Suboptimal,two-burn,midlevel thrust,LEO-GEO transfer: Practical control schemes

This paper presentes the results of an algorithm developed at INTELSAT to (1) synthesize suboptimal, two-burn midlevel thrust, LEO-GEO transfer trajectories; (2) define practical steering laws to approximate the nominal trajectories; and (3) simulate their performance. Capabilities of the algorithm include: independently selectable constant thrust levels for the two burns, constant acceleration, staging, fixing the mass at either ends of the transfer. Figures of inefficiency versus ideally impulsive transfer are plotted for a reference constant thrust case over a range of initial accelerations. The diagram indicates that acceptable inefficiencies are attainable in the initial acceleration range above 0.1 g. A comparison with an optimal two-burn low-thrust transfer indicates negligible degradation in efficiency. The results of an application to INTELSAT VI are included.     

卫星轨道圆化的有限推力点火控制策略

本文研究卫星轨道圆化的点火控制策略，发动机推力为有限常值，方向可调。考虑了燃料消耗引起的质量损失。假设圆轨道上有一飞行器在运动，称为虚拟轨道器。只要卫星与虚拟轨道器软交会，就完成了轨道圆化。文中给出了使卫星与虚拟轨道器软交会的推力方向控制策略和点火位置与关车位置的求取方法。仿真结果表明，本文方法与水平推力策略和切向推力策略相比，具有更高的控制精度，而且燃料消耗接近最优。     

采用VSCMGs的航天器IPACS设计的一种投影矩阵方法

研究以变速控制力矩陀螺群（VSCMGs）为执行机构的能量／姿态一体化控制系统（IPACS）中的操纵律设计问题。建立了带VSCMGs的刚性航天器的动力学方程，用Lyapunov方法设计了渐近稳定的姿态控制律；在对VSCMGs的动力学进行详细分析的基础上，用投影矩阵法设计了一种操纵律，该算法将姿态控制指令力矩分解成两个力矩分量之和，其中一个由陀螺模式提供，另一个由飞轮模式提供，从而使VSCMGs处于构型奇异时陀螺模式也处于工作状态，降低了飞轮模式的负荷；文中证明了IPACS所需的变速控制力矩陀螺（VSCMG）个数最少为3，并分析证明了所设计的算法可以有效地解决姿控／储能一体化设计中可能出现的奇异问题。仿真结果验证了所设计算法的可行性。     

Attractive manifold-based adaptive solar attitude control of satellites in elliptic orbits

The paper presents a novel noncertainty-equivalent adaptive (NCEA) control system for the pitch attitude control of satellites in elliptic orbits using solar radiation pressure (SRP). The satellite is equipped with two identical solar flaps to produce control moments. The adaptive law is based on the attractive manifold design using filtered signals for synthesis, which is a modification of the immersion and invariance (I&I) method. The control system has a modular controller–estimator structure and has separate tunable gains. A special feature of this NCEA law is that the trajectories of the satellite converge to a manifold in an extended state space, and the adaptive law recovers the performance of a deterministic controller. This recovery of performance cannot be obtained with certainty-equivalent adaptive (CEA) laws. Simulation results are presented which show that the NCEA law accomplishes precise attitude control of the satellite in an elliptic orbit, despite large parameter uncertainties.     

用单框架控制力矩陀螺的大型航天器姿态控制系统实物仿真研究

利用三轴气浮台模拟航天器空间力学环境，进行了单框架控制力矩陀螺(SGCMG)姿态控制／动量管理系统全实物仿真研究。推导了大型航天器姿态控制／动量管理系统数学模型。设计调试了实物仿真系统。研究了单框架控制力矩陀螺奇异回避问题、失效操纵问题和动量管理优化问题。证明了系统构形分析、奇异性分析和操纵律设计的正确性和有效性。通过大型航天器姿态控制／动量管理系统实物仿真，检验了设计方案的可行性和系统硬、软件的可靠性。     

单框架控制力矩陀螺动态操纵律设计

作为应用在航天器上的惯性执行机构,单框架控制力矩陀螺(SGCMG)的操纵性能对航天器姿态控制精度有着极大的影响。在常规的SGCMG操纵律中,一般都需要计算Jacobi矩阵的伪逆。然而,当Jacobi矩阵奇异时,其伪逆不定,从而可能导致算法失败。为避免以上情况出现,本文设计了一种动态操纵律。该操纵律不用计算Jacobi阵的伪逆,而是代之以Jacobi阵的转置,从而避免了由Jacobi阵求伪逆带来的一系列问题。同时,该操纵律可使操纵误差在理论上指数收敛至零,且形式简单,易于实现。对某4 SGCMG系统的仿真结果表明,上述操纵律是可行的。     

基于变惯量反作用飞轮的小卫星大角度姿态机动控制研究

研究以变惯量反作用飞轮作为执行机构的小卫星的大角度姿态机动控制问题。变惯量反作用飞轮是一种新型的动量交换装置,不仅可以通过改变飞轮转速输出力矩,还可以通过改变其转动惯量实现大范围的力矩输出。文中建立了带有变惯量反作用飞轮的星体姿态动力学方程,设计了姿态控制律和飞轮的操纵律。仿真结果表明,与一般反作用飞轮相比,当小卫星大角度机动时变惯量飞轮的转速更不容易饱和,且力矩的输出范围变宽,可以同时满足小卫星高精度稳定和快速大角度姿态机动的双重要求。     

卫星编队飞行输出反馈姿态协同跟踪控制

针对卫星编队飞行姿态协同跟踪的控制过程中角速度信息不可测及外界常值干扰的问题,提出输出反馈协同控制器的设计方法。首先,利用绝对及相对姿态误差信息设计含有积分项的滤波器,并在控制器中引入滤波器的输出信息;同时,考虑到卫星的模型不确定性,设计自适应估计器以对卫星的转动惯量进行在线估计。此外,论证了当卫星编队的通信拓扑结构满足无向树形结构的条件时,仅对任意一颗卫星期望姿态可知即可使整个系统协同收敛于期望值。设计的控制器无需卫星角速度信息即可使角速度信息协同达到期望值,并且引入积分项使得闭环控制系统对常值干扰有良好抑制效果,同时给出降低系统的信息通信压力的分析。最后将提出的算法应用于无需角速度信息反馈的卫星编队飞行的协同控制,仿真结果表明该方法的可行性与有效性,具有实际的应用前景。     

具有SGCMG系统的挠性卫星姿态机动控制及验证

针对挠性卫星在轨姿态快速机动的需求，开展了星体姿态机动控制方法及控制实现研究。基于建立的挠性卫星姿态跟踪控制误差方程，给出了PD控制与补偿控制相结合的姿态跟踪控制器形式；考虑系统实现的时延影响，利用经典频率分析方法选择了兼顾系统稳定性及宽带控制的控制参数；在控制具体实现中，采用一种新型的基于力矩矢量调节奇异规避操纵策略，克服常规鲁棒奇异规避操纵存在的框架“锁死”现象，在解决奇异规避的同时避免激发挠性振动。所提出方法的有效性通过了在轨验证。     

空间碎片绳网捕获拖曳恒张力控制

针对空间绳网系统捕获空间碎片后,在轨道转移过程中的精确控制问题,提出一种使用常值拉力将空间碎片拖曳至坟墓轨道的方法。首先,采用牛顿欧拉法建立绳系组合体动力学模型;其次,通过李雅普诺夫方法证明仅使用恒张力即可实现拖曳过程的稳定控制;再次,提出采用常值拉力切换控制律抑制空间碎片的姿态章动,采用基于相平面控制原理的控制律抑制绳系组合体面内面外摆动,规避在轨道转移过程中系绳松弛造成缠绕、系绳张力过大造成断裂或两星接近发生碰撞等风险。最后,通过拖曳离轨全过程仿真分析,校验了所提出控制方法的有效性。     

参数不确定SGCMG系统的鲁棒操纵律设计

在单框架控制力矩陀螺(SGCMG)系统操纵律的设计中，如果考虑框架伺服特性，往往假设系统的物理参数是确切已知的。为消除参数的不确定性对操纵性能的影响，设计了一种鲁棒操纵律。该操纵律仅采用系统物理参数的预估值，根据航天器姿态控制给出的角动量(或力矩)指令，可直接计算出每个框架驱动系统所需的控制力矩。由于操纵律没有算法奇异，在SGCMG系统不出现运动奇异的情况下，可使操纵误差指数收敛至零。同时，该操纵律对系统参数变化具有良好的鲁棒性。且形式简单．易于实现。对应用在航天器上的某4-SGCMG系统的仿真结果表明，上述操纵律是可行的。     

考虑特征模型的高超声速飞行器全通道自适应控制

针对高超声速飞行器具有强非线性、高不确定性及强耦合等特点,提出一种基于反馈线性化控制与特征模型自适应控制相结合的姿态控制律设计方法,解决姿态控制系统的非线性耦合与不确定性,保证飞行器控制系统稳定。首先,建立高超声速飞行器全通道非线性耦合的动力学模型。其次,利用反馈线性化控制方法将全通道非线性耦合系统解耦成近似线性系统,并对线性解耦系统设计输出反馈控制律;而对于反馈线性化控制依赖于系统的精确数学模型,并对建模误差和外部干扰敏感的问题,设计基于误差特征模型的自适应控制律,提高系统的适应性;针对原动力学模型,证明闭环控制系统是有界稳定的。最后,通过数学仿真校验了控制律设计的正确性与有效性,仿真结果表明设计的姿态控制系统可以很好地跟踪指令,具有较强的鲁棒稳定性。     

基于自抗扰技术的挠性航天器高精度指向控制

针对存在外部干扰和模型不确定性的挠性航天器,提出了一类新颖的基于自抗扰技术的控制方案,实现无姿态角速度反馈的航天器对目标高精度姿态指向控制。对目标相对姿态指向控制系统进行建模,引入一光滑连续秦函数,构造三阶扩张观测器,观测系统姿态角速度和总扰动,并利用其实现动态补偿线性化及扰动抑制。针对单框架控制力矩陀螺群作为执行机构常存在的奇异,引入零空间空转指令设计了一类奇异避免操纵律。将控制系统方案用于某挠性航天器模型,仿真结果验证了方案的有效性、合理性。     

Singularity avoidance of control moment gyros by one-step ahead singularity index

A steering law of control moment gyros for spacecraft attitude control by using one-step ahead singularity index is addressed in this paper. In some recent studies, the null motion approaches or singularity robustness steering laws have been extensively investigated to avoid singular configurations for a control momentum gyro (CMG) cluster. As a novel approach different from them, the proposed approach is based on optimization technique by minimizing the one-step ahead singularity index. Modified approaches are also presented in this paper. The proposed one-step prediction method ultimately gives an optimized solution of gimbal rates with advanced ability to avoid a singularity. A singularity index for reliable computation of a gradient vector is also introduced. Finally, performance of the proposed algorithm is demonstrated by numerical simulations.     

Variable structure maneuvering control with time-varying sliding surface and active vibration damping of flexible spacecraft with input saturation

This paper presents a dual-stage control system design method for the three-axis-rotational maneuver and vibration stabilization of a spacecraft with flexible appendages embedded with piezoceramics as sensors/actuators. In this design approach, attitude control system and vibration suppression were designed separately using lower order model. The design of attitude controller was based on variable-structure control (VSC) theory leading to a discontinuous control law. To accomplish asymptotic attitude maneuvering in the closed-loop system and be insensitive to the interaction of elastic modes in the presence of unknown disturbances/uncertainty and input saturation as well, a switching mechanism is employed to design the attitude controller such that outside the sliding region VSC law with a time-varying sliding surface is implemented and inside the region the VSC law with a linear sliding surface is activated. Furthermore, a hyperbolic tangent function in conjunction with a sharpness function permitted to vary with time according to a set of user-defined parameters is implemented to offset the disadvantages of existing saturation-respecting controller and chattering. In addition, for actively damping the excited elastic vibrations during attitude maneuvering, modal velocity feedback and strain rate feedback control design methods are presented and compared by using piezoelectric materials as additional sensors and actuators bonded on the surface of the flexible appendages. Numerical simulations are performed to show that rotational maneuver and vibration suppression are accomplished in spite of the presence of disturbance torque, parameter uncertainty and control saturation nonlinearity.     

Optimal control of the deployment process of solar wings on spacecraft

The optimal attitude control problem of spacecraft during the stretching process of solar wings is investigated in this paper. The dynamical equations of the nonholonomic system are derived from the conservation principle of the angular momentum of the multibody system. Attitude control of the spacecraft with internal motion is reduced to a nonholonomic motion planning problem. The spacecraft attitude control is transformed into the steering problem for a drift free control system. The optimal solution for steering a spacecraft with solar wings is presented. The controlled motion of spacecraft is simulated for two cases. The numerical results demonstrate the effectiveness of the optimal control approach.     

Inertia-independent generalized dynamic inversion feedback control of spacecraft attitude maneuvers

The generalized dynamic inversion control methodology is applied to the spacecraft attitude trajectory tracking problem. It is shown that the structure of the skew symmetric cross product matrix alleviates the need to include the inertia matrix in the control law. Accordingly, the proposed control law depends solely on attitude and angular velocity measurements, and it neither requires knowledge of the spacecraft's inertia parameters nor it works towards estimating these parameters. A linear time-varying attitude deviation dynamics in the multiplicative error quaternion is inverted for the control variables using the generalized inversion-based Greville formula. The resulting control law is composed of auxiliary and particular parts acting on two orthogonally complement subspaces of the three dimensional Euclidean space. The particular part drives the attitude variables to their desired trajectories. The auxiliary part is affine in a free null-control vector, and is designed by utilizing a semidefinite control Lyapunov function that exploits the geometric structure of the control law to provide closed loop stability. The generalized inversion singularity avoidance is made by augmenting the generalized inverse with an asymptotically stable fast mode that is driven by angular velocity error's norm from reference angular velocity. Asymptotic tracking is achieved for detumbling maneuvers as the stable augmented mode subdues singularity. If the steady state desired quaternion trajectories are time varying, then asymptotic tracking is lost in favor of close ultimately bounded tracking because the stable augmented mode continues to be excited during steady state phase of response. A rest-to-rest slew and a trajectory tracking maneuver examples are provided to illustrate the methodology.     

基于切变流形函数和模糊控制的微小卫星姿态磁控制

研究了一种用李亚普诺夫方法和模糊控制理论实现微小卫星姿态磁控制的方法。通过构造李亚普诺夫函数给出切变流形函数,获得了一开关控制,并从理论上证明了系统的收敛性。用模糊控制法消除常规开关控制固有的抖振,给出了模糊控制律。理论分析和仿真结果表明,该姿态磁控制方法简单、姿态精度高、鲁棒性强,可用于微小卫星的姿态磁控制。     

航天飞行器交会对接段的姿态控制四元数法

本文研究利用四元数作为误差信号进行航天飞行器姿态控制的控制规律,应用Pontrgagin极小原理导出了喷咀最优控制开关曲线,所得结果不仅可用于交会对接段也适用于航天飞行器上升段和返回段的姿态控制。     

间接Legendre伪谱法的欠驱动航天器姿态运动轨迹跟踪

针对仅带有两组喷气推力器的非轴对称欠驱动刚性航天器,提出一种基于间接Legendre伪谱法的姿态运动轨迹跟踪控制算法。首先采用Legendre伪谱法(LPM)离线规划出系统的最短时间姿态机动参考轨迹。接着将实际运行轨迹与参考轨迹之间的偏差作为变量,根据Pontryagin极小值原理必要条件把系统姿态运动跟踪问题转化为一个两点边值问题(TPBVP)。最后采用 Legendre-Gauss-Lobatto(LGL)点将此两点边值问题离散转化为一个线性方程组来求解,避免了对传统Riccati微分方程的积分运算。数值仿真校验了本文基于间接Legendre伪谱法的姿态运动轨迹跟踪控制算法的有效性。