富锂锰基正极材料研究进展

随着社会发展,电动汽车、消费类(3C)电子产品、储能装置等对锂离子电池的能量密度提出了更高要求。富锂锰基正极材料具有高比容量(≈250 mAh/g)、高工作电压(≈3.6 V)及低成本等优势,有望成为下一代商用高比能电池正极材料。首次库仑效率低、倍率性能差、电压/容量衰减快等问题限制了富锂锰基正极材料的工程化应用。本文综述了富锂锰基正极材料的最新研究进展,重点从材料结构、电化学反应机理、失效机制和改性方法等几方面进行了阐述。研究表明,采用离子掺杂、表面包覆、晶体结构调控等技术,可显著改善富锂锰基正极材料的电化学性能。最后,对富锂锰基正极材料的发展方向进行了展望。     

Demonstration of a zinc bromine battery in an electric vehicle

The zinc bromine battery is a high energy density battery that utilizes low cost materials. The battery is of unique construction utilizing plastic storage tanks for the zinc bromide electrolyte and plastic bipolar electrode stacks. This paper briefly describes the zinc bromine battery technology and the experience gained in installing and operating an electric vehicle with this advanced system. The described electric vehicle (The “T-Star”) was tested in March 1993 on the Chrysler Proving Grounds in Phoenix, Arizona and it participated in the May 1993 American Tour de Sol capturing second place over all and first place in the student division     

Hubble performance on-orbit

A summary of the Hubble Space Telescope (HST) nickel-hydrogen (NiH/sub 2/) battery performance from launch to the present. Over the life of HST vehicle configuration, charge system degradation and failures, together with thermal design limitations, have had a significant effect on the capacity of HST batteries. Changes made to the charge system configuration to protect against power system failures and to maintain battery thermal stability resulted in undercharging of the batteries. This undercharging resulted in decreased usable battery capacity as well as battery cell voltage/capacity divergence. This cell divergence was made evident during on-orbit battery capacity measurements by a relatively shallow slope of the discharge curve following the discharge knee. Early efforts to improve battery performance have been successful. On-orbit capacity measurement data indicates increases in the usable battery capacity of all six batteries as well as improvements in the battery cell voltage/capacity divergence. Additional measures have been implemented to improve battery performance, however, failures within the HST Power Control Unit (PCU) have prevented verification of battery status.     

A microcontroller-based intelligent battery system

State-of-charge indication for a secondary battery is becoming increasingly important for battery-operated electronics. Consumers are demanding fast charging times, increased battery lifetime, and fuel gauge capabilities. All of these demands require that the state of charge within a battery be known. One of the simplest methods employed to determine state of charge is to monitor the voltage of the battery. However, this method alone is not a good indicator of battery energy, since both NiMH and NiCd batteries have voltage-versus-energy curves that are essentially flat. This paper presents a more effective method of determining the state of charge in secondary cell batteries. A NiMH battery is used as our test vehicle, since it is one of the more difficult batteries to determine state of charge. This method monitors the battery's temperature, voltage, and discharge/charge rate. A microcontroller then manipulates the information, using look-up tables to determine the state of charge. Also, by modifying the look-up tables, this technique can be employed in many other battery technologies and is not limited to NiMH     

燃料电池无人机动力系统方案设计与试验

针对燃料电池为主能源的无人机（UAV）动力系统,设计了纯燃料电池动力系统、燃料电池/蓄电池（简称燃蓄）被/主动混合动力系统3种拓扑结构方案。以空冷质子交换膜燃料电池为例,搭建了燃料电池动力系统方案一体化试验平台。考虑阶梯型和阶跃型2种加载形式,试验研究了燃料电池自身的动态特性和启动特性。以阶梯型功率剖面的加载形式,试验研究了纯燃料电池动力系统放电特性;以无人机典型任务剖面作为加载形式,开展燃蓄被/主动混合动力系统对比试验研究。试验结果表明：纯燃料电池动力方案适用于低机动小型无人机,燃蓄被动混合方案可满足小型无人机大机动飞行,燃蓄主动混合方案系统可适应中大型无人机更长航时飞行。     

Evaluation of active hybrid fuel cell/battery power sources

Hybrid fuel cell/battery power sources have potentially widespread uses in applications wherein the power demand is impulsive rather than constant. Interposing a dc/dc converter between a fuel cell and a battery can create two configurations of actively controlled hybrid fuel cell/battery power sources. Those two configurations are compared using both theory and experiment with special attention to the peak power enhancement, and power losses in the converter. Both of the defined configurations were built, using a 35 W polymer electrolyte membrane (PEM) fuel cell, an 8-cell lithium-ion battery pack, and a high-efficiency power converter. Both two configurations yielded a peak power output of 135 W, about 4 times as high as the fuel cell alone could supply, with only a slight (13%) increase of weight. The converter losses were quantitatively analyzed. Which of the two configurations yields a smaller loss depends on the load power demand characteristics including peak power and load duty ratio. The study results provide guidance for the design of hybrid sources according to the particular load power requirements.     

燃料电池无人机能源管理与飞行状态耦合

开展了燃料电池/锂电池（简称燃锂）混合动力无人机的能源管理与飞行状态耦合研究。综合顶层飞行任务规划与底层能源系统管理,以动力系统模型为耦合点联立能源系统与无人机运动方程,建立能源状态与运动状态耦合模型。针对燃锂混合最紧密的爬升过程,以迎角、转速和燃料电池的放电功率作为控制变量,建立了燃料消耗最小的能源管理与航迹规划耦合最优控制问题,研究不同爬升高度对最优控制过程的影响,并与模糊控制能源管理策略进行对比分析。针对大功率短时爬升和小功率长时巡航的典型任务特点,建立了燃锂最优混合问题。研究了最优的锂电池容量和燃料电池功率水平的混合量,以及爬升和巡航两阶段最优功率分配和飞行状态,分析了不同巡航目标高度对最优混合量和飞行状态的影响。结果表明：采用能源与航迹耦合的最优控制策略在给出最优功率流分配的同时,能够很好地兼顾飞行状态控制;对燃锂混合和飞行状态的综合优化可以有效地处理爬升和巡航阶段的能源需求矛盾,在给出最优燃锂混合量和飞行状态的同时,降低整个任务过程的燃料消耗。     

Hybrid power sources for Land Warrior scenario

Hybrid systems utilizing a zinc-air battery or a Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell (PEMFC) as the high energy density component coupled with a rechargeable battery (lead-acid or nickel-metal hydride) or electrochemical capacitor (EC) bank as the high power density component were tested under a high-pulse application load, Land Warrior (LW). The hybrid power sources successfully operated the LW cyclic load beyond the capabilities of the specific single chemistry systems studied. The zinc-air battery hybrids allowed approximately triple the operation time of PEMFC hybrids. The best performing hybrid system was the zinc-air battery/lead-acid battery. It provided the greatest operating voltage and longest operating time     

The Hy-StorTM battery

The Hy-Stor^TM Battery is a rechargeable battery being developed for electric vehicles and other large battery applications. The battery combines the high energy storage capability of metal hydride alloys with the high cycle life and discharge rate capabilities of nickel-hydrogen cells. It is a hybrid battery concept that offers potential performance, economic and safety advantages over other large battery technologies. Very recent developments indicate that much smaller batteries can also be produced to meet the needs of the portable computer and other portable electronic device markets. Initial tests demonstrated the ability of a metal hydride storage system to achieve high cycle life when absorbing hydrogen that was saturated with battery electrolyte solution and then passed through a purifier. Based on positive test results, a patent for the Hy-Stor battery was applied for and granted     

Advanced developments in NiH2 Dependent Pressure Vessel(DPV) cell and battery technology

The Dependent Pressure Vessel (DPV) Nickel-Hydrogen (NiH₂ ) design is being developed by Eagle-Picher Industries, Inc. (EPI) as an advanced battery for military and commercial, aerospace and terrestrial applications. The DPV cell design offers high specific energy and energy density as well as reduced cost, while retaining the established Individual Pressure Vessel (IPV) technology flight heritage and database. This advanced DPV design also offers a more efficient mechanical, electrical and thermal cell and battery configuration and a reduced parts count. The DPV battery design promotes compact, minimum volume packaging and weight efficiency, and delivers cost and weight savings with minimal design risks     

Considerations regarding the comparison of traction batteries

S.E.A. has been developing, since 1983, the zinc-flow-battery to be ready for mass production. In 1993 the Boston based Power Cell Corporation (PCC) acquired S.E.A. and the new company intends to erect a facility to produce 150.000 kWh at the end of 1994. Since 1985 zinc-flow-batteries are used to power electric-vehicles in capacities between 5 kWh and 45 kWh at voltages between 48 V and 216 V. A 22.5 kWh/96 V battery assembled in a Fiat-Panda is shown, which achieves 260 km per charge at 50 km/h constant. This Panda participated in several rallies. A purpose designed 15 kWh/144 V battery for the Hotzenblitz-EV is also shown, which demonstrates the design-flexibility of the battery. The battery is mounted from underneath the car body between the four wheels and does not consume valuable space in the front or rear of the car. This position is a significant contribution to the safety of passengers. Mass production for this EV is foreseen in 1995. About 50,000 kms of testing experience partially in direct comparison with originally assembled lead acid batteries showed results with zinc-flow-battery equipped EVs, which were significant better than was expected. Referring to about the same battery weight a two- to threefold range was experienced with the zinc-flow-system independent of the driving cycle and independent of the battery capacity compared     

Sealed nickel cadmium and nickel metal hydride cell advances

Nickel cadmium cells have almost doubled in capacity since 1980 after being stagnated in performance for twenty years. Nickel metal hydride cells, introduced in 1992, have shown a 170 percent increase in energy density to be competitive on a volume basis with lithium ion. Other characteristics, such as charge retention, charge rate, high temperature operation, and rate capability have also advanced with improvements in materials and constructions. These two cell types account for roughly one half of the value of the small secondary battery market     

Charge equalization for an electric vehicle battery system

Charge equalization for series connected battery strings has important ramifications on battery life. It enhances the uniformity of the battery cells and hence improves the life of the battery as a whole. A new charge equalization technique for a series string of battery cells has been recently proposed by the authors. The basic technique utilizes a simple isolated dc-to-dc converter with a capacitive output filter along with a multiwinding transformer. The possibility of integrating the trickle charge function with the charge equalization function is potentially very attractive, as it can lead to an efficient and low cost implementation     

应用于APU电起动的分段式控制策略

民用飞机辅助动力装置（APU）是保证飞机安全和舒适性的重要系统。大电流长时放电对蓄电池的使用寿命有不利影响．同时起动时间过长对APU也有不利影响。在使用蓄电池作为起动APU的功率来源时,为了减小对蓄电池和APU的损害,需要使用较小的蓄电池输出电流在较短的时间内将APU起动。采用功率-电流分段式控制的起动方式可以在较短的时间内,以对蓄电池和APU损伤最小的方式实现APU的起动。对延长蓄电池和APU使用寿命具有重要意义。     

A nickel/hydrogen battery for PV systems

The nickel-hydrogen battery, developed in the early nineteen-seventies as an energy-storage subsystem for commercial communication satellites, is discussed. The advantages offered by nickel-hydrogen batteries, including long life, low maintenance and high reliability, make it very attractive for terrestrial applications such as stand-alone photovoltaic systems. The major drawback to the wider use of the nickel-hydrogen battery is its high initial cost. A 7-kWh battery has been on test since January 1988 using a flat-plate photovoltaic array for charging. The cell, battery design and test methods are briefly described, and the results of cycling and solar tests are presented. It is concluded that the battery is well suited for remote solar applications     

基于SP+模型的航空锂离子电池组优化技术研究

随着多电飞机技术与锂离子电池技术的发展,锂离子电池已经广泛应用于航空领域,除作为应急电池外,越来越多地作为动力电池应用于飞机。因飞机对锂离子电池组质量、体积等特性具有很高的要求,需要对其进行优化设计,而采用基于模型的方法开展优化设计可以有效减少成本并缩短周期。由于SP+电化学模型能够准确反映锂离子电池的工作机理,同时具有精度高、计算简便等特点,因此文中采用SP+模型构建锂离子电池组模型并进行了验证。同时,以典型的用电工况为例,开展了航空锂电池组的优化设计,实现了对锂离子电池组质量与体积的优化。     

Safety testing of lithium ion batteries for navy devices

Lithium ion battery technology is being introduced into power supplies used by our armed forces for a variety of applications. In many cases, the same cells and design parameters that support commercial battery packs are being used in military battery packs. This approach is expected to result in a major decrease in the total life cycle cost of the equipment these batteries support. On June 13, 1991, NAVSEA issued INST9310.1B1, which states that all lithium battery powered equipment must undergo safety evaluation and approval prior to fleet use. This safety program governs a process whereby approvals are issued for lithium batteries to be used in specific equipment on ground facilities, surface combatants, air combatants, and/or submarines. The Naval Ordnance Safety and Security Activity (NOSSA) manages the program. The chief technical advisors are Code 644 at NSWC Carderock Division and Code 609A at NSWC Crane Division. This paper describes three battery designs that incorporate lithium ion technology, and the results of battery safety tests conducted in accordance with navy requirements.     

Nickel-hydrogen multicell common pressure vessel batterydevelopment update

Flight qualification of the multicell common pressure vessel (CPV) nickel-hydrogen (Ni-H₂) battery is discussed. The battery has completed full flight qualification, including random vibration at 19.5 g for two minutes in each axis, electrical characterization in a thermal vacuum chamber, and mass-spectroscopy vessel leak detection. A first launch is scheduled in 1992. Several design variations, ranging from 9 Ah to 125 Ah and 12 to 32 V, have been developed and prototypes fabricated. Designs for smaller capacity, smaller diameter (6.4-8.9 cm), and higher voltage (up to 100 V) are in progress. The CPV battery offers cost and weight savings of up to 30% as compared to traditional nickel-cadmium (Ni-Cd) and individual pressure vessel (IPV) Ni-H₂ batteries. The fully qualified design provided a 50% weight savings over its Nd-Cd predecessor for the same application. Its reduced volume also provides a significant advantage over IPV technology. Resistance data show a further advantage     

Fast intelligent battery charging: neural-fuzzy approach

This paper focuses on the design of a super fast battery charger based on National's proprietary neural network based NeuFuz technology. In this application, we have used a NiCd battery pack as the test vehicle. However, this technology can be extended to other chemistries such as Ni-MH, Li-ion, etc. This technology allows the designer to accurately model the charge controller using a neural network, based on battery charge characteristics provided by the manufacturer. This approach continuously monitors the battery status, and modifies the charge current accordingly. It also eliminates the need for standard charge termination methods used in today's conventional chargers. The result is super fast charging in 20 to 30 minutes, and increased battery life. A low cost embedded controller (COP8) performs all the fuel-gauging and charge control functions by processing data obtained from the battery circuitry     

一种基于SOC补偿器的并联型 电池系统等效电路模型

以锂离子电池为载体的电源系统为航天器稳定、可靠运行提供了一种有效 的方式。通过多个电池单体的并联可扩大电池系统容量,即并联型电池系统。针对锂离 子并联型电池系统的工作特性,因电池单体性能参数不一致而难以被准确表征的问题, 分析各电池单体性能参数与电池系统性能参数的扩展关系及并联电路工作特性,提出一 种基于SOC 补偿器的并联型电池系统等效电路模型;在Matlab/Simulink 环境下搭建电池 系统仿真平台,通过仿真结果与实验数据对比分析验证所提出模型的准确性。