复迭代的方式进行求解.对流速和银离子产生速率的结果进行分析发现,银离子浓度最高部位均出现在阳极表面附近,阴阳极反复转换可有效降低电极表面附近的银离子浓度.结合理论计算结果可知,灭菌模块工作过程中不会有AgOH沉淀析出,从而确定工艺参数,指导工程设计.根据仿真结果分析给出了灭菌模块优化建议.      

The Spacelab-Mir-1 "Greenhouse-2" experiment.

The Spacelab-Mir-1 (SLM-1) mission is the first docking of the Space Shuttle Atlantis (STS-71) with the Orbital Station Mir in June 1995. The SLM-1 "Greenhouse-2" experiment will utilize the Russian-Bulgarian-developed plant growth unit (Svet). "Greenhouse-2" will include two plantings (1) designed to test the capability of Svet to grow a crop of Superdwarf wheat from seed to seed, and (2) to provide green plant material for post-flight analysis. Protocols, procedures, and equipment for the experiment have been developed by the US-Russian science team. "Greenhouse-2" will also provide the first orbital test of a new Svet Instrumentation System (SIS) developed by Utah State University to provide near real time data on plant environmental parameters and gas-exchange rates. SIS supplements the Svet control and monitoring system with additional sensors for substrate moisture, air temperature, IR leaf temperature, light, oxygen, pressure, humidity, and carbon-dioxide. SIS provides the capability to monitor canopy transpiration and net assimilation of the plants growing in each vegetation unit (root zone) by enclosing the canopy in separate, retractable, ventilated leaf chambers. Six times during the seed-to-seed experiment, plant samples will be collected, leaf area measured, and plant parts fixed and/or dried for ground analysis. A second planting initiated 30 days before the arrival of a U.S. Shuttle [originally planned to be STS-71] is designed to provide green material at the vegetative development stage for ground analysis. [As this paper is being edited, the experiment has been delayed until after the arrival of STS-71.]     

Gravitational response of the slime mold Physarum.

The acellular slime mold Physarum polycephalum is used as a model system to investigate the graviresponse of single cells which possess no receptors specialized for the perception of gravity. To obtain insights into the gravity-signal transduction mechanism the light response of the cell is used: Macroplasmodia of the slime mold show clear geo- and phototaxes. Gravity increases and white light decreases transiently the contraction frequency of plasmodial strands whereby both responses follow the same time pattern. Since mitochondria play a major role in changing the contraction rhythm in response to light and gravity stimuli, the simultaneous and subsequent inductions of the opposing light and gravity responses and their mutual influences on one another were investigated. The experiments were performed in weightlessness (0 g)--simulated on the fast-rotating clinostat as well as in actual weightlessness during the IML-1 Space Shuttle mission. The results indicate that mitochondria (chondriome) are part of the acceleration-stimulus reaction chain in Physarum. Two models for a direct gravireceptor mechanism are discussed.     

Animal models for the study of the effects of spaceflight on the immune system.

Animal models have been used to determine the effects of spaceflight on the immune system. Rats and rhesus monkeys have been the primary animals used for actual space flight studies, but mice have also been utilized for studies in ground-based models. The primary ground based model used has been hindlimb unloading of rodents, which is similar to the chronic bed-rest model for humans. A variety of immune responses have been shown to be modified when animals are hindlimb unloaded. These results parallel those observed when animals are flown in space. In general, immune responses are depressed in animals maintained in the hindlimb unloading model or flown in space. These results raise the possibility that spaceflight could result in decreased resistance to infection in animals.     

北斗卫星空间信号故障与监测性能指标定义

卫星导航系统指标分配与论证是指导和约束各大系统方案设计及工程实现的重要依据.完好性和连续性是系统服务性能的关键指标,能否满足用户需求主要取决于其中的空间信号故障和监测性能指标.以用户完好性和连续性要求为设计依据,定义了空间信号故障次数、平均故障率、故障漏检率、虚警率等系统指标与完好性、连续性等风险概率之间的转换关系.针对北斗系统及星座构成特点,按照国际民航组织规定的用户完好性和连续性风险概率需求,分析了不同空间信号故障条件对系统完好性监测性能的指标要求.研究结果可为北斗全球系统可靠性指标论证和设计提供依据和参考.